1、得得阅阅读读者者得得天天下下阅阅读读理理解解之之技技巧巧初中阅读理解阅读材料阅读材料 题材：题材： 故事，寓言，故事，寓言， 人物，科普，政治经济、社会文人物，科普，政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理等化、风俗习惯、历史、地理等体裁：体裁： 记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文，新闻报道、记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文，新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、书信，图画，表格等广告、通知、操作说明、书信，图画，表格等学生素质学生素质v阅读速度阅读速度v理解程度理解程度v思维能力思维能力v综合文化素质综合文化素质具体考查的内容具体考查的内容v理解具体信息理解具体信息v推测生词词义推测生词词义v理解概念性
2、含义理解概念性含义v判断、推理和引申判断、推理和引申v理解主旨要义理解主旨要义v理解结构，句段关系理解结构，句段关系v理解作者意图理解作者意图解题步骤解题步骤一、快速阅读，读懂大意一、快速阅读，读懂大意二、明确要求，逐一解答二、明确要求，逐一解答三、重读问题，理解问题三、重读问题，理解问题四、带着问题，重读文章四、带着问题，重读文章五、复读全文，最后把关五、复读全文，最后把关题型大聚会题型大聚会v1. 推理题推理题v2. 词汇题词汇题v3. 主旨题主旨题v4. 态度观点题态度观点题v5. 指代题指代题解题技巧碰碰碰解题技巧碰碰碰（一）推理题及解题技巧（一）推理题及解题技巧v推理题：推理题： 数
3、字推理数字推理 知识推断知识推断 逻辑推理逻辑推理 细节推断细节推断 考查理清上下逻辑关系的能力（最难）。考查理清上下逻辑关系的能力（最难）。考查学生考查学生v判断、推理和引申判断、推理和引申 v理解作者的意图、观点或态度理解作者的意图、观点或态度v常用逻辑词常用逻辑词:“infer, conclude, imply, suggest”等。等。推论推论 推断推断暗示暗示 暗示暗示技巧技巧v1. 吃：吃透意思吃：吃透意思v2. 捕：捕捉线索捕：捕捉线索v3. 挖：挖掘加工挖：挖掘加工v4. 握：把握关系握：把握关系v5. 摸：揣摸作者摸：揣摸作者1.数字推断题vMr Brown first we
4、nt to look at the underground - fire when he was seven. Through the hole（洞）（洞）in the earth you could see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot, said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw the fire once more（再一次）（再一次）.1. Mr Brown first saw the underground - fire _.A. at the age of seven
5、B. seven years oldC. in the year of 1898 D. more than（超过）（超过）80 years ago AWhen he was seven years oldParty in Taiwan. On his nine-day trip from May 5-13, he visited Xian, Nanjing, Shanghai and Changsha, as well as Beijing. Soong, 63, was born in Xiangtan, Hunan Province in 1942. He went to Taiwan w
6、ith his father at the age of seven. 67. Soong went to Taiwan with his father in _.A. 1942 B. 1945 C. 1949 D. 19481.数字推断题C例题：例题： The United States became an independent country in 1783, and New York Was its capital for a short time.The United States became an independent country in _.A. the 17th cent
7、ury B. the 16th centuryC. the 18th century D. the 19th century注意年与世纪的关系，注意年与世纪的关系，例如：例如：1867年是年是19世纪，世纪，1990年是年是20世纪世纪, 2008年是年是21世纪。世纪。C2. 知识推断题知识推断题 知识推断：知识推断： 根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。实例实例Tokyo：Three snakes, whose poison could kill a person in te
8、n minutes, are guarding a blue star sapphire（蓝宝石）worth nearly six hundred dollars at a Japanese exhibition of jewels sent from an Indian museum. “Normally it would be forbidden to let these poisonous snakes guard exhibition objects, but its different this time because the jewels are being exhibited
9、at a hotel,” a police said.The jewels was being shown in _.A. an Indian hotel B. an Indian museum C. a Japanese hotel D. a Japanese museumC3. 逻辑结论推断题逻辑结论推断题 逻辑结论：逻辑结论： 指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度或观点去理解文章的内涵。或观点去理解
10、文章的内涵。 实例实例My father has little time for films. But one day as he finished his work, he found a film ticket under the glass on the desk. He went to the cinema quickly. When he was seated, a woman came to my father and said the seat was hers. They both took out their tickets and found the seat shown
11、on them was Row 8,Seat 16. After looking at the ticket more carefully, my father said, “Sorry, its not todays ticket.” vFrom this passage we can know that the writers father was _.careless4. 细节推断题细节推断题 为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持主题，如主题，如what, who, where, when, 等，即等，即“supporting details”。所
12、依据的所依据的 细节细节实例实例vWhen the bell was ringing. The boys came into the room. Each one had a bat or a ball. All had red faces. They were glad to get into their seats. The teacher said it was time to get back to work. Which of the following sentence is probably true?A. The class was over.B. The boys had j
13、ust come back from playing.C. The teacher told the boys to work.B很可能的很可能的细节认定题细节认定题。此类题主要考查学生对相关信息的识别能力，旨在考查学生对短文的关键词句、某个具体事实、具体情节或特定的细节是否注意和理解。【考题再现】【考题再现】（2007兰州中考题）v Vision-phones can be of great use when you have something to show the person whom you are calling. It may also have other uses in t
