1、Grammar and usage Learning aims(学习目标):1.Grasp the definition(定义定义) of V-ing2.Grasp the tenses(时态时态) and voices(语态语态) of V-ing3.Grasp the function(功能功能) of V-ing.请说明划线部分的句子成分I lost my umbrella.She does her homework every day.She plays the violin carefully.The boy is very naughty.We made him cry.This
2、is a fantastic book.I have two foreign friends, a Canadian and an American. Dont step on the grass.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语表语表语宾补宾补定语定语同位语同位语状语状语千万要注意千万要注意V-ingV-ing形式的规则哟！形式的规则哟！不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语。还有时态和语态的变化。 语态类别 时 态 vt.主动语态被动语态ing 一般式一般式(与谓语动词与谓语动词同同时时发生发生)完成式完成式(先与谓语动词先与谓语动词之前之前发生发生)时态和语态时态和语态doi
3、ngbeing donehaving donehaving been done现在分词的否定式：现在分词的否定式： not doing解题步骤：解题步骤：1.判断是否为非谓语动词判断是否为非谓语动词 2 .与逻辑主语的关系与逻辑主语的关系 3 .与谓语动词的先后关系与谓语动词的先后关系1、 动名词作主语动名词作主语 (表一般性的，泛指的，抽象表一般性的，泛指的，抽象的的,时间概念不强的动作时间概念不强的动作)眼见为实，耳听为虚。眼见为实，耳听为虚。Seeing is believing。说比做容易多了。说比做容易多了。Saying is easier than doing.玩电脑游戏是没有好处
4、的。玩电脑游戏是没有好处的。Playing computer games is no good.= Its no good playing computer games.一、一、 V-ing作主语作主语2，It 做形式主语的句型，某些句型中用做形式主语的句型，某些句型中用V-ing做逻辑做逻辑主语主语 。It is no use doing 做做没用没用It is no good doing 做做没好处没好处It is useless doing 做做.没有用没有用There is no point (in) doing 做做没有意义没有意义不要做无意的后悔。不要做无意的后悔。It is no
5、 use crying over spilt milk.抽烟是没有好处的。抽烟是没有好处的。It is no good smoking.说再多也是没有用的。说再多也是没有用的。It is useless talking too much.跟他争辩是没有意义的。跟他争辩是没有意义的。There is no point in arguing with him. 1. 他是一个攻击型的运动员。 He is an _ (attack) player. 2. 他提了一个令人难堪的问题。He asked an _ (embarrass) question. 3.正在学走路的小孩常常跌跤。 A little
6、 child _ (learn) to walk often falls. =A little child who is learning to walk often falls.注意：当-ing形式做后置定语时，可以相当于相应的定语从句。 二、二、 V-ing作定语作定语 如果是单个的动词的如果是单个的动词的-ing形式做定语，常放在被形式做定语，常放在被修饰词前做修饰词前做前置定语前置定语；如果是动词的；如果是动词的-ing形式的短形式的短语做定语，常放在被修饰词后做语做定语，常放在被修饰词后做后置定语后置定语。attackingembarrassinglearning转换成定语从句：转换
7、成定语从句：The people sitting behind us are teachers.= The expert coming from Hongkong is a lady called Ms Cai. =The people who are sitting behind us are teachers.The expert who comes from Hongkong is a lady called Ms Cai.1) 说明被修饰词的性质，特征或用途。说明被修饰词的性质，特征或用途。他们将手术台架设在一座小庙里。他们将手术台架设在一座小庙里。They set up an _(o
8、perate) table in a small temple. 他说不定在阅览室里。他说不定在阅览室里。 He may be in the _(read) room，for all I know.女士们先生们，请去会议室等待。女士们先生们，请去会议室等待。Ladies and gentlemen，please go and wait in the _(meet) room.operatingreadingmeeting2) 与被修饰词为主动关系且表示正在进与被修饰词为主动关系且表示正在进行的动作行的动作.1.有大约二百个孩子在这所艺术学校学习。There were about 200 chi
9、ldren_ (study) in the art school. 2.正在和我们英语老师谈话的那位妇女是谁？ Who is the woman _ (talk) to ourEnglish teacher？talkingstudying3) 有些-ing形式已经转化成形容词，常做定语用来修饰物，表示“令人”。常用的此类词有：exciting，amusing，amazing，astonishing，shocking，puzzling，confusing，disappointing，discouraging，pleasing，striking，boring，tiring，touching，mov
10、ing，interesting，satisfying，terrifying，frightening等。如：1.那准时一段可怕的经历。That must have been a _ (terrify) experience.2.那项试验是一个惊人的成功。The experiment was an _(amaze) success. 3.这本书缺了一页。There is a page _ (miss) from this book.terrifyingamazingmissing注意：注意：除了-ing形式能做定语外，如果-ing形式表正在正在与被修饰词又是被动关系被动关系，就用它的被动式，即be
11、ing done。如：1.正在被建的高楼是我们的新学校。 The tall building_ (build) now is our new school. 2.正在被讨论的问题是被校长提出的。The question _ (discus) was presented by the headmaster.being builtbeing discussed1.The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _(remain) 20 dollars .2.The wild flowers looked like a sof
12、t orange blanket _ (cover) the desert. 3.I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _ (study) Chinese in the school，most _ were from Germany.4.I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _ (study) Chinese in the school，and most _(they) were from Germany. 5.The question _ (discuss)
