1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。在英语时态中，“时”指动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的样子和状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。由“had过去分词”构成。基本结构：had动词过去分词(1)肯定句：主语had动词过去分词其他。He had already been to New York earlier in the week.本周早些时候他去过纽约。(2)否定句：主语hadnot动词过去分词其他。At that time we hadnt met her.那时我
2、们还没有见到她。(3)疑问句：Had主语动词过去分词其他？肯定回答：Yes，主语had.否定回答：No，主语hadnt.Had you visited here before? 你以前参观过这里吗？ Yes，I had./No, I hadnt.是，我去过。/没有，我以前没有去过。(4)特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组had主语过去分词其他？Where had you been before you came here?你来这里前还去过哪儿？(5)被动语态：主语had (not)been动词过去分词其他。By the end of last year all the preparatory wor
3、k had been done.到去年底为止，所有的准备工作都完成了。练习：1. Arriving at the party hurriedly, we were disappointed to find that the band _ (stop) playing. (所给词的适当形式填空)2. The boy said he had _ (lay) the money in the wallet.（用单词的适当形式完成句子）3. It was not until the subprime loan crisis(次贷危机) _ (cause) great damage to the Ame
4、rican financial system that Americans _ (realize) the severity of the situation. （所给单词适当形式填空）4. They had _ 20 miles by nightfall. (advance) (所给词的适当形式填空)5. That was the first time that she _ (invite) to visit the Great Wall. (所给词的适当形式填空)6. By the end of the 1980s, Sinclair _ (tire) of his various bus
5、iness, and was throwing himself into British Mensa, a club for clever people. (所给词的适当形式填空)7. It was the first time that he _ (ignore) my feeling. I was really sad. (所给词的适当形式填空)8. By the time my parents came back, I _ (read) half of the novel. （用所给单词适当形式填空）9. By the time she competed in the gymnastic
6、s tournament at the New York Goodwill Games, she _ (be) a junior gymnast for eleven years. (所给词的适当形式填空)10. To our surprise, the concert prepared by the students turned out more successful than we _ (think). (所给词的适当形式填空）【答案】1. had stopped 2. laid 3. had caused; realized 4. advanced 5. had been invite
7、d 6. had tired 7. had ignored 8. had read 9. had been 10. had thought 【解析】1. 考查时态。句意：我们匆忙赶到晚会，却失望地发现乐队已经停止了演奏。“we were disappointed”是一般过去时；“the band _ (stop) playing”发生在主句动作“we were disappointed”之前，是过去的过去，应该用过去完成时。故填had stopped。2. 考查动词形式。句意：男孩说他把钱放在钱包里了。分析句子可知，空格所在句为宾语从句，主句为一般过去时，从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，即“过去
8、的过去”，故应用过去完成时，句式为“主语+had+动词过去分词+其他”，lay意为“放置”，动词词性，过去分词为laid。故填laid。3. had caused; realized4. 考查时态。句意：夜幕降临时，他们已经前进了20英里。由时间状语“by nightfall（到夜幕降临时)”以及助动词had可知，句子时态应使用过去完成时，结构为had done，所以应将提示词advance(前进)改为过去分词形式，故填advanced。5. 考查动词时态和语态。句意：那是她第一次被邀请去参观长城。句型It/This/That was the first time that后引出的定语从句应用
9、过去完成时，表示“此事第一次发生”；从句主语she和动词invite构成被动关系，应用被动语态，故此处应用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been invited。6. 考查动词时态。句意：到20世纪80年到末，Sinclair已经厌倦了他各种各样的生意，正投身于英国门萨俱乐部一个聪明人的俱乐部。分析句子可知，设空处是句子谓语动词，根据上文的by the end of the 1980s可知，应用过去完成时。故填had tired。7. 考查时态。句意：这是他第一次无视我的感受，我真的很伤心。分析句子结构可知，这是一个主语从句，结合句意及主句中谓语动词was，从句的动作ignore应该发生在
10、过去的过去，因此，从句谓语动词应该用过去完成时had ignored。故填had ignored。8. 考查时态。句意：当我父母回来时，我已经读了一半的小说。by the time（到的时候）后接从句，从句中的谓语动词came是一般过去时，那么主句中的谓语动词通常用过去完成时（had done），表示“截止到从句动作发生时，主句动作已经完成，即过去的过去”。故填had read。9. 考查时态。句意：当她参加纽约友好运动会的体操锦标赛时，她已经是十一年的少年体操运动员了。“是十一年的少年体操运动员”发生在“参加纽约友好运动会的体操锦标赛”之前，“参加纽约友好运动会的体操锦标赛”发生在过去，所以
11、“be”用过去完成时。故填had been。10. 考查动词和时态。句意：令我们惊讶的是，学生们准备的音乐会比我们想象的要成功。分析句子，主句谓语动词turned out是一般过去时，从句中的谓语动词think动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，即过去的过去，所以用过去完成时。故填had thought。过去完成时被动语态过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时态和被动语态的结合。表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。由“hadbeen过去分词”构成。1. 过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式(1)肯定结构：主语had been done其他成分。(2)否定结构：主语
12、had not been done其他成分。(3)疑问句结构：had主语been done其他成分？疑问词had主语been done其他成分？2. 过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下三种情况(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by，before等引导的时间状语连用。By the time he got to the school, the first class had been finished.当他到达学校时，第一节课已经结束了。The classroom hadnt been cleaned before the teacher came.老师来之前，教室还没有打扫过。(2)根据
