1、. .1 1英文时态（三）：完成时态 . .2 2完成动作：完成动作：1 1、现在完成（、现在完成（havehas donehavehas done）2 2、过去完成（、过去完成（had donehad done）3 3、将来完成（、将来完成（will have donewill have done）完成时态概述：完成时态概述： 形式：形式：have donehave done意义：完成时态表示的是在某一特定时刻意义：完成时态表示的是在某一特定时刻（现在、过去或将来）之前开始发生的并持（现在、过去或将来）之前开始发生的并持续到这一特定时刻或对这一特定时刻有影响续到这一特定时刻或对这一特定时刻有
2、影响的一个活动。的一个活动。 . .3 3现在完成时：现在完成时：在现在之前（即过去）开始发生并持续到现在或对在现在之前（即过去）开始发生并持续到现在或对现在有影响的动作。现在有影响的动作。I I have learned 2000 words so far. 2000 words so far. 过去完成时：过去完成时：在过去之前（即过去的过去）开始发生的并持续到在过去之前（即过去的过去）开始发生的并持续到过去或对过去有影响的动作。过去或对过去有影响的动作。I I had learned 1000 words by the end of last 1000 words by the end
3、of last year.year. 将来完成时：将来完成时：在将来之前（可能是过去、现在或将来）开始发生在将来之前（可能是过去、现在或将来）开始发生的并持续的将来或对将来有影响的动作。的并持续的将来或对将来有影响的动作。I I will have learned 3000 words by the end of 3000 words by the end of next year.next year. . .4 4一、现在完成时态（现在完成时态（havehas havehas donedone） 用法：用法：1 1）动作发生在过去，一直延续到现在，对）动作发生在过去，一直延续到现在，对 目前
4、有影响。目前有影响。 （延续性动词的（延续性动词的“已完成已完成”或或“未未完成完成”用法）用法） 2)2)动作发生在过去动作发生在过去, ,点已经完成，并与现在的情点已经完成，并与现在的情况有联系。况有联系。 （瞬间性动词的（瞬间性动词的“已完成已完成”用法）用法）说明：说明：“已完成已完成”用法表示动作已结束，而用法表示动作已结束，而“未完未完成成” 用法则表示动作有可能继续延续下去。用法则表示动作有可能继续延续下去。. .5 51 1）我曾经在某个地方见过她。）我曾经在某个地方见过她。2 2）到目前为止）到目前为止, , 该桥尙未竣工。该桥尙未竣工。3 3）她刚刚买了一部新自行车。）她刚
5、刚买了一部新自行车。4 4）我们已经在这里生活了十年。）我们已经在这里生活了十年。5 5）我学习英语的时间长达）我学习英语的时间长达2525年了。年了。6 6）自）自19971997年以来，我就没见过她了。年以来，我就没见过她了。I have ever seen her somewhere. 2 So far, the bridge hasnt been completed. 2 She has just bought a new bike. 2We have already lived here for ten years. 1 Ive studied English for twenty-
6、five years. 1 I havent seen her since the year of 1997.2. .6 61 1、现在完成时态用法（一）：延续到现在的动作或状态、现在完成时态用法（一）：延续到现在的动作或状态 开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在。谓语动词。谓语动词一般为延续性动词。一般为延续性动词。An old woman walked out into the middle of the An old woman walked out into the middle of the street. The policeman yelled to he
7、r, “Dont you street. The policeman yelled to her, “Dont you know what it means when I hold up my hand?” The know what it means when I hold up my hand?” The lady said, “Sure I do. I lady said, “Sure I do. I have beenhave been a school a school teacher for 28 years now.” teacher for 28 years now.” I I
8、 have livedhave lived here for 3 years. here for 3 years. The teacher The teacher has taughthas taught in this school since I in this school since I came here.came here.Ive workedIve worked in this company since I left school. in this company since I left school. Since time began, man Since time beg
9、an, man has livedhas lived in fear of fire. in fear of fire. .7 7或者，由上下文明确告知，开始于过去的动作只持续或者，由上下文明确告知，开始于过去的动作只持续到说话时刻为止即已结束。例如：到说话时刻为止即已结束。例如：A A：HaveHave you you waitedwaited long? long? B B：Ive waitedIve waited for three hours. for three hours. Ive waitedIve waited for him all day; I dont want for
10、him all day; I dont want to wait any longer.to wait any longer.这种现在完成时的特点：这种现在完成时的特点：1 1）谓语动词一般为延续性动词。）谓语动词一般为延续性动词。2 2）动作发生的时间是过去，但这一动作持续到现在。）动作发生的时间是过去，但这一动作持续到现在。3 3）与这种用法的现在完成时态连用的时间状语通常是）与这种用法的现在完成时态连用的时间状语通常是表示表示“一段时间一段时间”的时间状语的时间状语，以说明某个动作或状，以说明某个动作或状态持续了多久。态持续了多久。 . .8 8与此种用法的现在完成时态搭配的时间状语：与
11、此种用法的现在完成时态搭配的时间状语：sincesince时间点时间点Ive worked in this company since 1980.Ive worked in this company since 1980.Ive worked in this company since I left Ive worked in this company since I left school. school. 注意不能说：注意不能说：since three yearssince three years，而要说，而要说since three since three years agoyears
12、ago。forfor时间段时间段Ive worked in this company for three years.Ive worked in this company for three years.Great changes have taken place in Beijing for Great changes have taken place in Beijing for the past few years.the past few years. .9 9sincesince的四种用法的四种用法 1)since+1)since+过去一个时间点过去一个时间点( (如具体的年、月、日