13、 at present has something important to do with our daily life.6.China is a_(develop) country _(belong) to the third world.remainingcoveringstudyingof whomstudyingof thembeing discusseddevelopingbelonging 1.Your journey in Kenya is really _ (excite). 2.What you did was _ (disappoint). 3.The nightmare
14、 I had last night was very_ (frighten). 现在分词作表语通常表示主语的属性和特现在分词作表语通常表示主语的属性和特征征,相当于相当于形容词形容词,其主语通常是物其主语通常是物.三、三、 V-ing作表语作表语disappointingexcitingfrightening1）作动词的宾语）作动词的宾语 She denied _(make) a mistake. He imagined _ (lead) a happy life.2) 作介词宾语作介词宾语 He left without _ (say) good-bye to us. Is there an
15、y hope of _(catch) the early bus?四、四、 V-ing作宾语作宾语makingleadingsayingcatching1.只接只接v-ing作宾语的常见动词作宾语的常见动词avoid, miss, put off;避免错过避免错过(少少)延期延期; advise, finish, practise;建议完成多练习建议完成多练习;enjoy, imagine, cant help;喜欢想象禁不住喜欢想象禁不住admit, deny, envy;承认否认与妒忌承认否认与妒忌;escape, risk, excuse;逃避冒险逃避冒险(莫莫)原谅原谅; stand,
16、 keep, mind.忍受保持忍受保持(不不)介意介意.2. 只接只接v-ing作宾语的常见动词短语作宾语的常见动词短语insist on, object to, be good at, lead to, put off, give up, feel like, look forward to, devote to, be worth, get used to, pay attention to3. 动词动词forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try, be used to, cant help后跟动名词和跟后跟动名词和跟不定式区别较大，
17、须注意。不定式区别较大，须注意。 forget, regret, remember后跟动名词，动名后跟动名词，动名词表示已经发生的动作；后跟不定式表示将要发词表示已经发生的动作；后跟不定式表示将要发生的动作。生的动作。1) remember to do 记住要做某事记住要做某事 remember doing 记得过去做过某事记得过去做过某事我记得在街上见过他。我记得在街上见过他。 I remember _ (meet) him in the street. 我想起来要给我父母亲写信。我想起来要给我父母亲写信。I remember _ (write) a letter to my parents
18、.2)forget to do 忘记去做某事忘记去做某事 forget doing 忘记做过某事忘记做过某事我忘了去为她寄那封信了我忘了去为她寄那封信了.I forgot _ (mail) the letter for her.我忘记了写过那篇作文我忘记了写过那篇作文.I forgot _ (write) that composition.meetingto writeto mailwriting3) stop doing 停止停止 做某事做某事 stop to do 停下正在做的事而去做另外一件事停下正在做的事而去做另外一件事请不要抽烟请不要抽烟Stop smoking, please. 咱
19、们停下来休息一下吧。咱们停下来休息一下吧。Lets stop to have a rest. 4) mean to do 打算做某事打算做某事 mean doing 意味着意味着I meant_ ( catch) up with the early bus.This means _ (waste) a lot of money.我打算赶上早班车我打算赶上早班车.这意味着花很多钱这意味着花很多钱.to catchwasting5) try to do 设法尽力做某事设法尽力做某事 try doing 试着做某事试着做某事You should try to overcome your shortc
20、omings.你设法尽力克服你的缺点你设法尽力克服你的缺点.Try working out the physics problem in another way.试着用另一种方法去计算这物理难题试着用另一种方法去计算这物理难题.6)regret to do 对要做的事表示抱歉或遗憾对要做的事表示抱歉或遗憾 regret doing 对已做过的事表示后悔对已做过的事表示后悔我后悔花了那么多钱我后悔花了那么多钱.我很遗憾地吿诉你我很遗憾地吿诉你,你高考失败了你高考失败了.I regret spending so much money.I regret to tell you have failed
21、 the college entrance exam. Wedontallow_(walk)onthegrass.Wedontallowpeople_ (walk) onthegrass.Peoplearenotallowed_ (walk) onthegrass.4. allow, advise, forbid, permit + doing allow, advise, forbid, permit +sb. +to do eg. 我们不允许在这抽烟。我们不允许在这抽烟。 We dont allow smoking here. 我们不允许学生抽烟。我们不允许学生抽烟。 We dont al
22、low students to smoke.walkingto walkto walk五、五、 V-ing作宾语补足语作宾语补足语常见的两类接现在分词作宾补的动词：常见的两类接现在分词作宾补的动词：感官动词：感官动词：see,hear ,watch,find,feel,smell, observe ,notice,look at,listen to .使役动词：使役动词：have,keep, catch,leave . 我刚刚听见那个女孩正在教室唱歌我刚刚听见那个女孩正在教室唱歌.I heard the girl singing in the classroom. 洗手的时候不要让水一直流洗手
23、的时候不要让水一直流.Dont keep the water running while washing your hands.特殊的两个区别：特殊的两个区别：1).现在分词作宾补与不定式做宾补的区别。现在分词作宾补与不定式做宾补的区别。 doing：动作正在进行：动作正在进行+主动主动 to do： 动作的动作的 。 试比较：试比较： 1. I heard her singing a song just now. 2. I heard her sing a song just now.=She was heard to sing a song just now. 动作正在进行动作正在进行+主
24、动主动(听见全过程听见全过程)全过程全过程2). 现在分词被动式与过去分词作宾补的区别。现在分词被动式与过去分词作宾补的区别。 being done： 正在进行正在进行+被动被动 done： 动作已完成动作已完成+被动被动 试比较：试比较： 1. I saw him being taken away. 我看到他正被人带走。我看到他正被人带走。 2. I saw him taken away. 我看到他被带走了。我看到他被带走了。(正在进行正在进行+被动被动)(完成完成+被动被动)六、六、 V-ing作状语作状语 动词动词-ing形式可以作状语，在句中表示时形式可以作状语，在句中表示时间间,原因
