1、.1 Text Winston Churchill2About the writer:John Keegana historian , is the defense and military specialist for Londons Daily Telegraph3Comprehension of the TextThis biography is written in chronological order.4Churchill came of a military dynasty. His ancestor John Churchill had been created first D
2、uke of Marlborough(马尔巴罗公爵) in 1702 for his victories against Louis XIV（路易十四）early in the War of the Spanish Succession.（西班牙王位继承战争）Churchill was born in 1874 in Blenheim Palace（布尼姆宫）, the house built by the nation for Marlborough. As a young man of undistinguished academic accomplishment-he was admit
3、ted to Sandhurst（桑赫斯特皇家军事学校）after two failed attempts-he entered the army as a cavalry officer. He took enthusiastically to soldiering (and perhaps even more enthusiastically to regimental polo playing) and between 1895 and 1898 managed to see three campaigns: Spains struggle in Cuba in 1895, the No
4、rth-West Frontier campaign in India 1897 and the Sudan campaign of 1898, where he took part in what is often described as the British Armys last cavalry charge, at Omdurman. Winston Churchillby John Keegan.5 In Cuba he was present as a war correspondent, and in India and the Sudan he was present bot
5、h as a war correspondent and as a serving officer. Thus he revealed two other aspects of his character: a literary bent and an interest in public affairs.6He was to write all his life. His Life of Marlborough is one of the great English biographies, and The History of the Second World War helped win
6、 him a Nobel Prize for literature. Writing, however, never fully engaged his energies. Politics consumed him. His father Lord Randolph Churchill （伦道夫丘吉尔勋爵）was a brilliant political failure. Early in life, Winston determined to succeed where his father had failed. His motives were twofold. His father
7、 had despised him. Writing in August 1893 to Winstons grandmother, the dowager Duchess of Marlborough, he said the boy lacked cleverness, knowledge and any capacity for settled work. He has a great talent for show-off, exaggeration and make-believe. His disapproval surely stung, but Churchill reacte
8、d by venerating his fathers memory. 7uHe was to write all his life .(Para.2 , Line1)uParaphrase : He was destined to write all his life .之后他一生一直在写作。u详解：详解：“be to do”这个结构有两方面的意思 1）be+动词不定式作表语，它表示主语和表语在概念上是等同的。2）“be to do”作为一个独立的词汇单位，具有情态意义，表示“计划”“安排”“应该”“可能”等。u例句：例句：The problem is to find a solution
9、. The headmaster is to have a meeting in our class .uwas/ were to do 表示曾经计划要做某事 was/ were to have done 表示过去本计划做某事却由于某些原因而没有做.8Winston fought to restore his fathers honor in Parliament (where it had been dented by the Conservative Party). Thirty years after Lord Randolphs death, Winston wrote, All my
10、 dreams of comradeship were ended. There remained for me only to pursue his aims and vindicate his memory.Churchill entered Parliament in 1901 at age 26. In 1904 he left the Conservative Party to join the Liberals, in part out of calculation: the Liberals were the coming party, and in its ranks he s
11、oon achieved high office. He became Home Secretary in 1910 and First Lord of the Admiralty（海军大臣） in 1911. Thus it was as political head of the Royal Navy at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 that he stepped onto the world stage. .9A passionate believer in the navys historic strategic role,
12、 he immediately committed the Royal Naval Division（皇家海军） to an intervention in the Flanders campaign in 1914. Frustrated by the stalemate in Belgium and France that followed, he initiated the Allies only major effort to outflank the Germans on the Western Front by sending the navy, and later a large
13、 force of the army, to the Mediterranean. At Gallipoli in 1915, this Anglo-French force struggled to break the defenses that blocked access to the Black Sea. It was a heroic failure that forced Churchills resignation and led to his political eclipse.10uFrustrated by the stalemate in Belgium and Fran
14、ce that followed , he initiated the Allies only major effort outflank the Germans on the Western Front by sending the navy , and later a large force of the army , to the Mediterranean. (Para.4 , Line4)uParaphrase : Feeling disappointed about the blocked situation in Belgium and France that followed
15、, he began to set the Allies only major effort to maneuver around and behind the flank of the Germans on the Western Front by sending the navy , and later a large force of the army , to the Mediterranean.随后他们在比利时和法国没有取得什么战果，丘吉尔感到十分失望。他先后把海军和另一批主力部队派遣到地中海，想要从西线包围德国军队。.11succession the act of taking o
16、ver an official position or title or the right to take over an official position or title, especially to become the king or queen of a country继承，继承权Successive adj.连续的，逐次的，相继的 successor n.继承人，接班人词组短语： In succession 接连的，连续的 A succession of 一连串；一系列 In quick succession 紧接地例句：The gunman fired three times
17、 in rapid succession. 歹徒连开三枪。Shes third in order of succession to the throne. ? 她在王位继承人顺位中排第三。12u详解：这个句子的主要结构就是he initiated the by sending to 。Frustrated by 在这里是分词结构做状语，逻辑主语是he，其中that followed是定语从句，关系代词that 所代替的先行词是前面的名词stalemate。 .13Regiment n.a large group of soldiers that is commanded by a COLONE
