1、Gateway toIntercultural Communication 跨文化交际导论 Week one 1.to help learners become more sensitive to intercultural communication differences2. to provide learners with the knowledge and skills 3. more competent in communicating with people from other culturesA. Purpose of This Course Requirements1. At
2、tendance 2. involvement in the class activities 3. pre-reading if the materials are availableChapter one Introduction to intercultural communicationvWhat is intercultural communication?People from different countries may choosedifferent ways to deal with the same situations.Thus,sometimes, misunders
3、tanding arises.Warming-upSituation 1 home visitSituation 2 to a partySituation 3 being invited to dinner Situation 4 an appointmentSituation 5 an interview Warming-upSituation 1: On your way home, it occurred to you that your American friend Mary had invited you to visit her when you were free. Then
4、 you droppedin on her house. But when you knocked at the door Warming-upIn China, its OK tovisit friends withoutcalling ahead of time.While in the U.S., itsimpolite to do so.Mary felt surprised. Why?Warming-up What is the polite way in the U.S.?Calling ahead of time.Warming-upSituation 2: Your Ameri
5、can friend invited you to her party tonight at 7:30. When are you supposedto get there? Why?A. Before 7:00, to help her to prepare.B. 510 late, not to be the first guest.C. After 8:00, Im the VIP.D. 510 earlier, its a polite way to show my respect for her.Warming-upIn the U.S., people tend to be _.
6、In China, close friends tend to arrive _，but acquaintances tend to arrive _.510 late (B)before 7:00 (A) 510 earlier (D)Warming-upSituation 3: Your American friend invited you to her house for dinner at 6:30. When are you supposed to get there?A. Right on time. B. Be fashionably late.C. Half an hour
7、late. D. About 510 earlier.The Americans：AThe Chinese: BWarming-upSituation 4: Dr. Tom Divern from NY is practicing medicine in a rural area in Arab. His opening day was booked fully a week ago. But half an hourWhy?Why?Why?Why?Warming-uppassed, neither of his first two patients arrived.Americans ten
8、d to be _. To the Arabians, _ is acceptable. punctualhalf an houror 40 minutes lateWarming-upDuring an interview, the American boss asksabout your idea on salary as a secretary,which answer will be good for you? Situation 5:Warming-up1. Any sum of money is OK for me.2. At least $2500, Im the best.Wa
9、rming-up3. Oh, money is not important to me. I dont come here simply for money.4. $1,000 a month. I can make it.Warming-upIn America, a persons success is based on howmuch money he makes. And Americans are notafraid of showing their confidence.To most Chinese, itd be the responsibility of thecompany
10、 to decide the salary according to theemployees performance.THIS MAY BE DUE TO CULTURAL DIFFERENCESTipsTipsWarming-upvgreetingsvthinkingvexpressing ideasveducatingvparentingvresponding to compliments & praise TipsTipsWarming-up Learning a foreign languagewell means more than mastering the pronunciat
11、ion,grammar and expressions. It also means learning itsculture.Warming-upChapter one Introduction to intercultural communicationWarm-up questions.vDoes a good knowledge of English grammar guarantee proper use of the language?vWhy or why not? Give me an example.Case Study1. How do you think of Burmes
12、e people who keep a long neck?Discussion2. Is it acceptable to you now that girls should bound their feet from a very early age to keep so-called beauty?3. Will man wear skirts in their daily life like what Scottish men do?vWhat is Intercultural Communication ? Intercultural Communication as a Human
13、 ActivityIntercultural Communication as a Field of StudyvQ: How did the study of the intercultural communication come into being?vAnswer: 1.to smooth communication between different cultural groups 2.to solve conflicts between them 3.the desire to promote better understanding of people of different
14、cultural groupsIntercultural Communication as a Field of StudyvImportant times 1950s 1970s 1980s todayIntercultural communication study in chinavFirst introduced In 1980svCommunicative approachSome terminologiesvIntercultural communication Communication that takes place between people of different c
15、ultural background.vCross-cultural communication The study of communication patterns of one culture in comparison with those of another culture.vInternational communication Communication between people from different nationsChapter 2 Understanding CommunicationComponents of communicationSource of in
16、formationencodingmessage*channel*mediumdecodingreceiverHow about have dinner togetherVerbal channel:by way of takingInformation ModelOrganize the idea and puts it into the ideaInterpret the massageencodingresponse*channel*medium*noisedecodingFeedbackNoNoise Mrs. yao said, refuse him. I dont like him
17、 since he always run away when its time to pay the billChapter 2 Understanding CommunicationFeatures of communication1.Communication is dynamic2.Communication is interactive3.Communication is both verbal and non-verbal4.Communication can be either intentional or unintentional5.Communication is rule-