25、、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况等伴随情况等,相当于相对应的状语从句。相当于相对应的状语从句。 动词动词-ing形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状形式作时间、原因、条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情况状语时常位于句末。时常位于句末。1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。（有时可在动词句。（有时可在动词-ing前加一个表前加一个表时间的连词，如时间的连词，如when, while等）等） After we have made full preparations, we are ready
26、 for the examination. = we are ready for the examination. , (一听到消息一听到消息)they jumped with great joy. After he had finished his homework, Henry went home. = , Henry went home. Having made full preparations, Hearing the news Having finished his homework2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill, he
27、 didnt go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(= Since he was ill.) , he couldnt afford a TV set.( =As he was poor, he couldnt afford a TV set.) we couldnt get in touch with him. (= Because we didnt know his phone number, we couldnt get in touch with him.)Being poorNot knowing his phone n
28、umber, l3 结果结果状语状语，相当于一个并列谓语。，相当于一个并列谓语。 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱他父亲死了，留给他许多钱. His father died, European football is played in 80 countries, (= European football is played in 80 countries; as a result, it becomes the most popular sport in the world.) leaving him a lot of money. making it the most popular sport
29、in the world .314 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 If you work hard at your lessons， you will succeed. = If you use your head, youll find a good way. = If you drive too fast, youll damage the car. = Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed. Using your head, youll find a good way. Driving too
30、 fast, youll damage the car. 325 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 =Although he was toiling all the year round, the poor peasant couldnt afford to send his children to school. 这位贫苦的农民，尽管终年劳累，还是无这位贫苦的农民，尽管终年劳累，还是无力送孩子上学。力送孩子上学。 =Though it weighed almost one hundred jin, the box was lifted by him wit
31、h one hand.Although toiling all the year round Weighing almost one hundred jin 336 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相当于一个并列结构。当于一个并列结构。他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。He lay on the grass, and stared at the sky for a long time他走出去，砰地一声把门带上。他走出去，砰地一声把门带上。He went out, slamming the door. = He lay on t
32、he grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= He went out, and he slammed the door.1. Sixty million people _ (live) in rural areas are moving to the cities every year.2. I often see my teacher _(run) on the playground.3. Our trip was _ (disappoint). We did not find any unusual plants.Practiceliving
33、runFill in the blanks with the verb given in its proper form.disappointing4. I saw them _(force) the door open with a hammer. 5. They asked me (thank) your mother.6. The news was _(shock). All the three boats had sunk in the storm.forcingto thankshocking4.现在分词作状语现在分词作状语1). 作时间状语作时间状语, ,相当于时间状语从句相当于时
34、间状语从句 ( (常同连词常同连词when, whenever, while, once, until等连用等连用)Hearing the bad news, they couldnt help crying. =When they heard the bad news, they couldnt help crying. Having received his letter, I decided to write back. =After I had received his letter, I decided to write back.2).作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。作原因状语，相
35、当于原因状语从句。Being a student, I must work hard.Being so angry, he couldnt go to sleep.=Because he was so angry, he couldnt go to sleep.=Because I am a student, I must work hard.=Because he didnt know what to do next, he turned to the teacher for help.Not knowing what to do next, he turned to the teacher
