1、青 岛 科 技 大 学二O O七年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：基础英语 注意事项：1本试卷共四道大题（共计32个小题），满分150分；2本卷属试题卷，答题另有答题卷，答案一律写在答题卷上，写在该试题卷上或草纸上均无效。要注意试卷清洁，不要在试卷上涂划；3必须用蓝、黑钢笔或签字笔答题，其它均无效。 I. Each sentence below has one or two blanks. Complete each of the following sentences by filling the blanks with one from the 4 choices provided to
2、best fit the meaning of the sentence. (202 points)1. Rogers understanding of the pointillist technique is profound, albeit thoroughly_; there are few who can _ his talent, recognized often and justly, for understatement and economy in the use of color.(A) brilliant imitate(B) specialized match (C) n
3、eedless disregard(D) ill-founded approximate2. Several surgeons cautioned against _ the new procedure, _ that patients had been kept in the dark too long about its possible catastrophic consequences.(A) revising advocating(B) publicizing adding(C) adopting complaining (D) administering forgetting3.
4、The primary impulse of each human being is to _ himself, but the secondary impulse is to venture out of the self, to correct its provincialism and heal its loneliness.(A) actualize(B) reject(C) declare(D) withdraw4. It is difficult to conceive how, even for those people well disposed to rule themsel
5、ves, the attempt to achieve happiness should be rendered so _ by one single curse, that of a bad form of government.(A) ineffectual(B) corrupt(C) disorganized(D) ill-tempered5. Henry James was to some degree interested in exploring his characters psychologies, though he was _ this enterprise less by
6、 _ than by sympathy.(A) seduced into affection(B) impelled to curiosity(C) discouraged from apathy(D) intrigued by self-pity6. As has always been the case when tragedy has struck our community, the people of our town feel the obligation, and rightly so, to _ in support of the victim and his family.(
7、A) provoke(B) discontent(C) rally (D) apologize7. The great leaders of the second world war alliance, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, understood the opposing forces of destruction and _; their war aims were not only to defeat fascism, but to create a world of shared _ .(A) grief solutions(
8、B) hope domination(C) disaster antipathy(D) construction prosperity 8. One encouraging sign in the problem of chaos among the soldiers ranks was their vow, for what it was worth, to act in a more _ way.(A) concerted (B) ingenious(C) defiant(D) diligent9. A gulf remains between negotiators from the r
9、ich world, who are so skeptical they hope to see the treatys ambitious provisions _, and those from poor countries, who want them _.(A) absorbed ignored(B) diluted strengthened(C) reinforced removed(D) relaxed loosened10. Few mathematicians are _ their futures on finding any such proof; instead, the
10、ir efforts are focused on finding good, but not _, solutions for most cases, a field of study aptly known as approximation theory.(A) destroying exact(B) developing convenient(C) betting perfect (D) establishing vague11. Because many of the blacklists in the communications and entertainment industri
11、es were secret, the number of playwrights, script writers, novelists, and journalists who were _ to stop writing permanently is _ .(A) happy astounding(B) forced unknown(C) unafraid impressive(D) inclined unsurprising12. After the investigations and _ that are both necessary and inevitable after a c
12、alamity such as the recently ended crisis, it may turn out that authorities could have handled the problem in a less _ way.(A) observation convenient(B) analyses fashionable(C) second-guessing costly(D) footwork organized13. Handedness can be influenced and changed by social and cultural mechanisms,
13、 as can be evidenced by the fact that teachers have been known to force children to switch from using their left hand to using their right hand for writing and that some more _ societies show less left-handedness in their populations than other more _ societies.(A) restrictive permissive(B) liberal
14、suppressive(C) dominating plural(D) intriguing monotonous14. His _ of the assigned pages was itself a much too lengthy summary; by all accounts, if he wishes to succeed by the standards of succinctness and concision, he must learn to restrain his _.(A) development technique(B) synthesis interest(C)
15、analysis construction(D) synopsis verbosity15. Although most people who acquire West Nile have no _ and those who do normally suffer little more than flu-like illness, it is believed they still can carry _ amounts of the virus in their blood for several days.(A) recourse hope(B) symptoms minute(C) c
16、ure significant(D) fever active16. The purpose of interior design is to create a physical environment that is _ yet connected to the outside world, an environment that is ideal for the pursuit of relaxation in a zone of paritial_. (A) transcendent of tastefulness(B) linked to autonomhy(C) peripheral