13、语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。As the assignment had been done, he went on to search the Internet.任务完成后，他继续上网搜索。He did what he had been told to.他做了别人叫他做的事。(3)在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。They said the production costs had been reduced.他们说生产成本已经降低了。练习：1. An incredible tree-ho
14、use restaurant _ (completed) by the end of last month and a large crowd of people went there for meals. (所给词的适当形式填空)2. That was the first time that she _ (invite) to visit the Great Wall. (所给词的适当形式填空)3. Many years after the book _ (publish), some people realized that the Shangri-la of the novel was
15、a perfect match for Zhongdian in Yunnan Province, China. （用单词的适当形式完成句子）4. The earthquake had been _ (predict) several months before.（用单词适当形式填空）5. My friend _ (forbid) from going out before I arrived at his apartment. (所给词的适当形式填空)6. A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _ (trap) in
16、the mountains for two days.（用单词的适当形式完成句子）7. So far, the moon _ by man already. (visit) （所给词的适当形式填空）8. Thousands of films _ (produce) all over the world in the last few years.（所给单词适当形式填空）9. -My friend whom you met yesterday _ (invite) to give a speech at the award ceremony.-So has my sister. (所给词的适当形
17、式填空)10. When we got there after the accident, we were told that the injured _ (send) to the nearest hospital yet. (所给词的适当形式填空)【答案】1. had been completed 2. had been invited 3. was published/had been published 4. predicted 5. had been forbidden 6. had been trapped 7. has been visited 8. have been prod
18、uced 9. has been invited 10. had been sent 【解析】1. 考查动词时态及语态。句意：一个令人难以置信的树屋餐馆截止上月底完工了，很多人都去那里吃饭。根据by the end of last month可知，应使用过去完成时，complete与主语是逻辑被动关系，应使用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been completed。2. 考查动词时态和语态。句意：那是她第一次被邀请去参观长城。句型It/This/That was the first time that后引出的定语从句应用过去完成时，表示“此事第一次发生”；从句主语she和动词invite
19、构成被动关系，应用被动语态，故此处应用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been invited。3. 考查时态和语态。句意：在这本书出版多年后，一些人意识到小说中的香格里拉与中国云南的中甸是一个完美的匹配。根据主句时态可知，从句用一般过去时；从句动作publish发生在主句动作realize之前，所以也可以用过去完成时。句中主语book与publish之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填was published/had been published。4. 考查动词时态语态。句意：这次地震几个月前就有人预测过了。分析句子结构，根据several months before和had been可
20、知，设空处需填过去分词和had been构成过去完成时的被动语态，predict的过去分词形式是predicted。故填predicted。5. 考查时态语态。句意：在我到达我朋友的公寓之前，他被禁止外出。分析句意，逻辑主语和提示词之间表示被动关系，此处应表示“被禁止”。根据过去完成时的基本用法：“过去的过去”可知，此处表示“被禁止”发生于arrived之前。故此处符合过去完成时的用法。综合分析，此处用过去完成时的被动语态符合题意。故填had been forbidden。6. 考查时态和语态。句意：一位救援人员冒着生命危险营救了两名已经在山中被困两天的游客。根据句中主句的谓语动词risked
21、可知，事情发生在过去，而“被困”发生在risked之前，故用过去完成时。定语从句的先行词是two tourists，与从句的谓语动词trap之间是被动关系，因此设空处应用过去完成时的被动语态。故填had been trapped。7. 考查时态和语态。句意：到目前为止，人类已经探访过月球了。时间状语so far常和现在完成时态连用，且the moon和visit之间是被动关系，且主语the moon是第三人称单数，故填has been visited。8. 考查动词时态和语态。句意：在过去的几年里全世界产生了数以千计的电影。分析句子结构可知句中缺失谓语，所以空处需填动词，作谓语，又因句中是在讲
22、述过去发生的事到目前为止有什么结果，所以时态应用现在完成时，且与主语是被动语态，故填have been produced。9. 考查动词时态和语态。句意：你昨天遇到的那位朋友已被邀请在颁奖典礼上讲话。我妹妹也一样。根据答语So has my sister.可知，空处谓语动词需用现在完成时，因为是被邀请，所以空处动词需用现在完成时的被动语态：have/has been done，主语是My friend，单数，所以助动词需用has。故填has been invited。10. 考查时态语态。句意：事故发生后，当我们到达那里时，我们被告知伤者已被送往最近的医院。由yet和前面的句子we were
23、told that可以知道事情发生在过去的过去，所以时态是过去完成时，且主语the injured与send之间是被动关系，要用被动语态，且谓语动词用复数。故填had been sent。巩固训练单词默背1. Some medical experts will study the case at the _ (要求) of the hospital. (根据汉语意思填空)2. Some gift companies _ (例如) Presents for Purpose allow you to pay it forward this Mothers Day by picking gifts
24、in which 10 percent of the price you pay goes to a charity (慈善机构). (根据汉语意思填空)3. It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items _ (以为基础) what the customer is shopping for. (根据汉语提示完成句子)4. As a matter of fact, the teachers _ (在中起着重要的作用)the study and life of the stude
25、nts. (根据汉语意思填空)5. There is no way _ (目前) of predicting what the long-term effects of the accident will be. (根据汉语意思填空)6. Just as Professor Scotti often puts it, success is ninety-nine percent mental _ (态度). (根据汉语意思填空)7. Which one do you _ (较喜欢), the blue jacket or the red one? (根据汉语意思填空)8. In my _ (观
