1、 Discovering Useful Structure Unit 4 Space Exploration主动语态被动语态意义一般时表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后完成时表示动作发生在谓语动作之前进行时表示谓语动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行完成进行时表示动作发生在谓语动作之前且一直持续到谓语动作发生时仍在进行不定式的时态和语态todotobedonetohavedonetohavebeendonetobedoingtohavebeendoingLookatthefollowingsentencesandfocusontheitalicizedinfinitives.Inpai
2、rs,discusstheirfunctions.P42Ex.1Functions of infinitives1.Itrainedforalongtimeto flyairplanesasafighterpilot.(作_)2.Asweallknow,anastronautneedstobehealthyandcalmin order to workinspace.(作_)3.Firstofall,youmustbeintelligentenough to get arelatedcollegedegree.(作_)4.Somescientistweredeterminedtohelphum
3、ansrealisetheirdreamto explore space.(作_)5.On12April1961,YuriGagarinbecamethefirstpersonintheworldto go into space.(作_)目的状语定语目的状语目的状语Summary: 1. 不定式的结构：_2.分析上面的句子，我们知道在描述太空探索时，动词不定式不仅可以用来作表_，还可以用来作_，表_。定语to+do原形目的定语修饰状语Rewritethesentencesbyusinginfinitivesasattribute.P42Ex2（1、3）Functions of infiniti
4、ves as attribute1.In2003,YuriMalenchenkobecamethefirstpersonwhogotmarriedinspace.=In2003,YuriMalenchenkobecamethefirstperson_inspace.2.Mankindhasalwaysbeencuriousabouttheuniverseandmanypeoplehavedreamedthatonedaytheywouldflyintospace.=Mankindhasalwaysbeencuriousabouttheuniverseandmanypeoplehavedream
5、_space.togetmarriedtoflyintoSummary: 动词不定式用作定语，放在被修饰的名词后面。1.名词前有first,last,next,only等词以及最高级修饰时,其后要用动词不定式。ShewasthefirstwomantowinthegoldmedalintheOlympicGames. 2.动词不定式作定语常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语,表示尚未发生的动作。Wehavemuchhomeworktodotonight.Rewritethesentencesbyusinginfinitivesasattribute.3.ButJanisAdkinshasthea
6、bilityanddesirethathecandosomeusefulworkforthedisabled.=ButJanisAdkinshastheabilityanddesire_forthedisabled.4.IusuallyhavealotofmeetingswhichIhavetoattendnextweek.=Iusuallyhavealotofmeetings_.todosomeusefulworktoattendFunctions of infinitives as attributeSummary: 3.抽象名词attempt,ability,chance,desire,
7、determination,decision,plan,way或不定代词something,nothing等后面常用不定式作后置定语。JanisAdkinshastheabilityanddesiretodousefulwork.4.当名词与定语之间存在动宾关系时。Sheisanicepersontoworkwith.Rewritethesentencesbyusinginfinitivesasattribute.5.Weneedsomeonewhocangoandaskforadoctor.=Weneedsomeone_.6.Andersongaveherhissuggestionthats
8、heshouldinsistonhertask.=Andersongaveherhissuggestion_.togoandaskforadoctortoinsistonhertask Summary: 5.当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。Wemustfindapersontodothejob.6.当名词与定语有同位关系时。Wegottheordertoleavethecity.Functions of infinitives as attributePractice(1)Theairport_(complete)nextyearwillhelppromotetourisminthisarea
9、.(2)Doyouhaveanything_(do)tonight?(3)Thebestway_(improve)yourEnglishistojoinanEnglishclub.(4)MissLiuisaveryniceperson_(work)with.(5)Chinaisthethirdcountryintheworld_(send)menintospace.(6)Maryhadgreatdetermination_(achieve)hergoal.(7)TheGermangirlhastheability_(learn)Chinesewell.(8)Ihavesomethingimpo
10、rtant_(tell)you.tocompletetodotoimprovetoworktosendtoachievetolearntotell1.Agroupofyoungpeoplegottogethertodiscussthisquestion.2.Iwalkedquietlysoasnottodisturbthebaby.3.Heworkedveryhardtopasstheexam.Heworkedsohardthathecouldpasstheexam.Heworkedhardsothat/inorderthathecouldpasstheexam.Functions of in
11、finitives as adverbialSummary:不定式作目的状语，常译作“_”。主要用来修饰 _和 形容词, 也可用来修饰副词 1. 目的状语, 置于句首或句末, 置于句首时常表示强调,为加强语气。 (1) 置于句首时只用to do / in order to do。如用于表示否定, 用 in order not to do 或 so as not to do形式。 (2)不定式作目的状语可转换为 so that / in order that 或 so. . . that . . . 引导的目的状语从句。目的状语目的状语目的状语以便，目的是动词 在句中,不定式可不仅作目的状语，还
12、可以作原因状语、结果状语、条件状语等, 可表示原因及结果等。Functions of infinitives as adverbial结果状语,多见于“too.to”;“enoughto.”;onlytodo(表示意料之外的结果的发生);so/such.asto(意为“如此以至于”)结构句中。2.Iwasverysadtohearthenews.3.Heisoldenoughtogotoschool.Imtootiredtowell.Herushedback,doonlytofindthebookmissing.原因状语，多见于 sb + be + adj.+ to do 结构中Anxious
