1、Describe people or things in greater detailRestrictive relative clauses 在句子中作在句子中作定语定语，修饰，修饰名词名词或或代词代词的从句。这种从的从句。这种从句由句由关系关系代词代词或或关系副词关系副词引导，并作句子成分。引导，并作句子成分。 定语从句还叫做定语从句还叫做嵌入句嵌入句，因，因形容词定语，所以又称形容词定语，所以又称之为之为形容词性从句形容词性从句。定语从句的位置：通常在先行词（在主句中）后。定语从句的位置：通常在先行词（在主句中）后。定语从句的引导词关系关系代词代词关系关系副词副词指人指人指物指物who(
2、主语、宾语主语、宾语)，whom(宾语宾语)，that(主语、宾语主语、宾语), whose(定语定语)that(主语、宾语主语、宾语),which(主语、宾语主语、宾语)whose(定语定语)where (地点状语地点状语)when (时间状语时间状语)why (原因状语原因状语)1. 先行词: 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。2. 关系词: 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。3. 关系词通常有下列三个作用: (1)引导定语从句; (2)代替先行词; (3)在定语从句中担当一个成分。4. 关系代词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语; 关系副词在从句中作状语。关系关系代词和关系副词的区别代词和关系副词的区别
3、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的判断方法定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的判断方法: 用法用法依据依据根据从句的根据从句的谓语动词谓语动词根据关系词根据关系词在从句中作在从句中作的成分的成分若是及物动词若是及物动词, 后面若无宾语后面若无宾语, 用关系代词用关系代词; 若是不及物动词若是不及物动词, 则用关系副词则用关系副词把关系词放进定语从句中把关系词放进定语从句中, 若若作主语或宾语用关系代词作主语或宾语用关系代词; 若若作状语用关系副词作状语用关系副词一、只用一、只用that不用不用which的情况的情况1先行词是不定代词先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，ev
4、erything，anything，nothing，none等或者先行词被不等或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时。定代词所修饰时。Do you have anything that you want to say about the painting?2先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only，the very (恰恰，正好恰恰，正好)，the last，all，no，few，little，any等修饰等修饰时时This is one of the most exciting movie that I have ever seen.This is the only
5、 thing that we can do now.3先行词既有人又有物时。先行词既有人又有物时。The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.4当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时。语时。Beijing is no longer the city that it used to be.5当主句的主语是疑问词当主句的主语是疑问词who或或which时。时。Who is the person that is standing in fr
6、ont of the temple?二、只用二、只用which不用不用that的情况的情况1引导非限制性定语从句。引导非限制性定语从句。Jenny was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.2关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前This is the house in which the famous artist once lived.3引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表引导的
7、定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。示的整体或部分概念。The result was not the same as they had expected，which was rather disappointing.三、三、 宜用宜用who不宜用不宜用that的情况的情况1当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：当先行词是指人的不定代词时，如：one，ones，anyone。Anyone who letters in the cultural sites should be punished.2当先行词是当先行词是I，you，he，they等人称代词时等人称代词时(常用于常用于
8、谚语中谚语中)。He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不不到长城非好汉。到长城非好汉。3当先行词为指人的当先行词为指人的those时。时。Those who have good manners will be highly respected.4在在there be结构中，先行词是指人的名词时。结构中，先行词是指人的名词时。There is a young man who wants to see you. 在限制性定语从句中，除了用在限制性定语从句中，除了用常见的常见的关系代词或关系副词关系代词或关系副词来引导来引导定语从句
9、外，当定语从句外，当关系代词关系代词which，whom在定语从句中作在定语从句中作介词的宾语介词的宾语时，从句可由时，从句可由“介词介词+which/whom”引出。引出。关系副词关系副词when= on (in,during) whichwhere= on (in, in front of) whichwhy= for which引导引导定语从句的关系副词定语从句的关系副词 介词 + 关系代词 = 关系副词 关关系副词系副词 先行词先行词在定语从句中充当的成分在定语从句中充当的成分 可以转化成可以转化成when时间名词时间名词 时间状语时间状语 where why 地点地点名名词词 rea
10、sonreason地点状语地点状语原因状语原因状语i in/on/atwhichn/on/atwhichi in/on/atwhichn/on/atwhichf for whichor which1. The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.2. He is a learned man with whom we are familiar.当先行词是当先行词是表人表人的名词或代词时，可的名词或代词时，可由由“介词介词+whom”引导从句引导从句。1. The city in which she lives is far away. 2. The Englis
11、h play in which my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.当先行词是当先行词是表事物表事物的名词或代词时，可的名词或代词时，可由由“介词介词+which”引导从句。引导从句。“介词介词+关系代词关系代词”结构往往可以结构往往可以和关系副词互换和关系副词互换。1. Ill never forget the day when I joined the league.2. This is the house where I lived two years ago.3. There are many rea
12、sons why people like traveling. when =表时间的介词表时间的介词(in, on, at, during等等)+which=on which (=on the day)where =表地点的介词表地点的介词(in, at, on, under等等) +which=in which (=in the house)why=表原因的介词表原因的介词 for+ which=for which (=for the reasons)1. I met the child (whom) I looked after ten years ago.我遇到了十年前我照料过的那个孩子