18、governedChapter 2 Understanding Communication6. Communication depends on the use of symbols7. Communication is irreversible8. Communication takes place in both a physical and a social contextChapter 3 understanding culturevThe concept of culturevFrom Intellectual PerspectivevAccording to the Concise
19、 Oxford Dictionary, culture is the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively vMusic vExhibitionvDance vFrom Anthropologic PerspectivevCulture is the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people.vFrom Social PerspectivevCulture is
20、 what a society does and thinks. Culture covers everything of a society.vFrom Psychological PerspectivevCulture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from anotherv vFrom Intercultural Communication PerspectivevCulture is “everything that
21、people have, think, and do as a members of a society” (Ferraro,1995)Components of culturecultureMaterial objectsBeliefs and value systemsBehavior patternsWhat people haveEverything people thinkWhat people doFeatures of culturev1. culture is learned behaviorvWe learn culture from _, _, _,_.familyscho
22、olsfriendsand even strangers who are part of the cultureFeatures of culturev2. culture is usually acquired unconsciouslyFeatures of culturev3. culture is shared among its members Culture is shared in terms of the ideals, values, norms and beliefs are held by members of a culture.Discussionv Think of
23、 some culture phenomenon that is shared by most people in a given cultureFeatures of culturev4.Culture is persistent and enduringv5. Culture manifests itself both implicitly and explicitlyv6. Culture is adaptive and changeablev7. Culture is relational3. Culture and communication1.Culture conditions
24、communication1)Culture is the foundation of communication2)Culture dictates every stage of the communication process3. Culture and communication2. Communication has made the development of human culture possible and it is through communication that culture is transmitted from one generation to anoth
25、er. At the same time, culture is learned through communication.一天，我去公社供销社，进门就听到一个中学生和售货一天，我去公社供销社，进门就听到一个中学生和售货员的对话，员的对话， 中学生中学生：“关心群众生活关心群众生活给我拿支钢笔。给我拿支钢笔。”售货员售货员：“为人们服务为人们服务你买哪一种？你买哪一种？”中学生中学生：“我们都是来自五湖四海我们都是来自五湖四海多拿几支让我挑多拿几支让我挑挑挑”售货员售货员：“反对自由主义反对自由主义不让挑，买哪支拿哪不让挑，买哪支拿哪支。支。”中学生中学生：“我们的责任是向人们负责我们的责任
26、是向人们负责你就多拿几种你就多拿几种让我挑挑吧让我挑挑吧”售货员售货员：“在路线问题上没有调和的余地在路线问题上没有调和的余地说不能挑说不能挑就是不能挑。就是不能挑。”中学生中学生：“凡是敌人反对的，我们就要拥护凡是敌人反对的，我们就要拥护为为啥不让挑？啥不让挑？”售货员售货员：“凡是敌人拥护的，我们就要反对凡是敌人拥护的，我们就要反对不不为啥，不让挑就是不让挑！为啥，不让挑就是不让挑！”中学生中学生：“注意工作方法注意工作方法有这样卖东西的吗？有这样卖东西的吗？”售货员售货员：“一切权利归农会一切权利归农会爱买不买爱买不买”中学生中学生：“打倒土豪劣绅打倒土豪劣绅你这是什么工作态你这是什么工
27、作态度？度？”售货员售货员：“友谊还是侵略友谊还是侵略咋着，你想打架？咋着，你想打架？”中学生中学生：“凡是反动的东西，你不打他就不倒凡是反动的东西，你不打他就不倒你以为我怕你？你以为我怕你？” 我见俩人的战争一触即发，就急忙上前调节我见俩人的战争一触即发，就急忙上前调节“要团要团结不要分裂结不要分裂你们有话好好说。你们有话好好说。”中学生中学生：“将革命进行到底将革命进行到底我看还能咋着。我看还能咋着。”售货员售货员：“人不犯我，我不犯人人不犯我，我不犯人我还能咋我还能咋着。着。”中学生中学生：“人若犯我，我必犯人人若犯我，我必犯人你当个售货你当个售货员有啥了不起员有啥了不起”看他俩谁也不肯
28、停止舌战，我便劝中学生一走了看他俩谁也不肯停止舌战，我便劝中学生一走了之：之：“敌进我退敌进我退你先走吧，明天再买。你先走吧，明天再买。” 中学生听了，就顺势下了台阶，转身而去。中学生听了，就顺势下了台阶，转身而去。他边走边说：他边走边说：“别了，司徒雷登别了，司徒雷登哼！哼！”售货员如得胜将军立即回敬道：售货员如得胜将军立即回敬道：“一切反动一切反动派都是纸老虎派都是纸老虎呸！呸！” Variations of culturevDominant culture or mainstream culture The cultural components common to most membe
29、rs of society.Variations of culturevSubcultures or co-cultures Subcultures are variations of the dominant culture that exist in society. Discussionv1. Brainstorm all the words that come to you as part of culture.Suggested answer:What and how people eatHow to keep healthyHow to raise childrenHow to d
30、o businessHow to use timeHow to introduce peopleHow to participate in ceremoniesRules for gesturesRules for facial expressions and eye contactRitualsEtiquetteWork speedSense of right and wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or badTheories of disease, sin, death, god or gods, sanity, self,
31、etc.Chapter 4 Perceptions through the lens of cultureLeading-in DiscussionWhat do fallen leaves tell you?Chapter 4 Perceptions through the lens of cultureDiscussion:vDo we have the same interpretation and evaluation for the same thing?Q: What will you relate to? fish Bat 4 8 13More:A smile to strang
32、ersA full moonWindRedBlackYellow.vOur culture filters what we pay attention to and determines what meanings we attach to our selection. We tend to neglect some of the stimuli in our environment and focus on a few. So the perception is selective.vWhat is Perception? Is what a person takes into his/he
33、r mind about what he/she sees, hears, smells, feels or tastes; It is the process by which we come to understand the phenomena in the world around us and relate ourselves to them.vPerceptual differences hinders the sharing of meaning and understanding between people from different culture.vTo underst