13、期、钟如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、点、1980,last month,half past six)1980,last month,half past six)。 I have been here since 1989.I have been here since 1989.2)since+2)since+一段时间一段时间+ago+agoI have been here since five months ago.I have been here since five months ago.3)since+3)since+从句从句Great changes have taken place si
14、nce you left.Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.here.4)It is+4)It is+一段时间一段时间+since+since从句从句It is two years since I became a post graduate It is two years since I became a post graduate
15、 student.student. .1010“到目前为止到目前为止”：until now, up until now, up to until now, up until now, up to now, up till now, so farnow, up till now, so far等等。例如：。例如：We have up until now failed to take any action to We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would furth
16、er decide on a common language that would further communication between nations. communication between nations. “在最近几世纪年月以来在最近几世纪年月以来”：in the past few in the past few years, over the past few years, during the last three years, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few
17、centuries, through centuries, months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout historythroughout history等。等。例如：例如：Throughout history man has had to accept the fact Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die, for the very nature that all living
18、things must die, for the very nature of life includes death. of life includes death. Through centuries the bizarre antics of Through centuries the bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists and fascinated writers.scientists an
19、d fascinated writers. .11112 2、现在完成时态用法（二）：过去发生但与现在仍有联系、现在完成时态用法（二）：过去发生但与现在仍有联系的动作或状态的动作或状态 表示在不确定的表示在不确定的过去发生的某一动作与现在的情况过去发生的某一动作与现在的情况有联系。有联系。谓语动词一般为短暂性动词。谓语动词一般为短暂性动词。He He has broken his leg. his leg. He He broke his his leg. leg. A modern girl went to the theatre with a vest and A modern girl
20、went to the theatre with a vest and a pair of slippers. The ticket-examiner turned her a pair of slippers. The ticket-examiner turned her away very politely: “Miss, NO ADMISSION WITH away very politely: “Miss, NO ADMISSION WITH SLIPPERS.” “Really?” the girl took off the SLIPPERS.” “Really?” the girl
21、 took off the slippers and carried them in her hands, “Then I slippers and carried them in her hands, “Then I will go in barefootedly.” “Oh, my god!” the will go in barefootedly.” “Oh, my god!” the ticket-examiner cried out, “Fortunately, I ticket-examiner cried out, “Fortunately, I have not told he
22、r NO ADMISSION WITH A VEST.” her NO ADMISSION WITH A VEST.”A A：What What has happened to Jane? She is crying. to Jane? She is crying. B B：She broke the dining-room window. She has to She broke the dining-room window. She has to face the music when her father gets home.face the music when her father
23、gets home. .1212Mr. Odds works in a bank and lives on his own. The only family Mr. Odds works in a bank and lives on his own. The only family he has is in the next town: his sister lives there with her he has is in the next town: his sister lives there with her husband, and her son, Mark. Last week
24、Mr. Odds had a surprise. He husband, and her son, Mark. Last week Mr. Odds had a surprise. He drove home from the bank at the usual time, driving neither too drove home from the bank at the usual time, driving neither too slowly nor too fast; he parked his car where he always parked it, slowly nor t
25、oo fast; he parked his car where he always parked it, out of the way of other cars, and he went inside to make his out of the way of other cars, and he went inside to make his evening meal. Straight away, there was a knock at the door. Mr. evening meal. Straight away, there was a knock at the door.