18、L (军队的)团 v. 严格地管制，严密地编组 Regimental adj.团的，团队的例句： Modern children dont like being regimented. 现代儿童不喜欢严格管教.14Sting (Para 2) v.刺伤，蛰伤，叮 激怒，刺痛 n.刺痛，刺伤，剧痛stinger n. 讽刺者 有刺的动物 stingily adv. 小气地 吝啬地 Stinging adj.激烈的 刺人的例句： He was stung by a bee when he was collecting the honey. 他在采蜜时被蛰了。 Some spiders can gi
19、ve a poisonous sting. 有些蜘蛛会以毒液蛰人。.15Initiate vt.(Para 4) v. to set going by taking the first step; begin 开始，发动 使初步了解 接纳，让加入Initiative n. 主动性,自主决断的能力、 initiation n. 启蒙，传授 词组短语： Initiate sb into 接纳某人加入某一团 体例句： I initiated him into our English club. 我介绍他加入我们英语俱乐部。 The book initiates us into the customs
20、 in Africa. 这本书使我们初步了解了非洲的风俗习惯。 Our school has initiated a new program to improve math skills. 我们学校已开始了一项提高数学能力的新计划。.16eclipse n.日食，月食 （地位、声誉等的）消失，黯然失色 a loss of importance, power, ect vt.使黯然，使失色例句：She is eclipsed by her sister. 和妹妹相比，她有些逊色。 After suffering from an eclipse ,he is again famous among
21、his contemporaries. 一段时期的销声匿迹后，他又名噪一时。.17It was effectively to last nearly 25 years. Despite his readmission to office in 1917, after a spell commanding an infantry battalion on the Western Front, he failed to re-establish the reputation as a future national statesman he had won before the war. Disp
22、irited, he chose the issue of the Liberal Partys support for the first government formed by the Labour Party in 1924 to rejoin the Conservatives, after a spell when he had been out of Parliament altogether. The Conservative Prime Minister appointed Churchill Chancellor of the Exchequer(财政大臣）, but wh
23、en he returned the country to the gold standard, it proved financially disastrous, and he further weakened his political position by opposing measures to grant India limited self-government. He resigned office in 1931 and entered what appeared to be a terminal political decline.18By espousing anti-N
24、azi policies in his wilderness years between 1933 and 1939, he ensured that when the moment of final confrontation between Britain and Hitler came in 1940, he stood out as the one man in whom the nation could place its trust. He had decried the prewar appeasement policies（绥靖政策） of the Conservative l
25、eaders Baldwin and Chamberlain. When Chamberlain lost the confidence of Parliament, Churchill was installed in the premiership.19His was a bleak inheritance. Following the total defeat of France, Britain truly, in his words, stood alone. It had no substantial allies and, for much of 1940, lay under
26、threat of German invasion and under constant German air attack. He nevertheless refused Hitlers offers of peace, organized a successful air defense that led to the victory of the Battle of Britain and meanwhile sent most of what remained of the British army, after its escape from the humiliation of
27、Dunkirk, to the Middle East to oppose Hitlers Italian ally, Mussolini.20 This was one of the boldest strategic decisions in history. Convinced that Hitler could not invade Britain while the Royal Navy and its protecting Royal Air Force remained intact, he dispatched the army to a remote theater of w
28、ar to open a second front against the Nazi alliance. Its victories against Mussolini during 1940-41 both humiliated and infuriated Hitler, while its intervention in Greece, to oppose Hitlers invasion of the Balkans, disrupted the Nazi dictators plans to conclude German conquests in Europe by defeati
29、ng Russia. .21From the outset of his premiership, Churchill, half American by birth, had rested his hope of ultimate victory in U.S. intervention. He had established a personal relationship with President Roosevelt that he hoped would flower into a war-winning alliance. Roosevelts reluctance to comm
30、it the U.S. beyond an association short of war did not dent his optimism. He always hoped events would work his way. The decision by Japan, Hitlers ally, to attack the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, justified his hopes. That evening he confided to himself, So we had won afte
31、r all.22 Americas entry into the Second World War marked the high point of Churchills statesmanship. Britain, demographically, industrially and financially, had entered the war weaker than either of its eventual allies, the Soviet Union and the U.S. Defeats in 1940 had weakened it further, as had th
32、e liquidation of its international investments to fund its early war efforts. During 1942, the prestige Britain had won as Hitlers only enemy allowed Churchill to sustain parity of leadership in the anti-Nazi alliance with Roosevelt and Stalin.23 Churchill understandably exulted in the success of th
33、e D-day（诺曼底登陆日） invasion when it came in 1944. By then it was the Russo-American rather than the Anglo-American nexus, however, that dominated the alliance, as he ruefully recognized at the last Big Three conference in February 1945. Shortly afterward he suffered the domestic humiliation of losing t