26、点), we should take the strictest measures to ensure the food safety. (根据汉语意思填空)9. One of the _ (缺点) of our planning is the failure to balance the work and the study. (根据汉语意思填空)10. It is difficult for the old to keep up with the rapid _ (步伐) of change. (根据汉语意思填空)阅读理解Every year, thousands of teenagers
27、 participate in programs at their local art museums. But do any of them remember their time at museum events later in life? A new report suggests that the answer is yes and finds that alumni (毕业生) of arts-based museum programs credit them with changing the course of their lives, even years after the
28、 experience.The Whitney Museum of American Art, the Walker Art Center and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles recently asked researchers to conduct a study to find out how effective their long-standing teen art programs really are. They involved over 300 former participants of four programs
29、for teens that have been in existence since the 1990s. Alumni, whose current ages range from 18 to 36, were invited to find out how they viewed their participation years after the fact.Among the alumni surveyed, 75percent of alumni rated the teen program experience as the most favorable influence on
30、 their own lives, beating family, school and their neighborhoods. Nearly 55 percent thought that it was one of the most important experiences theyd ever had, regardless of age. And two-thirds said that they were often in situations where their experience in museums affected their actions or thoughts
31、.It turns out that participating in art programs also helps keep teens enthusiastic about arts even after they reach adulthood: 96 percent of participants had visited an art museum within the last two years, and 68 percent had visited an art museum five or more times within the last two years. Thirt
32、y-two percent of program alumni work in the arts as adults.Though the study is the first of its kind to explore the influence of teen-specific art programs in museums, it reflects other research on the important benefits of engaging with the arts. A decade of surveys by the National Endowment for th
33、e Arts found that childhood experience with the arts is significantly associated with their income and educational attainment as adults. Other studies have linked arts education to everything from lower drop-out rates to improvement in critical (批判性的) thinking skills.11. What does the underlined phr
34、ase “the experience” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A. Joining in childhood art programs.B. Shifting the course of childrens life.C. Memorizing the time at museum events.D. Conducting arts-based museum programs.12. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A. The aim of the study.B. The result of the study.C. The m
35、ethod of the study.D. The process of the study.13. What can be inferred from the study mentioned in the text?A. No other studies about the benefits of arts exist.B. Love for arts may keep long in kids whole life.C. Age matters in how people view their art experiences.D. Most kids participating in ar
36、t programs will work in arts.14. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. How can Art be connected to Our Life?B. Can Art Education Affect Our Income?C. Should Kids Walk into Art Museums?D. What Should Art Museums do for Kids?用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。The winter
37、 solstice(also called Dongzhi) occurs when one of the Earths poles has its maximum tilt(倾斜) away from the Sun. Although the winter solstice 15 (it) lasts only a moment, the term sometimes refers to the day on 16 it happens. The date of the winter solstice 17 (vary) from year to year, and can fall an
38、ywhere 18 December 20 and December 23. It was very important because the people were economically dependent on monitoring the progress of the seasons. Its when the sun reaches its 19 (far) southward point for the year. At this solstice, the Northern Hemisphere(半球) has its longest night of the year.
