1、Chapter 9 IntelligenceIntroduction to PsychologyPeking University. . .2022-4-252什么是聪明？. . .2022-4-253IntelligenceFThe application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983). . .2022-4-254OutlinesFThe nature
2、 of intelligenceFIntelligence testingFApproaches to intelligenceFHeredity and intelligenceFThe extremes of intelligenceFSome concluding thoughts. . .2022-4-2551 The Nature of IntelligenceFThe multifaceted nature of intelligenceFThe functional nature of intelligenceFCulturally definedFDefinition of i
3、ntelligence. . .1.1 The multifaceted nature of intelligence. . .2022-4-2571.2 Functional Nature of IntelligenceThe capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior. (Sternberg & Salter, 1982). . .2022-4-2581.3 Cultureally DefinedCultures guide their members in efficient ways of solving everyday problems
4、, and these strategies become part of the way individuals think. ( Vygotsky, 1978). . .2022-4-2591.4 Definition of IntelligenceThe application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983). . .2022-4-2510Intel
5、ligenceFViewpoint of laypersonFRelated concepts Skill Knowledge Aptitude Intelligence Mental ability. . .2022-4-25112 Intelligence TestingFPsychometric instrumentsFIntelligence testsFSir Francis Galton(1822-1911) Upper classes were the most intelligent Simple perceptual, sensory, and motor abilities
6、 10,000(1884) Father of mental test/pioneering statistician. . .2022-4-25122.1 Binet ScaleFAlfred Binet (1857-1911) (1905) for education commissionFBinet & Simon (1908) Abilities increase with ageFMental Age, MA-Chronological age,CA The average age at which children achieve a particular score.FItem
7、Selection. . .2022-4-25132.2 Intelligence Testing in USAFLewis Terman Stanford-Binet scale (1916) IQ, Intelligence Quotient=(MA/CA)*100 Difference from Binet (MA, IQ, norm)FGroup Tests Army Alpha & Army Beta Test Scholastic Aptitude Test(SAT)FThe Wechsler Intelligence Scales. . .2022-4-2514The Wechs
8、ler Intelligence ScalesFDavid Wechsler Minimizing the linguistic and cultural biasesFWechsler-Bellevue tests (1939)FWAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (1939, 1955, 1981)FWISC-R, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (1958, 1974, 1991). . .2022-4-2515The Structure of WAIS-RV
9、erbal subtestsFInformationFComprehensionFArithmeticFSimilaritiesFDigit spanFVocabularyPerformance subtestsFDigit symbolFPicture completionFBlock designFPicture arrangementFObject assembly. . .2022-4-25162.3 Frequency Distribution ofIQ ScoresFWechsler (1958) New concept of IQcalculating IQ as an indi
10、vidual position relative to peers of the same age on a frequency distributionFAn normal, bell-shaped curve. . .2022-4-25172.4 Limitations of IQ TestsFPredictive validity of IQ scoresFTwo limitations. . .2022-4-25182.4.1 Predictive validity ofIQ scores学校阶段IQ与成绩相关小学0.6-0.7中学0.5-0.6大学0.4-0.5研究生0.3-0.4W
11、hy?. . .2022-4-2519How teachers view brightness as IQ?FBias in ageFBias in sexFBias in social behavior manner. . .2022-4-25202.4.2 Two LimitationsFLack of a theoretical basis Academic performance/practical intelligenceFCulturally biased 15-point difference in white/African Williams, Robert L. IQ is
12、strongly correlated with socioeconomic status Group difference: gender. . .2022-4-2521语言文化差异FCello Harp Drum Violin GuitarFRunning a gameFWhat is up?. . .2022-4-2522Assignment 1F中小学教育中是否要引用智商测验？为什么？. . .2022-4-25233 Approaches to IntelligenceFThe Psychometric ApproachFThe Information-Processing Appr
13、oachFA Theory of Multiple Intelligences. . .2022-4-25243.1 The Psychometric ApproachFPsychometric ApproachFFactor Analysis: common elementsFSpearman Two-Factor Theory Charles Spearman (1863-1945) g-factor, General Intelligence s-factors. . .2022-4-2525Other Factor TheoriesFLL Thurstone(1938, 1962):
14、7 primary factorsuword fluencyucomprehensionunumerical computationuspatial skillsuassociative memoryureasoninguperceptual speedFR. Cattell(1963): Crystallized/Fluid IntelligenceFWechsler WAIS-RFJ. Guilford (1961): content, product, operation. . .2022-4-2526Limitations of the Psychometric ApproachFDe