14、he future. Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over your vision-phone. You may be able to do some shopping through it, too.v59.In the future, you can use a vision-phone to _.vA. read a bookvB. ask an assistant to read a book for youvC. ask an assistant to bring
15、 you a bookvD. ask an assistant to do some shopping for youA【剖析】根据Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over your vision-phone.结合someday与题干中的In the future 相等。所以答案为AThe deep sea is not an easy place to live in. It is cold and dark. The deeper it is, the less light
16、 there is. At the depth of about 3,000feet, there is not light at all. Besides the cold and darkness, sea animals face a third dangerother animals. Animals eat! They must find food to eat. Many animals eat plants. However, some eat meat.【考题再现】【考题再现】（2007天津中考题）v 63. How many dangers will animals meet
17、 in the deep sea according to the passage? A. One B. Two C. Three D.Fourv65.According to the passage, which of the following is WRONG? A. When one animal finds something to eat, it may be eaten by others. B. Many sea animals eat plants. C. The deeper the sea is, the darker it is. D. At the depth of
18、3,000 feet, all animals can find their ways.63.选选C根据文中第五段根据文中第五段Besides the cold and darkness, sea animals face a third danger-other animals这组句子。这组句子。64.选选D根据文中第四段第二行根据文中第四段第二行”At the depth of about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all.可推断；可推断；没有光线，就很难找到路，没有光线，就很难找到路，D项不符项不符常见的推理判断题题干常见的推理判断题题干 Acco
19、rding to the passage，what /which is“”?Which of the following statement is (not) true/ correct/mentioned/listed/included?All of the following statements are true/correct/ mentioned except_?根据根据下面的下面的陈述，表述陈述，表述正确的正确的正确的正确的提到的提到的列出的列出的包括的包括的除了除了.(不包括不包括)（二）词汇题及解题技巧（二）词汇题及解题技巧v测试学生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。测试学生根
20、据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。v标志是标志是 The underlined word “” in line refers to 下划线的下划线的在第在第行的行的指的是指的是技巧技巧v返回原文，找到该句子返回原文，找到该句子v结合上下文，理解该词意思结合上下文，理解该词意思v重点抓字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理重点抓字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理v选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同，只是选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同，只是用其他词汇表达用其他词汇表达v超纲超纲 词汇不是正确答案词汇不是正确答案v正确答案常蕴藏在原文该词出现前后正确答案常蕴藏在原文该词出现前后1. 通过因果关系猜词通
21、过因果关系猜词 借助关联词借助关联词(如如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等等等) You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault. 猜词题实例猜词题实例因为因此因此结果结果因此因此错误错误2. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 1)同义词同义词vand 连接的词组连接的词组e.g. happy and gay v 解释过程中使用的同义词解释过程中使用的同义词e.g. Man has known someth
22、ing about the planets Venus，Mars, and Jupiter.行星行星金星金星火星火星木星木星2) 反义词反义词表转折关系的连词或副词，表转折关系的连词或副词， 如如but，while，however等等 与与not搭配的或表示否定意义搭配的或表示否定意义 的词语的词语 1. He is so homely，not as handsome as his brother. or 连接的词组连接的词组2. happy or sorrowful3. 通过构词法猜词通过构词法猜词 1).前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy， fair、unfair，impor
23、tant、unimportant等。 2).后缀- ment表名词，如develop、 development，state、statement， argue、argument等。 3).后缀-er、-or或 -ist表同源名词， 如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor， law、lawyer，wait、waiter， science、scientist，art、artist等。 。 4. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 But sometimes, no rain falls for a long，long time. Then the
24、re is a dry period，or drought.干旱干旱5. 通过句法功能来推测词义通过句法功能来推测词义vBananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas. 椰子椰子6. 通过描述猜词通过描述猜词 The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly, it can swim in
25、the icy water to catch the fish. 企鹅企鹅When Jack first heard about these children, he wanted to help them. Once Jack went to meet a little girl in Africa. “When I met her, I felt very very happy.” He said “And I saw that the money was used for a good cause. I want to do everything I want to go on help
26、ing those children.”65.The underlined words “for a good cause” means “_” in Chinese.A. 施舍施舍 B. 行善行善 C. 优惠优惠 D. 赏赐赏赐【剖析】单从【剖析】单从cause一词很难判断，一词很难判断，cause有有“原因，理由，事业原因，理由，事业”，也有，也有“使使引起、使招致的意思。因为整篇文章说的是引起、使招致的意思。因为整篇文章说的是Jack给儿童的捐款行为。划线短给儿童的捐款行为。划线短语的句子的意思是：他看到这些钱用于语的句子的意思是：他看到这些钱用于”行善行善“，这给他带来很多快乐。，这给