17、 to tranquility(D) separate from isolation 17. Future generations of physicists may look at the _ of their former ideas and see in it, not the relics of some extinct creature, but a crude, early, yet wholly _ version of their more modern theories.(A) mockery distinct(B) laughable congruous(C) skelet
18、on recognizable(D) treatment suspect18. With legal migration, governments need to persuade voters that they are accepting immigrants who will be _ for the country, rather than those who will _ drain resources.(A) beneficial merely(B) exotic constantly(C) amusing ungraciously(D) helpful seldom19. Sad
19、ly, Americans of every ethnicity still demand ideological _ among their own kind-although were all multi-culturalists now, were much more _ discussing diversity across the rainbow than within each other.(A) subservience catholic(B) resonance sensitive(C) conformity comfortable (D) reflection generou
20、s20. The reality of governance is rarely _; institutions do not operate according to mechanical laws, they evolve organically.(A) inconsistent(B) noble(C) documented(D) static II. Read the following 2 passages and choose the best answer to each question about them. (104 points)Passage OneMost words
21、are “lexical words”, i.e. nouns signifying things, the majority of which are abstract concepts rather than physical objects in the world; only “proper nouns” have specific and unique referents in the everyday world. The communicative function of a fully-functioning language requires the scope of ref
22、erence beyond the particularity of the individual instance. While each leaf, cloud or smile is different from all others, effective communication requires general categories or “universals”. Anyone who has attempted to communicate with people who do not share their language will be familiar with the
23、 limitations of simply pointing to things, given that the vast majority of lexical words in a language exist on a high level of abstraction and refer to classes of things such as “buildings” or to concepts like “construction”.We lose any one-to-one correspondence of word and thing the moment we grou
24、p instances into classes. Other than lexical words, language consists of “function words” or grammatical words, such as “only” and “under” which do not refer to objects in the world at all, and many more kinds of signs other than simple nouns. The notion of words as labels for concepts assumes that
25、ideas exist independently of words and that ideas are established in advance before the introduction of linguistic structure. Clearly, language is not limited to naming things existing in the physical world, but includes non-existent objects and ideas well.The nomenclaturist stance, in viewing words
26、 as labels for pre-existing ideas and objects, attempts unsuccessfully to reduce language to the purely referential function of naming things. Things do not exist independently of the sign systems which we use; “reality” is created by the media which seem simply to represent it. Language does not si
27、mply name pre-existing categories; categories do not exist in “the world”. e.g. “where are boundaries of a cloud; when does a smile begin”. Such an emphasis on reality as invariably perceptually seamless may be an exaggeration; our referential categories do seem to bear some relationship to certain
28、features which seem to be inherently salient. Within a language, many words may refer to “the same thing” but reflect different evaluations of it. For example, “one persons hovel is another persons home”.Meanwhile, the signified of a word is subject to historical change. In this sense, “reality” or
29、“the world” is created by the language we use: this argument insists on the primacy of the signifier. Even if we do not adopt the radical stance that “the real world” is a product of our sign systems, we must still acknowledge the lack of signifiers for many things in the empirical world and that th
30、ere is no parallel correlation between most words and objects in the known world at all. Thus, all words are “abstractions”, and there is no direct correspondence between words and “things” in the world.1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with(A) refuting a belief held by one school
31、of linguistics(B) reviewing an interesting feature of language(C) illustrating the confusion that can result from the improper use of languae(D) suggesting a way in which languages can be made more nearly perfect2. The author offers all of the following ideas as proof that there is no direct corresp
32、ondence between words and things EXCEPT(A) Language has other functions than that of reference.(B) Many words refer to objects that do not exist in the world.(C) Function words do not refer to objects.(D) Proper nouns usually refer to unique entities.3. According to the passage, which of the followi
