1、2015 年武汉大学考博英语真题一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and theselection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justiceis regarded as one form.of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the ideaof a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in
2、 the Old Testament is the expressionan eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. That is, the individual who has donewrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, societymust get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conceptionof retributive j
3、ustice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents andprocedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty fora person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported bythe German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal t
4、o givea punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actionsdenied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract thisdenial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less thangiving up his own will pay his debt. The dem
5、and of the death penalty is a rightthe state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion ofcorrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equalitybut to find a more adequate way to express i
6、t. It tries to preserve the idea ofequal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. Thecriminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enablehim to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered,the cause of his antiso
7、cial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed,provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurableshould be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not meanthat criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careerso
8、f crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get evenwith him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this,it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunityto assume a normal place in society. His conviction of
9、crime must not deprive himof the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. Thebesttitleforthisselectionis（）A. FittingPunishmenttotheCrimeB. ApproachestoJustPunishmentC. ImprovementinLegalJusticeD. AttainingJusticeintheCourts2.passageimpliesthatthebasicdifferencebetweenretri
10、butivejusticeandcorrectivejusticeisthe（ ）.A.typeofcrimethatwasprovenB.severityforthepunishmentC.reasonforthesentenceD.outcomeofthetrial3.Thepunishmentthatwouldbemostinconsistentwiththeviewsofcorrectivejusticewouldbe（）.A.forcedbrainsurgeryB.whippingC.solitaryconfinementD.theelectricchair4.TheBiblical
11、expressionaneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth”waspresentedinorderto（）.A.prove，thatequalitydemandsjustpunishment各类考试资料 vx：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料B.justifytheneedforpunishmentasapartoflawC.givemoralbackingtoretributivejusticeD.provethatmanhaslongbeeninterestedinjustice5.Thephrasemenssurenessoftheirsexroleinthe
12、firstparagraphsuggeststhatthey （ ）A.areconfidentintheirabilitytocharmwomen.B.taketheinitiativeincourtship.C.haveaclearideaofwhatisconsideredmanly.D.tendtobemoreimmoralthanwomenare.6.Thethirdparagraph （）A.generallyagreeswiththefirstparagraphB.hasnoconnectionwiththefirstparagraphC.repeatstheargumentof
13、thesecondparagraphD.contradictsthelastparagraph7.Theusualideaofthecavemaninthelastparagraph（）A.isbasedonthestudyofarchaeologyB.illustrateshowpeopleexpectmentobehaveC.isdismissedbytheauthorasanirrelevantjokeD.provesthattheman,notwoman,shouldbethewooer8.TheopeningquotationfromMargaretMeadsumsuparelati
14、onshipbetweenmanandwomanwhichtheauthor（）A.approvesofB.arguesisnaturalC.completelyrejectsD.expectstogoonchangingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard toplan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the marketsets. Farmers in Europe, the .
15、and Japan are luckier: they receive massive governmentsubsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month . PresidentBush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get, and pushes .
16、agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step wasnecessary to promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life forgenerations. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of theSenate in Novembers mid term elections.Agricultural production in m
17、ost poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP,compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow justenough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West findtheir goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.In
18、 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that foreach dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just becauseof trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. Its not asif the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwu
19、la, Ugandas Ministerof Finance. What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Landand labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies shouldimprove output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. T
20、he biggest success in Kenyaseconomy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers andvegetables to Europe. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightlytoo rich to qualify for the least developed country status that allows Africanproducers to avoid paying stiff Euro
21、pean import duties on selected agriculturalproducts. With trade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in Kenya willshrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain thegreat hope for poor countries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works:Americas Africa
22、n Growth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports ofeverything from handicrafts to shoes, has proved a boon to Africas manufacturers.The lesson: the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month allthe mo
23、re depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urgestrade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicionscaused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last Novembermembers of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qata
24、r, finally agreedto a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.Rich countries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally beingaddressed. Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to thosetalks and his personal devotion to free pa
25、rison,farmers （） receivemoregovernmentsubsidiesthanothers.thedevelopingworldJapanEuropeAmerica10.additiontotheeconomicconsiderations,thereisa（）motivebehindBushssigningofthenewfarmbill.11.messagethewriterattemptstoconveythroughoutthepassageisthat（）countriesshouldbegivenequalopportunitiesintradeB.“the
26、leastdevelopedcountry”statusbenefitsagriculturalcountriescountriesshouldremovetheirsuspicionsabouttradeliberalizationinpoorcountriesshouldalsoreceivethebenefitofsubsidiesRoger Rosenblatts book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary ratherthan sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfu
27、lly alters the approach takenby most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has oftenserved as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayles recent work,for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards,rating each work according to
28、the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authorsreact to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking aboutnovels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of thefictional enterpri
29、se. Rosenblatts literary analysis discloses affinities andconnections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies haveoverlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes givingsatisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there
30、a sufficientreason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works byBlack authors Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modernfiction with which it is largely contemporaneous Rosenblatt shows that Black fictionconstitutes a distinct body of writing t
31、hat has an identifiable, coherent literarytradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, hediscoversrecurringconcernsanddesignsindependentofchronology.Thesestructures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central factthat the Black characters in these
32、novels exist in a predominantly White culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematicanalysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it isnot his intention to judge the meri
33、t of the various works yet his reluctance seemsmisplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interestingresults. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Isthis a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a differentkind of aesth
34、etic In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide acounterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Blackheroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes ofexpress
35、ionIn spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makesfor an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known workslike James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colo
36、red Man. Its argument istightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded andpenetrating criticism.12.TheauthorobjectstocriticismofBlackfictionlikethatbyAddisonGaylebecauseit（）.A.emphasizespurelyliteraryaspectsofsuchfictionB.misinterpretstheideologicalcontentofsuchfictionC
37、.misunderstandsthenotionsofBlackidentitycontainedinsuchfictionD.substitutespoliticalforliterarycriteriainevaluatingsuchfiction13.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.A.evaluatingthesoundnessofaworkofcriticismB.comparingvariouscriticalapproachestoasubjectC.discussingthelimitationsofapartic
38、ularkindofcriticismD.summarizingthemajorpointsmadeinaworkofcriticism14.TheauthorsdiscussionofBlackFictioncanbebestdescribedas（）.A.pedanticandcontentiousB.criticalbutadmiringC.ironicanddeprecatingD.argumentativebutunfocused15.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorwouldbeLEASTlikelytoapproveofwhichofthefollowin
39、g（）A.AnanalysisoftheinfluenceofpoliticaleventsonthepersonalideologyofBlackwritersB.AcriticalstudythatappliessociopoliticalcriteriatoautobiographiesbyBlackauthorsC.AliterarystudyofBlackpoetrythatappraisesthemeritsofpoemsaccordingtothepoliticalacceptabilityoftheirthemesD.AnexaminationofthegrowthofadistinctBlackliterarytraditionwithinthecontextofBlackhistory二、汉译英得病以前， 我受父母宠爱 ，在家中横行霸道 。一旦隔离， 拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志 起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢 。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间， 个个喜气洋洋 。一瞬间，一阵被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头 ，禁不住痛哭起来。三、作文HowtoPreventPlagiarism
