1、高三英语专题复习英语阅读理解技巧121“指读指读” 2“声读声读” 3“译读译读” 4“回读回读” 5“析读析读” 6“参照读参照读” 7“视幅过窄视幅过窄”8“毛病毛病”(bad habits): 教学过程中,发现学生在教学过程中,发现学生在阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作。有的同学晃头、颠腿阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作。有的同学晃头、颠腿、转笔、听音乐、咬指头、趴在桌子上、揪头发等等。、转笔、听音乐、咬指头、趴在桌子上、揪头发等等。 3高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体,即高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体,即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体记叙文
2、、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。体裁分析能力体裁分析能力4论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手. .体裁分析能力体裁分析能力5分析题干能力分析题干能力6细节理解题:细节理解题:细节理解题就是我们常见的细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-wh-题,它们大题,它们大多是根据多是根据 文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些
3、问题原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案,有些则要我们可以在文章中直接找到答案,有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到,在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到,比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子,再对相关的部分进行题相关的词语或句子,再对相关的部分进行细读,找出正确答案。细读,找出正确答案。7a.三正一误:三正一误: Which of the following is true except? Which of the f
4、ollowing is mentioned exceptb.三误一正:三误一正: Which of the following is true? 这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系:这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系: Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned? 这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段,而且这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段,而且往往无列举标志词,如往往无列举标志词,如first,second,third等。做题时只需
5、阅读等。做题时只需阅读有关段落,根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项有关段落,根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项,剩下一个原文中未提到的,为正确答案。,剩下一个原文中未提到的,为正确答案。 分析题干能力分析题干能力8 例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一,这类题的基本结构为例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一,这类题的基本结构为:The author provides in line(或或Paragraph)an example in order to意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这
6、个例文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置,但不管如何,这个例子之前或之后不远处通子在原文出现的位置,但不管如何,这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话,这句话就是答案,即举例的目的。如常都有一句总结说明性的话,这句话就是答案,即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关,则例证主题,答案为主题句。如果例子与果例子与全文主题有关,则例证主题,答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关,就例证段落主题,则答案为段落主题句;此外,答段落主题有关,就例证段落主题,则答案为段落主题句;此外,答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。案为例子前后总结说明性的话。 分析题干能力分析
7、题干能力9 a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构;比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构; b.表示绝对意义的字眼:表示绝对意义的字眼: first(第一第一),least(最不最不),most(最最)等;等; c.表示惟一性的词汇:表示惟一性的词汇:only, unique等;等;阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇,便于做题阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇,便于做题时回原文定位。时回原文定位。分析题干能力分析题干能力10这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示:这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示:result, rea
8、son;result in(结果结果),result from(由于,由于, baseon(以以为基础为基础),be due to (由于由于);because, for, why;as a result, consequently等。等。阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因,后说结果,而在题干中通常给出结果,就其原因提问。说原因,后说结果,而在题干中通常给出结果,就其原因提问。 分析题干能力分析题干能力11Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well receive
9、d TV programme “Stars Tonight”,Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991,appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old, Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Befo
10、re she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However,it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station. “Its really a hard job for me. I
11、 wont enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q: Which of the following is
12、NOT true?A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia. 解析:解析: A、C 和和D都可在原文找到答案,而都可在原文找到答案,而B项原文列的是:项原文列的是: taken to Hong Kong可判断不是可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her
13、parents,因此选,因此选B。 return129)The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10)The passage is meant to .11)The purpose of this article is to 分析题干能力分析题干能力131.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词,抓住反复出现的中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词。(即高频词,也叫做主题词。(0404年全国卷年全国
14、卷1 1(河南等)(河南等)E E篇中篇中majormajor出现出现过八次,尽管其词性、词义有所不同,但它就是关键词)。过八次,尽管其词性、词义有所不同,但它就是关键词)。3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如:例如:On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion thatGiven all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned
15、above ,I would prefer 掌握了找主题句的方法,就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主掌握了找主题句的方法,就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误,需要同学们注意。题容易出现以下三种错误,需要同学们注意。 1以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。 2过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。加以充分论证。 3把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的
16、见解。断而忽视了作者的见解。 分析题干能力分析题干能力14 如何寻找主题句如何寻找主题句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would
17、 enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. (1)主题句在段首)主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文,科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。 15Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly
18、 what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. (2 2)主题句也会出现在段尾。)主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据作者先摆出事实依据, , 层层推理论证层层推理论证, , 最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论, , 即段落的主题。本即段落的主题。本段
19、的中心思想在结尾句得到体现段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现, ,它是此段内容的结论。它是此段内容的结论。 16 Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the b
20、ack of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.(3 3)在短文中间)在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题, 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.return17分析题干能力分析题干能力18分析题干能力分析题干能力19推断题推断题 1.1.解推断题应注意:解推断题应注意:(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点;不能以自己的观点代替
21、作者的观点;(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。推理的根据来自于上下文。 2.2.解推断题的方法:解推断题的方法:解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。 20确定作者态度,可以有两种思路:确定作者态度,可以有两种思路:1、问全文主体事物的、问全文主体事物的(包括主题包括主题),可以根据阐述主题或有关主体,可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度;事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度;2、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度,则可以定位到具体相关句,、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度,则可以定位到具体相关句
22、,然后确定答案。然后确定答案。 分析题干能力分析题干能力21Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant,“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches (蟑螂蟑螂) and two spiders.” “What do you need these things for?” the shop assistant was very surprised. “Well,”replied the man,“Im moving out o
23、f my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”Q: The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house, it was _.A. very clean B. just cleaned by the landlordC. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insects解析:他要搬出所租的房子
24、,而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原解析:他要搬出所租的房子,而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原样,所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行样,所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行“恢复恢复”,因此推出,因此推出答案为答案为D D。 22Example 2 Some people are never right. They never have good luck. They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing. And even if what they say or do is OK,they as a rule say i
25、t or do it at the wrong time. So these people always have problems. They often break dishes. They sometimes miss buses and airplanes. Mr. Neff is different. He is always right. He is never wrong. He usually has good luck. He seldom has problems. He never breaks dishes. He never misses buses or airpl
26、anes. Even if he does miss them,it is always the fault of the buses or air planes. Mr. Neff knows almost everything. He doesnt ask questions;he answers questions. He never says,“I dont know.”Q: Which of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr. Neff?A. He finds Mr. Neff hard to unders
27、tand.B. He thinks Mr. Neff wonderful.C. He feels pity for Mr. Neff.D. He does not like Mr. Neff.解析:从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度,特别是解析:从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度,特别是Even if he does miss them,it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes. 误了车或飞误了车或飞机本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢?明显是讥讽,也是暗示他机本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢?明显是讥讽,也是暗示他对对Mr.