36、 for help.3. 作条件状语作条件状语,相当于条件状语从句相当于条件状语从句Working hard, you will succeed. Putting more salt into the soup, you will find it more delicious.=If you put more salt into the soup, you will find it more delicious.=If you work hard, you will succeed. 4. 作伴随状语作伴随状语,相当于并列句相当于并列句They came into the classroom,
37、 singing and laughing. 5. 作结果状语作结果状语His father died, leaving him lots of money.=They sang and laughed; they came into the classroom.注意注意:l V-ing有其完成式有其完成式_, 表示分表示分 词动作发生于主句动作之词动作发生于主句动作之_。l V-ing形式的否定形式的否定not要置于要置于V-ing之之_。l分词作状语时，其逻辑主语同主句的主分词作状语时，其逻辑主语同主句的主 语语_且有逻辑且有逻辑_关系，往往可转换关系，往往可转换 为为相应的状语从句相应的
38、状语从句。having done前前前前一致一致 主动主动1. a. Hearing the news, tears ran down her face. b. Hearing the news, she cried out sadly.2. a. Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it. b. Entering the classroom, nobody was found in it.Choose the correct sentence.3. a. Looking out through the window, the garden wa
39、s beautiful. b. Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.4. a. Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking. b. I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking.考点解析：考点解析：非谓语动词是高考的一个热点非谓语动词是高考的一个热点,V-ing 常考的形式常考的形式有以下几点：有以下几点：一一 、时态与语态（完成时态的主动、被动形式）、时态与语态（完成时态的
40、主动、被动形式）二、结果状语（自然而然的结果），时间状语二、结果状语（自然而然的结果），时间状语三、被动形式作定语；被动形式跟在介词后作宾三、被动形式作定语；被动形式跟在介词后作宾语语四、否定时四、否定时not的位置的位置五、在问句中作主语进行回答五、在问句中作主语进行回答考点：考点：考查非谓语动词。解析：解析：该空，分词短语作时间状语，其逻辑主语Dina与struggle为主动关系，故排除B项。由剧中的finally可知非谓语动词表示的动作发生在句中谓语took a position之前，故用现在分词的完成主动式现在分词的完成主动式。（10湖南）26. Dina, for months to
41、 find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle (08陕西卷陕西卷)14. _ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. Having shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown
42、 D. To show答案：答案：C。我们是被带领参观的因此是。我们是被带领参观的因此是被动语态被动语态。先参观水立方后去看鸟巢所以时态是先参观水立方后去看鸟巢所以时态是完成时态完成时态句意句意：南方下了大雨，在几个省区造成严重洪灾。解析：解析：空格后serious flooding是rained heavily的后果，而且句子主语it和cause之间存在主动关系，所以此处要用动词的ing形式作结果状语。答案：答案：C. （10天津）12. It rained heavily in the south，serious flooding in several provinces. A. caus
43、ed B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 考点：考点：考查现在分词短语做伴随状语及动词不定式的否定式。解析：解析：句中listen和try not to miss为同时进行的动作，故用现在分词的一般式做伴随状语。又动词不定式的否定式要在其前加not.故选B。（10四川）17The lawyer listened with full attention，_ to miss any point Anot trying Btrying not Cto try not Dnot to try答案：选答案：选A. enabling 表示他在捐献后的表示他在捐献
44、后的（自然）结果（自然）结果（10江苏）28. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu ,_the students to return to their classrooms. A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabledl Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus _ the delay. A. to cause B. ca
45、using C. caused D. cause2. I was in the bathroom, not _ the knock at the door. A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heardExercise3. After seeing the movie, _. A. the book was read by him B. the book made him want to read itC. he wanted to read the book D. the reading of the book interested him4. The nex
46、t morning she found the man in bed, _ dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying5. There was terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed6. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president.A. to prepare B. preparing C.
47、prepared D. was preparing7. “Cant you read?” Mary said_ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing8. _ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received9. They apologized for _ to attend the meeting. A. their not being able B. their being not able C. them not able D. them being able not 10. I did nothing all day but _ to my friend who I havent seen for almost a year. A. write B. to write C. wrote D. writing个人观点供参考，欢迎讨论