27、他带来很多快乐。【考题再现】【考题再现】（2007重庆中考题）（三）主旨题及解题技巧（三）主旨题及解题技巧v主旨要义主旨要义v整体理解整体理解v概括能力概括能力v标志词有：标志词有：“mainly about； mainly discuss； best title”等。等。标题标题主要的主要的讨论讨论技巧技巧v注意首段和各段第一句话注意首段和各段第一句话,将其含义连接成一个将其含义连接成一个整体整体v小心小心“首段陷阱首段陷阱”,不要一看开头就选择答案不要一看开头就选择答案常见提问：常见提问： 1. What is the main idea of this passage?2. What i
28、s the authors main point?3. What is the subject of this passage?4.The main purpose of the passage?5. The title of this passage would be _.中心思想中心思想主题主题作者的主要观点作者的主要观点目的目的6. The best title of this passage could (would) be _.7. What can be the best title for the text?8. The topic sentence of the passage
29、 is _.9. The writer in the text mainly tells us _.10. The passage is mainly aimed to _.主题句主题句目的在于目的在于11. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us _.12. What is the passage mainly about?13. Which of the following sentence can best describe the main idea of the passage?描述描述短文短文大意大意In rock music there is a distinct
30、 and almost overwhelming beatNo single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhythmAs you listen to a song，your foot usually starts to pick up the beatBefore long，your entire body seems to be moving with itYour head pounds with the beat，and there is no r
31、oom for thoughtOnly the surge of the music is importantIn its own way，rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an ever-growing emotional one 在这一段文章中在这一段文章中 “In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat.” 为主为主题句。题句。beat则是句子的信息核心。该词在第则是句子的信息核心。该词在第2、4、6句里重复出现，而
32、第句里重复出现，而第3句中的句中的“rhythm”(节奏节奏)跟跟“beat”(强烈的节奏强烈的节奏)意思意思基本一致，这就保证了主题平稳而持续的发基本一致，这就保证了主题平稳而持续的发展。请注意：第展。请注意：第8、9句作者重申并总结了主句作者重申并总结了主题句，而不是说段末是主题句。题句，而不是说段末是主题句。 v 例例2v The vegetable and fruit and flower merchants are surrounded by baskets of purple eggplants, green peppers，strings of tiny silvery onio
33、ns，heads of bitter Indian spinachand a dozen Indian vegetables for which I dont even know the English namesI had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow. In Russia，as winter approaches all vegetables excep
34、t for potatoes and the pervasive cabbage in soup seem to disappear from the menusv主题句在中间的第二句主题句在中间的第二句“I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow.” v People live in cities today think that meat is somet
35、hing that comes wrapped in cellophane(玻玻璃纸璃纸)From the supermarket，potatoes come by the pound in plastic or paper bags，and feather grows in hats. The city dwellers views are quite different from the views of their ancestors, who knew that? meat is hunted down in the forest，potatoes are planted and we
36、eded，and only birds can produce1eathers. Yet, whether people today realize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their existence as their ancestors werev主题句为最后一句主题句为最后一句 “Yet，whether people today realize it or not，they are still as dependent on animals and plants for their
37、existence as their ancestors were.” 关键关键-主题句主题句主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。三个特点：三个特点：（1）总领性强，概括性强）总领性强，概括性强（2）结构简单，不用难句）结构简单，不用难句（3）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、论证、补充的作用论证、补充的作用实例实例vJoshua Bingham studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before h
38、is graduation. He changed to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a business lawyer in Miami, Florida.v从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢
39、？该段落的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：悟，作者想告诉读者的是：Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. 所以说这种文章（或段落）只能所以说这种文章（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能推断出从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意。文章的主旨大意。实例实例 All students of geography should be able to explain a wea
40、ther map exactly. Weather condition is a huge amount of information about condition at a time of observation over a large geographical area. They show in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Office gives out information about coming storms, floods, fre
41、eze, dryness, and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it gives out a 30-day “out-look” which is a basic guide to weather conditions likely to happen all over the United States. Question：What is the main idea of this passage?A. Weather maps are very important to students of geography.B.