13、。我遇到了十年前我照料过的那个孩子。2. This is the pen (that/which) you are looking for.这是你正在找的钢笔。这是你正在找的钢笔。定语从句的谓语如果是以介词结尾的动词定语从句的谓语如果是以介词结尾的动词固定短语，则不可把介词移至从句之首，固定短语，则不可把介词移至从句之首，如如 hear from，look after， look for等。等。注意：注意：在在“介词介词+ +关系代词关系代词”结构中，结构中，如何准确地选择介词呢？如何准确地选择介词呢？This is the book _ which I got the story.由于句意含
14、有由于句意含有“从从”的意思，的意思，所以用介词所以用介词 from。from确定介词原则一：确定介词原则一：根据主从句之间的意思确定所需介词。根据主从句之间的意思确定所需介词。This road will take me to the place _ which I belong.根据大意，从句意为根据大意，从句意为“我属于的地方我属于的地方”。根据短语根据短语“belong to”可知空格处应填可知空格处应填 to。to确定介词原则二：确定介词原则二：根据从句动词、形容词等构成的短语确定所需根据从句动词、形容词等构成的短语确定所需介词。介词。Jack is the very person
15、_ I will turn when in trouble.据题干大意，从句意为据题干大意，从句意为“我遇到困难可以我遇到困难可以求助的人求助的人”。“求助求助”即即“turn to”，又因，又因先行词指人，故答案为先行词指人，故答案为 “to whom”。to whomThe song often takes me back to the day when the accident happened. The song often takes me back to the day _ which the accident happened.据第一句可知，第二句中据第一句可知，第二句中whic
16、h用来指先用来指先行词行词“the day”，在从句中意为，在从句中意为“在这在这天天”，故填介词，故填介词“on”。确定介词原则三：确定介词原则三：根据先行词确定所需介词。根据先行词确定所需介词。on1. Ill never forget the days _ we worked together.2. Ill never forget the days _ we spent together.3. I went to the place _ I worked ten years ago.4. I went to the place _ I visited ten years ago.5.
17、This is the reason _ he was late.6. This is the reason _ he gave.when/ in which(that/which)where /in which(which/ that)why /for whichthat/ which及物动词及物动词及物动词及物动词及物动词及物动词Practice：介词：介词+关系代词的使用关系代词的使用1. 定语从句的先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系词通常省略。如： I have taken with me the two books (that/ which) you asked me to retur
18、n to the City Library.2. 先行词是way, reason, time, place等且它们在 定语从句中分别作方式、原因、时间和地点 状语时其后定语从句的相应关系词that/in which, why/that，when, where等可以省略。 Summary如：The way (that/ in which) you look at the problem is wrong.3.由and, but, or等并列连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰同一个先行词时，第一个关系词可以省略，但第二、三个一般不可以省略。如： The reason (why/that) he
19、wanted to sell his house was that he needed a lot of money for his operation.根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。句两种。1.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句1） 关系代词：关系代词：that ,which,who,whom,whose,as 关系副词：关系副词：where,when,why2）从句和主句的关系紧密，中间不用逗号隔开。）从句和主句的关系紧密，中间不用逗号隔开。3
20、）定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如）定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整。果去掉，主句意思就不完整。1.The woman _survived the earthquake is Amys English teacher.2. This is the man_the police have been searching for.3. I live next door to a couple_children often make a lot of noise.who/thatwho/whom/thatwhose2.非限定定定语从句非限定定定语从句1） 关
21、系代词：关系代词：which,who,whom,whose,as 关系副词：关系副词：where,when,why2）从句和主句关系不紧密，去掉从句，主句）从句和主句关系不紧密，去掉从句，主句意思仍完整：意思仍完整：3）从句和主句之间用逗号隔开。）从句和主句之间用逗号隔开。My new car,_I paid several thousand pounds for,is not running well.He is English,_I know from his accent.whichwhich非限定定语从句引导词非限定定语从句引导词1）非限制定语从句不用）非限制定语从句不用that引导引
22、导Holly,_is from Australia, has a good command of Chinese.2）关系代词和关系副词的选择）关系代词和关系副词的选择关系词在从句中做主语或宾语时，用关系关系词在从句中做主语或宾语时，用关系代词；在从句中做状语，用关系副词。代词；在从句中做状语，用关系副词。The old man has a daughter ,_is an artist.Opposite is St.Pauls church,_you can hear some lovely music.whowhowhere限制性定语从句与非限定定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限定定语从句
23、的区别1）功能不同：功能不同：与先行词的关系与先行词的关系能否去掉能否去掉限制性定语从限制性定语从句句是先行词在意义上是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语不可缺少的定语不可去掉，否则不可去掉，否则主句意义不完整主句意义不完整非限制定语从非限制定语从句句对先行词补充说明对先行词补充说明 可去掉，去掉后可去掉，去掉后主句意思仍完整。主句意思仍完整。My elder sister _has settled in Beijing sends me e-mail almost every day. My elder sister, _has settled in Beijing, sends me e-mai
24、l almost every day.who/thatwho限制性定语从句限制性定语从句紧跟在先行词后，不用逗号隔开紧跟在先行词后，不用逗号隔开非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 用逗号与主句隔开用逗号与主句隔开2)形式不同形式不同He is the man_has been removed from the company.The project, _lasted three years, cost no less than 1 billion dollars.whowhich3)先行词不同先行词不同先行词先行词限定性定语从句名词、代词或名词性短语非限定性定语从句名词、代词或名词性短语或整个句