34、and other people we must go into their perceptual world and try to experience reality in the same manner as they do. The following charters will help us to learn other peoples world view and social relationship.Language and perceptionvStrong version of Sapir-Whorf HypothesisvOur perception of realit
35、y is determined by our thought processes, and thought processes are limited by our language. Our perception of reality is dependent on our languagevWeak version of Sapir-Whorf HypothesisvLanguage has profound influence on our perception and thought and therefore, people who speak different languages
36、 perceive and think about the world differently.Chapter 5 Diversity in belief systemvLeading-in discussion:Q: Why do many restaurants in China have fish tanks? And why do many office buildings have lion statues in front of the main door? Leading-in DiscussionvIf you can arrange sight-seeing before t
37、he negotiation, would you do that? Why or why not?vIn the negotiation, what do you regard as the most important? Why? good relations or sign the contract.vBefore the negotiation, would you like to have a brief talk on some general problems, such as the significance of cooperation or the state policy
38、 on trade policy?Tips:vIn international negotiation, the Chinese would regard good relationship as the most important thing vBut for Americans, business is business, they cant see the logical links between the negotiation and sight-seeing or state policy.different pattern of thinkingv Why people act
39、 so differently in negotiations? vTheir pattern of thinking is linear, chain-like and analytical. The scientific method is usually their approach to problems in life.v While easterners tends to be more subjective. Their pattern of thinking is cyclical, holistic(整体的), and intuitive（直觉的）. World viewvW
40、hy do people have different pattern of thinking?vWhat is world view?vThe world of view is the set of systematized beliefs and values by which a cultural groups evaluates and attaches meaning to the surrounding reality. (Gudykunst, 1984)The central question concerning worldview is the perception of t
41、he universe.v Is the universe created by a divine power?vWhat is the mans position in the universe?vWhat is the mans relationship with nature?A comparison of worldview between Westerners and EasternersWesternersvCreated and controlled by divine power.Easternersva harmoniously self-operating organism
42、veach part is related to other parts in a system of hierarchy(等级制度)Is the universe created by a divine power?What is the mans position in the universeWesternersvSeparate entities.EasternersvMan is part of nature. What is the mans relationship with nature?WesternersvSo the there are laws of nature. P
43、eople must follow the laws. vgoal of life : to conquer the nature. vChange is considered as progress. vAttitude: more objective and rational.EasternersvMan and nature are interrelated. vgoal of life: to keep harmony with nature.vStability is highly valued.vAttitude: more subjective. vA dualistic(二元论
44、) world of view Their pattern of thinking is linear, chain-like and analyticalvA holistic(整体的) world of view Their pattern of thinking is cyclical, holistic(整体的), and intuitive（直觉的）Reflecting:vin the way they perceive the world, vin their judgment about what is right and wrong Appropriate and inappr
45、opriate beautiful and ugly valuable and worthlessvthe system of criteria for conduction and evaluation, vthe value system of a cultureFour value dimensions ( Geert Hofstede)(1) Individualism vs. Collectivism(2) Uncertainty avoidance (3) Power distance (4) Masculinity vs. Femininity Four pairs of con
46、trasting values used to evaluate cultural differences among different countries. The findings were the result of a research conducted in a large enterprise, IBM, with its braches in 67 countries. The Geert Hofstedes four The Geert Hofstedes four dimensions dimensions Individual oriented society：a lo
47、osely knit social framework; individuals are supposed to take care of themselves. (I Culture ) Examples: America, North European countries Group oriented society：a tightly knit social framework; individuals can expect their relatives, or other in group to look after them. (We Culture或I-less Culture
48、) Examples: Asian countries and Latin American countries and Middle Eastern countriesDimension one: Dimension one: Individualism Versus CollectivismIndividualism Versus Collectivism Country or RegionIDVCountry or RegionIDVUSA 91Austria 55Austria 90India 48Great Britain 89Japan 46Netherlands 80Philip
49、pines 32 Canada80Mexico 30Sweden 71Hong Kong 25France 71Singapore 20Switzerland 68Taiwan 17Germany 67Pakistan 14Dimension Two: Power Distance：Large versus Small Power Distance Large Power Distance countries: accept a hierarchical order Examples: Asian countries and Latin American countries and Middl
50、e Eastern countries Small Power Distance countries: strive for equalization Examples: America, European countriesAttitudes and BehaviorsLarge power distanceSmall power distanceHierarchyHierarchies reflect the basic inequality of peopleHierarchies are only convenient ways of organizing activitiesRela