42、 Weather maps can have a 30-day “outlook”.C. Students of geography should be able to make weather maps exactly.D. Those who major in geography should have the ability to have a good understanding of a weather map.（四）态度观点题及解题技巧（四）态度观点题及解题技巧v理解作者的意图理解作者的意图,观点或态度的能力。观点或态度的能力。标志词标志词: attitude , purpose等
43、。等。态度目的技巧技巧v态度词态度词: Opposition反对，反对，suspicion怀疑的，怀疑的，Approval支持，支持，Optimistic乐观的，乐观的，subjective主主观的，观的，objective客观的，客观的，pessimistic悲观的，悲观的，biased有偏见的，有偏见的，impartial公正的，公正的，sensitive 敏敏感的，感的， indifference冷漠冷漠(一般不选一般不选) 。v不要搀杂自己的观点不要搀杂自己的观点v寻找文中具有感情色彩的词寻找文中具有感情色彩的词v抓论述的主线及举例的方式抓论述的主线及举例的方式49. What do
44、you think of the taxi driver?_A. He was not an honest person. B. He liked to work very hard.C. He was good at driving D. He was a kind and clever man选选A.出租车司机在火车站在载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕路多赚车费。出租车司机在火车站在载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕路多赚车费。客人非常气愤地说：客人非常气愤地说：“What?Fifteen dollars?Do you think Im a fool?Only last week
45、, I took a taxi from the rail station to the same hotel and I only give the driver thirteen dollars.”从从When the taxi driver heard that, he didnt feel happy any more及及But suddenly, he had an idea.He took the passenger through many streets of the city可知司机可知司机不诚实。诚实的人还用绕道吗？不诚实。诚实的人还用绕道吗？（五）指代题及解题技巧（五）指
46、代题及解题技巧整体理解文章的能力，整体理解文章的能力，并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。技巧技巧v返回原文，找出题的指代词返回原文，找出题的指代词v找最近的名词找最近的名词,名词性词组或句子名词性词组或句子v将找到的替换该指代词将找到的替换该指代词,看意思是否通顺看意思是否通顺v找出最佳答案找出最佳答案vIf you are visiting another country you may feel that you dont have any private space. Hotel rooms look much the same in every count
47、ry in the world. All day long ,you share public spaces with other people. You see the local people in their private spaces and you feel lonely and “outside”. Local people can create their private spaces by talking about things you dont know about .And you even feel that they like you to be outside t
48、hem so that they will enjoy being inside even more! This is one of the difficulties of being a traveler! But if you understand it then it helps you .Havent you enjoyed being part of a group and “owning” a bit of space?v3.In Paragraph 4 ,the pronoun “them refers to（所指） “_”.vA.public spaces B.private
49、spacesC.local people 典型例题分析典型例题分析根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。Mr Brown first went to look at the underground - fire when he was seven. Through the hole（洞）（洞）in the earth you could see the orange fire, but you had to look fast because it was so hot, said Mr Brown. In 1898, he saw
50、 the fire once more（再一次）（再一次）.Now, we can only see the smoke. The fire Mr Brown saw is not the underground - fire. In fact, there are 260 coal（煤）（煤）fires in the world. They are harmful（有害）（有害）and dangerous. Then how to put them out?Scientists have tried to set（放置）（放置）fire to underground coal to spee