28、Neff的讨厌之情。答案为的讨厌之情。答案为D。 return23 分析题干能力分析题干能力24例如:例如: The old man put on his spectacles and began to read The door was so low that I hit the head on the lintel 猜词能力猜词能力25例如:例如: Skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully The harbor is pro
29、tected by a jettya wall built out into the water 例如:例如: The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye 例如:例如: Mr. Smith always arrives home punctually,neither early nor late猜词能力猜词能力26阅读中出现一些难词,有时后面就是一个同位语,对前面的词进阅读中出现一些难词,有时后面就是一个同位语,对前面的词进行解释,这种解释有时也用连词行解释,这种解释有时也用连词“ “or”连接。连接。 a)()(
30、NMET2001,D篇),篇),and other Germanic and Nordic peoples,who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon(or Old English),),a Germanic language b)()(NMET2002,A篇)篇)The Chunnel,a tunnel(隧道)(隧道)connecting England and France,is now complete猜词能力猜词能力27 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizingsaying the word
31、s to themselves in a low voice The early scientific study of chemistry,known as alchemy,grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries AD 猜词能力猜词能力28文章中的代词文章中的代词it,that,he,him或或them可以指上文提到的人或物,其中可以指上文提到的人或物,其中it和和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;也有时需要还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指
32、代的事。对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事。 例如(例如(NMET2002,A篇)篇)原题第原题第57题:题: What does the underlined word it(paragraph 2)refer to? ADiscovering the moons inner space BUsing the earths inner space CMeeting the moon people“ again DTraveling to outer space 原文:原文:However,the question that moon people asked is still
33、an interesting oneA growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it猜词能力猜词能力由此可以看出由此可以看出it指上句中的指上句中的the question,而,而the question又指第又指第一段中一段中月球人月球人所提的问题。所以根据第一段中的问题所提的问题。所以根据第一段中的问题Why are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use your inner space?就可以判断出答案为就可以判断出答案为B。 29根据上下句的连接
34、词,如:根据上下句的连接词,如:but,however,otherwise等就可以等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。分号(;)还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义句的含义。分号(;)还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。He has been getting better,but during the night his condition deteriorated 猜词能力猜词能力30根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。 (NMET2001,
35、A篇)篇)Biggest power failure in the citys historyAll of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted 猜词能力猜词能力后一句承接前一句,前一句的原因导致后一句的结果。根据因果后一句承接前一句,前一句的原因导致后一句的结果。根据因果关系,停电很可能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化,所以关系,停电很可能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化,所以melted的的词义应为词义应为溶化溶化。 31英语中,有很多词可以在前面加前缀,后面加后缀,从而构成一个词,乍看起来,这个词可能是生词,但掌握了一定的构词法知识,就不难猜出它的词义。 例如(例如
36、(NMET2002,B篇)篇)Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences-but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete 猜词能力猜词能力我们知道,我们知道,prefer的意思是的意思是宁愿;愿意宁愿;愿意,根据上下文可以,根据上下文可以判断判断prefer的名词形式的名词形式preference的含义应是的含义应是偏爱;爱好偏爱;爱好。
37、 32根据近年来高考阅读理解对同学们提出新的要求,建议同学们在根据近年来高考阅读理解对同学们提出新的要求,建议同学们在以下几个方面加强自我训练!以下几个方面加强自我训练!例例1: The major market force rests in t he growing population of employees (白领雇员白领雇员),who can afford the new service.例例2: “It was the best night we had ever had”, said Angela Carraro, who an Italian restaurant.猜测熟词含义
38、除了要求同学们有较强的语境分析能力外,还要求猜测熟词含义除了要求同学们有较强的语境分析能力外,还要求同学们有较宽的知识面,对常见有新含义的熟词要弄清其用法,并同学们有较宽的知识面,对常见有新含义的熟词要弄清其用法,并将这些词进行简要归纳整理。将这些词进行简要归纳整理。When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago,how could they even begin to picture modern life? 利用熟词的新词性来抽象词义,关键应在理解原词的基础上,分利用熟词的新词性来抽象词义,关键应在理解原词的基础上,分析它的新词性,并结合原词含义发挥合理想象,从而概括抽象出它析它的新词性,并结合原词含义发挥合理想象,从而概括抽象出它的新词义。的新词义。 猜词能力猜词能力33猜答案能力猜答案能力34猜答案能力猜答案能力35猜答案能力猜答案能力3637