15、scribing rather than explaining Facts but no theory; Lack of ProcessFProliferation in factors Uncertainty in determining factors and their pattern. . .2022-4-25273.2 The Information-Processing ApproachFSpeed of Processing Posner et al(1969)FKnowledge BaseFAbility to Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strat
16、egies. . .Speed of ProcessingJudge Identity: A APerceive form of letterAnalyze perceived formsCompare formsR: identicalJudge Identity: A aPerceive form of letterAnalyze perceived formsLook up names of letterCompare letter namesR: identical. . .2022-4-2529Knowledge BaseFInformation in LTMFQuantity, M
17、ethod of organization, Availability-Intelligence PerformanceFExperience & Schema. . .2022-4-2530Acquire and Apply Cognitive StrategiesFDaily TaskFDifference between adults and childrenFRetard children are more difficult in acquiring and applying cognitive strategies. . .2022-4-2531Limitation of I-P
18、ApproachFTheory to Theory Limited in academic situation Being difficult to describing the process of real problem-solving. . .2022-4-25323.3 A Theory of Multiple IntelligencesFHoward Gardner(1983)FSelecting IntelligencesFLimitations of the Theory of M-I. . .2022-4-2533Selecting IntelligencesFGardner
19、(1983) One can never develop a single irrefutable and universally acceptable list of human intelligenceFCriterion Multiple neural modules Savant and prodigy studies Distinctive developmental course. . .2022-4-2534Gardner Seven IntelligencesFLogical/Mathematical FLinguistic or VerbalFMusicalFBodily/K
20、inestheticFSpatialFIntrapersonalFInterpersonal. . .2022-4-2535Limitations of Gardner TheoryFUnderestimate the possibility of some kinds of general intelligenceFLack empirical measures of such intelligences as intrapersonal and musicalFThe potential proliferation of intelligences. . .2022-4-2536R. St
21、ernberg (1985): Triarchic TheoryFComponential intelligence knowledge acquisition component performance component metacognitive componentFExperiential intelligence 处理新奇或者很常规的问题的能力FContextual intelligence 日常事务、适应新的不同情境的现实管理能力. . .2022-4-2537Scrambled WordsFH-U-L-A-GFP-T-T-M-EFT-R-H-O-SFC-I-B-A-SFT-N-K
22、-H-G-IFR-I-D-E-VFT-E-N-R-E. . .2022-4-2538Emotional IntelligenceFP. Salovery & JD Mayer(1990, 1993) IQ less important than parent SES( SES, income) Social ability is important in life. Apply emotional experience to motivationFD. Goleman(1995)FP. Salovery & JD Mayer(1997) 准确、适当地认知、评价和表达情绪 调整自己的情绪 利用情
23、绪促进思维FMayer(1998) Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale. . .2022-4-25394 Heredity and IntelligenceF个体差异研究F种族/家族群体研究F纵向研究. . .2022-4-25404.1 Individual Differences in IQFGenetic and environmental variablesFLongtitudinal studyFTwin, family, and adoption studies: Distinguish the impact of nature and
24、 nurture Siblings, dizygotic twins, and parent-offspring pairs=.50 Monozygotic twins=1.00 (genetically identical). . .2022-4-2541Some ResultsF领养儿的智商与生身父母的关系更大F领养一段时间之后，被领养儿的智力能显著提高（20）F越早领养，环境的影响就越大。F环境因素：父母社会经济地位、学校等. . .2022-4-25424.2 Group Differences: race FArthur Jensen Hypothesis(1973) Between
25、 one-half and three-fourths of the average IQ difference between American Negroes and whites is attributable to genetic factors. Minnesota Adoption Study Scarr & Weinberg(1976), Weinberg et al(1992)FRacial Ancestry Study Scarr et al(1977): No relation. . .2022-4-25434.3 Commentary: the science & pol
26、itics of IntelligenceFEmotional IssueFMilwaukee ProjectFHerrnstein & Murray(1994): The Bell Curve Meritocracy能人统治 Waste of resourcesF50 leading professors drafted a document on intelligence 客观测量、预测性最好、种族内得分分布广、环境. . .2022-4-2544遗传力FHVg/Vt=(Vt-Ve)/VtVt: DZ difference in IQVe: MZ difference in IQ0.4-0
27、.8. . .2022-4-25455 The Extremes of IntelligenceFMental retardation Causes of mental retardation Treating mental retardationFGiftedness Are gifted people maladjusted?uPersonality, marriage, professional successFCreativity and Intelligence No relationship Creativity & Bipolar disorder(manic-depression). . .2022-4-25466 Some Concluding ThoughtsFSocial Intelligence The ability to store, retrieve, and understand social information.FIntelligence is always embedded in a psychological context that includes motivation and emotion.=GoalsFEQ, Emotional Quotient. . .