39、Since the 18th century, the term “midwinter” has sometimes been used with the winter solstice, although it carries other meanings as well. 20 (tradition), in many regions, the winter solstice 21 (see) as the middle of winter, but in some countries and calendars, it marks the 22 (begin) of winter. As
40、 most are aware, daylight hours grow shorter as the winter solstice approaches, and begin to slowly 23 (length) afterward. For people living in the southern hemisphere, the South Pole is pointing towards the Sun, 24 (make) it summertime “Down Under”. And regardless of where you live, the solstice ha
41、ppens at the same moment for everyone on the planet.短文改错假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2. 只允许修改10处,多者（从第11处起）不计分。My father is the person constantly looks for mistake
42、s in other people and thought no one is perfect in the world. His character was created a negative atmosphere in my family. I was the same like my father, so I often felt angry, disappointed, depressed, and alone in school. Fortunately, my favorite book changed this.Before I had read my favorite boo
43、k I began to seek “good things” in other people. It has complete altered my life. Now I feel happy, I have more friends, I have more trust in people, and I realize everyone has their own strength! Another important lesson I got from this book is that I should always behave me in a positive manner. L
44、ets admit that we sometimes complain about our situation. Thats not good. “Believing it or not, people dont like to listen to negative opinions.”答案单词默背【答案】1. request 2. such as 3. based on 4. play an important part /role in 5. at present 6. attitude 7. prefer 8. view 9. shortcomings 10. pace 【解析】1.
45、考查名词。句意：应医院的要求，一些医学专家将研究这个病例。根据句意，此处是短语at the request of“应的要求”。故填request。2. 考查固定短语。句意：有些礼物公司，比如“目的礼物”公司，允许你在母亲节挑选礼物，其中10%的钱捐给慈善机构。根据句意及汉语提示可知，此处是固定短语such as“例如”。故填such as。3. 考查固定短语及非谓语动词。句意：它还能说不同的语言，并根据客户的购买需求为不同的商品提供推荐。根据句意及汉语提示可知，此处固定短语be based on“以为基础”，此处省略be动词，使用过去分词短语做后置定语。故填based on。4. 考查固定短语
46、。句意：实际上，老师在学生的学习和生活中起着重要的作用。句子叙述的是客观事实，应用一般现在时；根据汉语意思，应是短语play an important part/ role in。故填play an important part /role in。5. 考查固定短语。句意：目前还无法预测这次事故的长期影响。根据句意及汉语提示可知，此处是固定短语at present“目前”。故填at present。6. 考查名词。句意：正如斯科蒂教授常说的，成功是百分之九十九的精神态度。分析句子可知，mental意为“精神的”，形容词词性，后接名词，attitude意为“态度”，名词词性，句中指精神态度，符合
47、句意。故填attitude。7. 考查动词。句意：你更喜欢哪一个？是蓝色的夹克还是红色的？根据所给汉语意思，应该是动词prefer。故填prefer。8. 考查名词。句意：在我看来，我们应该采取最严格的措施来确保食品安全。固定搭配in ones view（在某人看来），用名词view（看法）。故填view。9. 考查名词。句意：我们计划的缺点之一是不能平衡工作和学习。在定冠词the后应是名词在句子中作主语；根据所给汉语意思，应该是名词shortcoming；“one of意思为“之一”，后接可数名词的复数形式，因此shortcoming应用复数形式。故填shortcomings。10. 考查名词。句意：老年人很难跟上迅速变化的步伐。keep up with the pace of .为固定短语，跟上的步伐。故答案为pace。阅读理解【答案】11. A12. B13. B14. C【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了研究发现青少年艺术项目对青少年有深远的影响。11. 词义猜测题。根据第一段第一句话“Every year, thousands of teenagers participate in