25、子This is the best novel that I have ever read.The novel, _I read last night , is very interesting.She said she had finished her work,_ I doubted very much.whichwhichas引导限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句引导限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句用在固定搭配用在固定搭配asas，soas， such.as， the sameas中。中。The world has been changing at such a high speed as
26、 no one has expected. 。Such Such a meeting a meeting _ is being held is very is being held is very important. important. He is not He is not the same the same man _we man _we knew before.knew before. as as as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个句子的整个句子的内容。内容。先行词：先行词：名词，整个或句子名词，整个或句子，As的句法功能：做的句法功能：做主语、宾语或表
27、语主语、宾语或表语。as引导的定语从句的固定用法。引导的定语从句的固定用法。as we all know(as is known to us或或as is well known)as is reportedas is often the caseas is expectedas has been said before众所周知众所周知据报道据报道情况常常如此情况常常如此正如期望的那样正如期望的那样如前所述如前所述as 引导的非限定定语从引导的非限定定语从句句位置：which 只能放在主句后面位置：as可以放在主句之前，可以放在句中，也可以放在句末。含义：which 在句子没有含义as译为“正如
28、.”He said he had never seen her before,which was not true.Air, as we know ,is a gas.=As we know , air is a gas.=Air is a gas ,as we know使用定语从句需要注意的事项使用定语从句需要注意的事项1.定语从句中的主谓一致问题定语从句中的主谓一致问题 1）定语从句中的关系代词做主语时，）定语从句中的关系代词做主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。Is he the man _wants to see you?2)as, which
29、做主语引导非限定性定语从做主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语动词用单数。句，指全句时，从句谓语动词用单数。As _(be) usual,he came to school late this morning.Liquid water changes to vapor,_is called evaporation.who/thatiswhich3).先行词为先行词为“one of the +复数名词复数名词”时，关系代时，关系代词从句主语，谓语用复数。词从句主语，谓语用复数。Freddy is one of the students who _(want)to be diplomats
30、 in our class.4).先行词为先行词为“the one of the +复数名词复数名词”时，关时，关系代词从句主语，谓语用单数。系代词从句主语，谓语用单数。 He is the (only) one of the students who _(have)been a winner of scholarship for 3 years.wanthasSummary. Level A: . Level A: . 用适当的关系词填空。用适当的关系词填空。1. The mountain _ we climbed yesterday is the highest mountain in B
31、ritain.2. An architect is a person _ designs buildings.3. The bar in Barcelona _ I met my best friend is still there.4. The summer _ I graduated from university was long and hot.5. Jane told me the reason _ she was not in favour of revising the plan.why/for which that/which who/thatwhere/in which wh
32、en/in which6. My sister worked for a man _ used to be an athlete.7. As for me, I have joined an organization in our city _ purpose is to call on people to protect wild animals.8. A corkscrew is a thing _ you use to open bottles.9. The day _ the concert takes place is Sunday.10. The city _ the basket
33、ball player lives is San Francisco.where/in whichwho/thatwhosewhich/thatwhen/on which 11. Hangzhou is a beautiful city, _ people visit the famous West Lake.12. Beijing, _ is the capital of China, has a very long history.13. _ is known to all, he is the best student.14. The young man had a new girl f
34、riend, _ is a pop star.whichAswhowhere/in which15. I should thank my teacher, with _ help, I solved the problem. 16. He once worked on the Birds Nest, _ _ his son is proud. whoseofwhich根据汉语完成句子根据汉语完成句子。1. This is the engineer _ _ ( (给我们作关于计算机报告的给我们作关于计算机报告的) ) the other day.2. My necklace is not _ _
35、( (唯一不见的东西唯一不见的东西) ).3. The man _( (在这间房子里工作在这间房子里工作 的的) )is an English teacher.4. The old building _( (我们住的我们住的) ) has been here for 30 years.5. The history book _ (封皮封皮 是黄的是黄的) was lost.who gave us a talk about computersthe only thing thats who works in the room(that/which) we live inwhose cover i
36、s yellowmissing6. Here is the pen _( (你昨天你昨天 丢失的丢失的) ).7. This is the best book _ ( (我读过的我读过的) ).8. I have lost the pen _ _ (我父亲给我买的我父亲给我买的) ).9. Wheat is a plant _ _（中国北方种植的（中国北方种植的) ).10. I dont like the people _ _( (说得多说得多, ,做得少的做得少的) ). (that) you lost yesterday(that) I have ever read(which/that) my father which/that is grown who talk too much bought mein the north of Chinabut do little