26、Mr. Odds opened the door, to find a policeman standing on the doorstep. Odds opened the door, to find a policeman standing on the doorstep. “What “What have I I done wrong?” Mr. Odds asked himself. “ wrong?” Mr. Odds asked himself. “Have I I driven on the wrong side of the road? on the wrong side of
27、 the road? Has there there been some trouble some trouble at the bank? at the bank? Have I I forgotten to pay an important bill?” to pay an important bill?” “Hello, Uncle,” said the policeman, “My names Mark.” “Hello, Uncle,” said the policeman, “My names Mark.” You should have put the milk into ice
28、box; I expect it You should have put the milk into icebox; I expect it undrinkable by now.undrinkable by now.A Abecame Bbecame Bhad become Chad become Chas become has become D Dbecomesbecomes . .1313第二种现在完成时态使用技巧第二种现在完成时态使用技巧1)1)、这种完成时态的肯定句不与这种完成时态的肯定句不与“一段时间一段时间”的时间的时间状语连用状语连用常见的这类动词有：常见的这类动词有：come
29、, go, leave, kill, die, come, go, leave, kill, die, lose, buy, start, give, marry, join, bring, lose, buy, start, give, marry, join, bring, hear, etc.hear, etc.），因此与它连用的时间状语不能是指），因此与它连用的时间状语不能是指“一段时间一段时间”。I have heard from my girlfriend since I came I have heard from my girlfriend since I came to Am
30、erica.to America.（）I have bought this pair of shoes for a I have bought this pair of shoes for a yearyear（）He has left his hometown for 3 years.He has left his hometown for 3 years.（）. .1414这种错误句子的改正有多种方式：这种错误句子的改正有多种方式：He left his hometown 3 years ago.He left his hometown 3 years ago.Its 3 years si
31、nce he left his hometown.Its 3 years since he left his hometown.He hasnt come back since he left his hometown 3 He hasnt come back since he left his hometown 3 years ago.years ago.He He has been away from his hometown for 3 years his hometown for 3 years.不过不过，瞬间动词的完成时态若用否定式，表示尚未发生的事情，瞬间动词的完成时态若用否定式，
32、表示尚未发生的事情，则可作为一种状态，从而可以表示延续。则可作为一种状态，从而可以表示延续。BeggarBeggar：Madam, I Madam, I havent seen a piece of meat a piece of meat for weeks. . Lady Lady：Mary, please show this poor man the ham we Mary, please show this poor man the ham we bought just now. bought just now. I I havent seen a film a film for we
33、eks. .I I havent heard from my girlfriend from my girlfriend since I came to America. .I I havent bought a pair of shoes a pair of shoes for a year. . . .15152). 2). 与不确定时间的时间状语连用与不确定时间的时间状语连用 这种现在完成时态可以不与任何时间状语连用，也这种现在完成时态可以不与任何时间状语连用，也可以同一些表示不确定的时间状语连用，如：可以同一些表示不确定的时间状语连用，如：already(already(已经已经),
34、yet(), yet(只用在疑问句或否定句中只用在疑问句或否定句中), ), lately(lately(最近最近), often, just(), often, just(刚刚，方才刚刚，方才), never(), never(从从不，从未发生过不，从未发生过) )等。例如：等。例如：A A：Would you like something to eat?Would you like something to eat? B B：No, thanks. No, thanks. Ive just had dinner. dinner. The leading expert on sleep in
35、 America claims The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he that he has never seen a sleepwalker. a sleepwalker. Has it stopped raining yet? raining yet? He He hasnt arrived yet. . He He has already arrived. . I I have often thought that it would be perfect that it would be perfect if we c
36、ould fly without any aid.if we could fly without any aid. .16163). 3). 具有具有“新闻新闻”性质性质The President The President has been assassinated. . He cant go on holiday because he He cant go on holiday because he has broken his leg.his leg.请认真体会下面对话：请认真体会下面对话：A A：Have you you seen the film “Forrest Gump”? th
37、e film “Forrest Gump”? B B：Yes, I Yes, I have. . A A：When When did you see it? you see it? B B：I I saw it last spring. it last spring. A A：Did you see it alone? you see it alone? B B：No, I No, I saw it with my boyfriend. it with my boyfriend. . .1717A A：The President The President has been assassina