33、ng assumptions would the “nomenclaturist” most likely agree with?(A) The seamlessness of reality complicates the notion of linguistic categories, such that those categories must be questioned.(B) The experience of reality largely varies form that of the experience of language, weakening the reliabil
34、ity of both experiences.(C) Ideas invariably precede, in their existence and meaning, the language that subsequently articulates them.(D) The meaning of a word is not fixed historically, and may evolve over time due to a variety of factors.4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author is LE
35、AST likely to agree with which of the following?(A) Words can be categorized into different grammatical functions.(B) Some relationship between signifier and signified can be articulated.(C) Every signifier points to a single pre-existing signified.(D) Words may name imaginary, non-physical things.5
36、. It can be inferred from the passage that the term “reductionist” would most likely apply to which of the following views concerning language?(A) A number of words exist with identical meanings.(B) Several words with different connotations may refer to the same object.(C) A word used two centuries
37、ago might refer to the same object today.(D) Reality is constructed, not discovered, by the medium of language.Passage TwoThe distinction between making art and thinking and writing about it should imply neither a mutual exclusiveness nor a hierarchic differentiation of these processes. Leonardo dem
38、onstrated that producing art and theorizing about it need not be antithetically opposed activities and that meaningful contributions can be achieved successfully in more than one field. Inexplicably, few theorists have built as memorable architectural structures as his and even fewer artists have be
39、en entrusted with the directorship of an influential art institution. Unfortunately, as theory and practice became more specialized in the modern era and their operational framework clearly defined both in the cultural milieu and the educational process, their independent paths and boundaries have c
40、urtailed possibilities of interaction. The creations of categories and divisions have further emphasized highly individualized idiosyncrasies and, by exposing differences, diminished the value of a unifying artistic vocabulary. The transformative cultural process of the last decades has critically e
41、xamined the artificial separations between theoretical and studio practices and disclosed viable connections between making, writing, thinking, looking and talking about art. The recent dialogue between the various components of the artistic discourse has recognized the common denominators shared by
42、 theoretical analyses and artistic production, one of which is clearly exposed by the argument that the central objective of the theorist and artist is to unmask and understand artistic meanings in painting or text.The notion that “true” art is the product of individuals who are incapable of in-dept
43、h understanding, in stark contrast to erudite, restrained and controlled scholars, is an outdated model. The assumption that artists make art but cannot or do not have to talk or write about it and that theorists rarely know anything about the creative process, has been consistently refuted by the m
44、any texts written from Leonardo da Vinci to Mary Kelly. Even van Gogh, a martyr of the stereotypical “misunderstood genius,” whose artistic career has been distorted by scores of films and books, wrote with lucidity and insight about art and his work. Apparently, the “mystery” of the creative proces
45、s, jealously protected by artists but also selectively cultivated by some art historians has been both a fascination and frustration for those extrinsic to the process and artists have exposed the intimacy of creativity while acknowledging the role of cognition in creativity.Even the ironic and subv
46、ersive demise of authorship of the post-modern and electronic age acknowledges, at least indirectly, the value of the artists individual participation. However, many contemporary artists have abandoned the hierarchic segregation of the inner realm of the creator and, by combining theoretical and stu
47、dio practices, brought a reconciliatory tone to the processes of making art and analyzing it. Their works, which are often simultaneously artistic productions and critique of the artistic discourse, making use of visual and textual forms to expose the connection between looking and thinking as the essential attribute to both creating and understanding art.6. According to the passage, the specialization of art and theory has tended to(A) reduce the level of control artists have over artistic institutions(B) incr