13、ly,shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton,onlytofinditdidntfit.Hisfatherpassedaway,leavinghimalittlemoney.(1)动词不定式作结果状语强调的是一种意想不到的结果。(2)现在分词作结果状语强调的是一种自然而然的结果。Rewritethesentencesbyusinginfinitivesasadverbial.P42Ex.2(2/4/5/6)1.Inspace,astronautscollectalldirtywatersothatitcanberecycledforlateruse
14、.=Inspace,astronautscollectalldirtywater_itforlateruse.2.Astronautsbonesandmusclescangetveryweakinspaceduetothelackofgravity,sotheyneedtoexerciseeveryday,whichwillhelpthemstayhealthy.=Astronautsbonesandmusclescangetveryweakinspaceduetothelackofgravity,sotheyneedtoexerciseeveryday_.3.Astronautshaveto
15、usetapetostickeverythingdownwhileworkinginspacebecauseeverythingwouldfloatoffotherwise.=Astronautshavetousetapetostickeverythingdownwhileworkinginspace_.4.Duringaspacewalk,astronautshavetomoveslowlysothattheycankeeptheirbodiesundercontrol.=Duringaspacewalk,astronautshavetomoveslowly_.soasto/inordert
16、o/torecyclesoasto/inorderto/tokeephealthyPractice1:soasnotto/inordernotto/nottofloatoff soasto/inorderto/tokeeptheirbodiesundercontrolPractice2:(1)_(workout)thedifficultmathsproblem,IhaveconsultedProfessorRussellseveraltimes.(2)_(learn)moreaboutChineseculture,JackhasdecidedtotakeChinesefolkmusicasan
17、electivecourse.(3)Hehurriedtothestationonly_(find)thetrainhadleft.(4)WetravelonDay2tonorthernFrance_(visit)theWorldWarbattlefields.(5)WhenthegorillasandIfrightenedeachother,Iwasjustglad_(find)themalive.(6)Joinus_(taste)avarietyoffreshlocalfood.ToworkoutTolearntofindtovisittofindtotasteTo do exercise
18、isbeneficialtoourhealth.To formagoodhabitoflearningisimportantforusstudents.Functions of infinitives as subjectSummary:单个的不定式作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。两个或两个以上的不定式作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式；但当它们作为一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式。it作形式主语，真正的主语放在句子的后面。常用结构有：Itisadj.(of/forsb.)todo.Itisa/an名词todo.Ittakes(sb.)sometime/courage/patience.todo.Itr
19、equirescourage/patience/hardwork.todo.1.Whatsmore,itsnecessaryforyoutotakeagoodrest,whichwillprovideenoughenergyforyou.2.Imsureitisagoodchancetoperformyourfavoritemusic.Functions of infinitives as predicateMyworkisto cleantheroomsfortheoldinthenursinghouseeveryday.Hisambitionisto set upschoolsforchi
20、ldrenofpoorfamilies.Summary:不定式放在系动词后面常表示将来的动作或解释说明主语的内容，其主语常是wish，idea，task，purpose，duty等表示“意向、打算、计划”的词。Functions of infinitives as object1.Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.2.Imverybusyatpresent,soIhavetorefusetohelpyou.Summary:动词不定式作宾语时，往往跟在某些及物动词的后面，常见的动词有agree，ask，decide，hope，fail，manage，pr
21、etend,refuse等。3.Hestilldidntunderstandhowtooperatethemachine.Summary:能接“疑问词todo”的动词(短语)有decide,know，consider，forget，learn，remember，show，findout，understand,see,wonder,hear,explain,tell等。4.IfinditverydifficulttocommunicatewithhiminEnglish.Summary:当不定式作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语，而把不定式放到后面。可接it作形式宾语的动词有feel,find,mak
22、e,think等。Functions of infinitives as object complementHewantsallofustomakerapidprogress.Illleavehimtosolvetheproblembyhimself.Asanimpartialobservermyanalysisissupposedtobeobjective.Summary:常跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词有ask,tell,invite,get,advise,allow,want,permit,warn,hate,encourage,prefer,expect,order,wish等；有些动词常跟“tobe形容词”构成复合结构，如think,consider,imagine,prove,find,know,suppose等。Someonesawhimgoupstairsfollowinghisbrother.Hewasseentogoupstairsfollowinghisbrother.Summary:在make,let,have,see,hear,watch,notice,feel,observe,listento,lookat等动词(短语)后的复合宾语中，不定式不带to。在help后，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to。这些词在变为被动语态时，to不能省略。