34、he general election and with it the premiership. He was to return to power in 1951 and remain until April 1955, when ill health and visibly failing powers caused him to resign.24It would have been kinder to his reputation had he not returned. He was not an effective peacetime Prime Minister. His nam
35、e had been made, and he stood unchallengeable, as the greatest of all Britains war leaders. It was not only his own country, though, that owed him a debt. So too did the world of free men and women to whom he had made a constant and inclusive appeal in his magnificent speeches from embattled Britain
36、 in 1940 and 1941. .25Its victories against Mussolini during 1940-41 both humiliated and infuriated Hitler, while its intervention in Greece, to oppose Hitlers invasion of the Balkans, disrupted the Nazi dictators plans to conclude German conquests in Europe by defeating Russia.Paraphrase : The fact
37、 that Britain won its battle with Mussolini brought shame to Hitler who was very angry at it . Meanwhile , Britain intervened in the battle in Greece in order to prevent Hitler from invading Balkans , which frustrated Hitlers plans to rule over Europe by defeating Russia .26Decry v. (Para 6 )责备，谴责贬低
38、例句：She decried his rudeness.她责备他的粗野。.27Inheritance n. (Para 7)继承，遗传 继承物，遗产Inherit vt. 继承 遗传例句：This government has inherited many problems from the previous one.上届政府遗留给本届政府很多问题。We Chinese have a great cultural inheritance.我们中国有着伟大的文化遗产。.28详解：详解： “while”作为连词引导从句的用法。1）意为“而，然而”，表示转折。While Toms very good
39、 at science , his brother is absolutely hopeless .汤姆很擅长理科，然而他的弟弟绝对是无可救药。2）意为“当的时候”，“在期间”。While I was waiting at the bus stop , three buses went by in the opposite direction .当我在公交车站等车时，对向驶过了三辆公共汽车。3）意为“虽然”“尽管”，表示让步。While I am willing to help , I do not have much time available .尽管我愿意帮忙，但是没有多少时间。.294
40、)意为“到时”，“直到为止”。I waited while six oclock .我一直等到了六点钟。短语短语：all the while 一直 at whiles 有时，不时，间或 for a while 一会 quite a while 有一阵子，相当长一段时间.30Infuriate v. (Para 8)使大怒，触怒Infuriation n.激怒,激昂词组短语：Be infuriated at 对极为愤怒例句：It infuriated me to read that he had been indicated.读到他被控告的消息时我火冒三丈。.31例句例句：Why didnt y
41、ou confide the secret to me?你为什么不把这个这个秘密告诉我呢？You can confide in her good faith.你可以信任她的诚实。.32Confide v. (Para 9)吐露（秘密等）信托，委托Confidence n. 信心，把握，信赖confidential adj. 机密的,秘密的Confiding adj.深信不疑的词组短语词组短语：Confide in 信任confidence trick 骗局.33It would have been kinder to his reputation had he not returned . (
42、Para.12 , Line1)Paraphrase : If he had not returned , it would have been better for his reputation .如果他没有再次上台执政的话，或许他的名声会好一点。详解详解: 虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should ，或had，可将if省略，再把were，should或had移到从句句首，形成倒装。Were they here now , they could help us .If they were here now , they could help us .341. What was Ch
43、urchill interested in when he was in India and the Sudan?He was interested in both literature and public affairs when he was in India and the Sudan.2. What kind of Nobel Prize did Churchill win?He won the Nobel Prize for Literature.3. When and how did Churchill step onto the world stage?He stepped o
44、nto the world stage at the outbreak of the World War I in 1914 in the capacity of First Lord of the Admiralty of Great Britain.355. What helped Churchill to be as important as Roosevelt and Stalin?It was the fact that Britain, under the leadership of Churchill, stood alone as Hitlers only enemy in 1
45、942.Because he knew very well that his country alone was not demographically, industrially or financially strong enough to win the war against the Nazis and the intervention of the U.S., the most powerful country in the world, would bring the war to its end much sooner.4. Why did Churchill hope the
46、U.S. could join the war against Hitler?.36Ever since he became the premier of his country, Churchill placed his hope of the final victory on the intervention of the U.S. In order to get the U.S. involved in the war, he established a personal relationship with President Roosevelt. When his request wa
47、s declined by Roosevelt, he was still optimistic and believed that things would work his way. The later development of the world situation proved that he was right.6. In what way, according to the author of this text, was Churchill a successful statesman?37Political Career (in early stage)v1901He en
48、tered Parliament.v1904He left the Conservation Party to join the Liberals.v1906Under-Secretary of State国务次卿v1908President of the Board of Trade.英国贸易委员会主席。v1910Home Secretary内政大臣v1911First Lord of the Admiralty英国海军大臣v1912Royal Naval Air Service皇家海军航空队v1914political head of royal navy at the outbreak
49、of the first world war(when he stepped onto the world stage)38Political Career (in early stage)v1915he resigned and began his political eclipsev1917readmission to office, but he failed to re-establish the reputationv1919Minister of War军事部长v1921Colonial Secretary辅政司v1924he rejoined the conservative a
50、s chancellor of exchequer.财政大臣v1931he resigned office and entered what appeared to be a terminal political decline.39Political Career (in later stage)v19331939anti-Nazi policies in his wilderness years.v1940he stood out as the one man in whom the nation could place its trust and refused Hitlers offe