38、ted. . B B：Really? When Really? When did that happen? that happen? A A：He He was killed last night when he last night when he spoke in crowd.spoke in crowd.A A：I hear that famous Chinese comedian I hear that famous Chinese comedian has died. . B B：Really? When Really? When did she die? she die? A A：
39、She She was dead late last night. late last night.A A：Has the boss the boss come yet? yet? B B：Yes, he Yes, he has. He . He is in his office in his office now.now. A A：When When did he come? he come? B B：He He came at 9 oclock. He at 9 oclock. He asked about you.about you. .18183 3、其他使用现在完成时的结构、其他使用
40、现在完成时的结构ThisThisThatThatIt is+It is+序数词序数词+ +名词名词+that+that+现在完成时现在完成时It is the It is the third time that I time that Ive come to Beijing. to Beijing.It is the It is the fifth time that someone time that someone has knocked at my at my door.door.This is the This is the tenth cup of coffee that I cup
41、 of coffee that Ive drunk this evening.this evening. How are you going to be able to fall asleep later How are you going to be able to fall asleep later if you keep on like this?if you keep on like this?ThisThisThatThatIt is+It is+最高级或最高级或onlyonly修饰名词修饰名词+ +现在完成时现在完成时This is the This is the most int
42、eresting movie that I movie that Ive ever seen. .This is the This is the best wine I have ever drunk. wine I have ever drunk. It is the It is the worst book I have ever read. book I have ever read. This is the This is the hardest job I have ever had. job I have ever had. This is the This is the only
43、 book he has written.book he has written. . .19194 4、现在完成时与一般过去时比较、现在完成时与一般过去时比较 现在完成时的第二种用法。此时完成时表示的也是过去的现在完成时的第二种用法。此时完成时表示的也是过去的动作或情况，只是当我们动作或情况，只是当我们强调过去的事情对现在仍有意义或强调过去的事情对现在仍有意义或仍有重要影响时才用现在完成时仍有重要影响时才用现在完成时。He cant go on holiday because he He cant go on holiday because he has brokenhas broken h
44、is his leg. leg. HeHe broke broke his leg. his leg. One of your friends is driving a sports car but he One of your friends is driving a sports car but he seems to be very nervous and not sure what to do.seems to be very nervous and not sure what to do. You may ask: You may ask: Have Have you you dri
45、vendriven a sports car before? a sports car before? He may reply: No, this is the first time that He may reply: No, this is the first time that I Ive drivenve driven a sports car. a sports car. DidDid you drive to the party? you drive to the party? . .2020I saw this film yesterday.I saw this film ye
46、sterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper?Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）（强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争
47、。）He has been a League member for three years.He has been a League member for three years.( (是团员的状态可持续是团员的状态可持续) )He joined the League three years ago.He joined the League three years ago.( (三年前入团，三年前入团，joinedjoined为短暂行为。为短暂行为。) ). .2121比较：比较：I I havent seen him this morning. him this morning.I I di
48、dnt see him this morning. him this morning.I I have called him three times this morning. him three times this morning.I I called him three times this morning. him three times this morning.在用于延续性动词时两种时态的区别，请比较：在用于延续性动词时两种时态的区别，请比较：He lives in Beijing. He He lives in Beijing. He has lived here for her
49、e for 3 years. 3 years. He He lived in Beijing for 3 years and then in Beijing for 3 years and then emigrated to America. emigrated to America. He He has been in the army for 6 years. in the army for 6 years. He He was in the army for 6 years. in the army for 6 years. I I have smoked for 2 years. fo
50、r 2 years. I I smoked for 2 years. for 2 years. .2222一、 现在完成进行用法：动作发生在过去，一直延续到现在， 并可能继续延续下去。谓语：have / has + been + 现在分词. .23231）他们整个上午在看电视。2）我一直在考虑换工作。3）我已经等了她6个小时。4）天整整下了一个月的雨。5）我一直坐在花园里，刚刚才进来。They have been watching TV all morning. I have been thinking about changing my job.I have been waiting for
