1、12整 体 概 述THE FIRST PART OF THE OVERALL OVERVIEW, P L E A S E S U M M A R I Z E T H E C O N T E N T第一部分3一 翻译考试的内容研究生英语入学考试中的翻译项目旨在通过翻译测试考生正确理解英文原文的能力及汉语的表达能力。此项测试方法是通过阅读一篇难度适中的短文（题材不限，长度约400字上下），翻译其中较为复杂的5个句子。翻译共5题，每题2分，满分为10分；每题划分为若干个给分段，每一分段的分值为0.5或1。对考生的要求是对原文理解正确，译文表达清楚准确，对汉语不作过高要求。4一、翻译题解 总分 翻译2
2、003年 46.47 2004年 49.552005年 49.782006年 47.62 2007年 48.84 2008年 49.765.205.325.173.604.274.655阅读理解题 考研大纲 “主要考察考生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。”6第一部分 总论三、题型特点 1、文章题材：偏文倾向 96：科学研究发展的原因；97：动物权利；98：宇宙起源；99：历史学研究；00：政府与经济；01：未来学；02：行为科学；03：人类学；04：语言与思维的关系； 05年：大众传媒；06年：美国的知识分子；07年：法律的学习；08年：达尔文的思维表达09年：教育学 10 自然
3、与经济的关系7（2）从语法结构来讲，侧重考查若干短语，如动词短语，分词短语（形容词短语），不定式短语以及少量较难的介词短语。此外，语法结构及逻辑关系比较复杂,有时不做些语法分析和逻辑推理就理不出头绪。还有若干代词，如it, they，that, this, one等，它们必须要根据上下文才能确定其词义所指。以及一些较难的从句，如what从句, 定语句，as从句等等。8（3）从词汇来讲，难度增大了，侧重考查一词多义，一词转义，也就是说，所考词汇，如果照字面直译多半会出差错，必须通过上下文进行词义引伸，理解某一词在具体场合的特定含义，才能做出正确的译文，而死抠词字、句序、语态往往会表达不通顺。9第
4、一部分 总论五、翻译标准严复：天演论 信达雅信：忠实原文忠实的准确地理解达：通顺畅达用汉语通顺的表达出来雅：文字典雅考研翻译不要求翻译的两个阶段：理解和表达10第一部分 总论六、考生的问题1 1、理解不到位：两种句子：简单句：主干结构 定状补 复合句：主句/从句/五种基本句型主+谓 I smiled. 主+谓+宾 I love you. 主+谓+间宾+直宾 I give you my heart. 主+谓+宾+宾补 You make me crazy. 主+系+表 You are so pretty. 断句的方法和三个标志标点符号：逗号，破折号，冒号连接词：that, what, which,
5、 where, when, while, how, or, both, ,and等等介词短语：介词+名词 （作定语/作状语）11第一部分 总论六、考生的问题B BA CA C表达不到位：表达四大基本原则原则一：主干结构顺线走（主谓宾，主系表等结构顺序不能变）原则二：定语状语往前勾 （后置定语多前置，定语从句有特例，结果状语也特例）原则三：前因后果多主动（符合汉语的习惯）原则四：名词从句依序翻（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）12二 考研翻译的做题思路与步骤1. 粗略阅读原文，搞清作者意图。用35分钟时间把整个文章通读一遍，大致搞清原文的主旨大意，积极调动相关的思维活动，使头脑进入最佳
6、考试状态。阅读只需了解个大意即可，遇到生词一掠而过，千万不要被与所考的五个句子无关的一些生词、短语，甚至人名地名所纠缠住。132. 理清考题结构，把握句式重心。在粗读一遍，大致搞清原文的主旨大意的基础上，逐句处理5个句子。读第二遍时，重点则应放在这五个句子上，确定句子的意思。143. 分清主次关系，注意”左邻右舍”。从它们与全文的关系上，特别是从前后句即它们的中寻找有用的信息，确定代词的确切含义，句子中出现的”超纲词”的词义也很有可能从上下文中搞清楚。4. 仔细检查译文，确保准确无误。1516I. 分清主从 把握结构分清主从是理清原文结构，拟出译文整体框架的关键，而辨析词义是确保译文准确的前提
7、。17It is hard to believe that automobiles, radios, motion pictures, frozen foods, electric refrigerator, to mention only a few items, have come into common use within thirty years. 且举几件东西来说吧，汽车、无线电、电影、速冻食品、电冰箱，这些东西在过去的30年中得到了广泛的应用，这简直令人难以置信。181. 抓主谓结构Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds
8、of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. （2001）19皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，历中列出了人们可望看到的数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。20The role of natural selection in evo
9、lution was formulated only a little more than 100 years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.（2002）自然选择在进化中的作用仅在100多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。212. 抓关键信息As the clock crept t
10、oward 11: 15 p. m. last Thursday, the 500 scientists and engineers packed into the control room and an adjacent auditorium at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory kept their eyes riveted on a bank of computer monitors. 22上星期四，当时针悄悄地指向晚上11：15的时候，500名科学家和工程师坐满了普林斯顿等离子体物理实验室控制室和毗连的礼堂。他们不约而同地把目光聚集到一排
11、计算机监视器上，焦急地等待着。23Views of the railings where doomed passengers and crew members stood evoked images of the moonless night 74 years ago when the great ship slipped beneath the waves.看到那些栏杆，不由使人想起七十四年前这艘巨轮船体倾斜沉入波涛的那个暗无星月的夜晚，当时那些惨遭厄运的乘客和船员也曾站在这些栏杆旁。243. 抓逻辑关系The stern, which settled on the bottom almos
12、t 1,800 ft. from the bow, had swiveled 180on its way down.船尾在下沉时旋转了一百八十度，在海底离船头几乎有一千八百英尺远。25The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是于外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。 26II. 遣词用字 恰
13、如其分1英汉词字对应关系2词义辨析271英汉词字对应关系1）词字对等。这种情况多见于专有名词，技术词汇等，如: Marxism = 马克思主义Aspirin 阿斯匹林 激光 = laser白血病 = leukemia282）多种同义。这种情况在英汉翻译中较为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义完全一样，但色彩意义不同的对应词，如： wife： 妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人president: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长 293）一词多义。这种情况在英汉翻译中最为普遍，也即是同一个词语有若干词义不同的对应词，如：cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表
14、弟、表姐、表妹、卿.carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧. 304）交织对应。这类情况在英汉翻译中时有发生，也即是一组词义相近的词，根据不同的上下文，可以译作对应词语中的任何一个，如英语中的say, speak, talk, tell与汉语的“说、讲、谈、诉”之间的关系：5）无对等词语。翻译中的这种情况极少，偶有发生，一般用解释或音译的方式来解决英汉之间的对应关系。teenager ；hacker 312词义辨析1) 根据构词法辨别词义miniultrasonicprober = mini （微型的）+ ultra（超） +sonic （声音的）+pro
15、ber（探测器）；即：微型超声波金属探测仪macrospacetransship = macro（巨型的）+ space （太空）+ trans （转运）+ ship （船）； 即： 巨型空间转运飞船Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis=pneumono (肺的) +ultra (超) + micro (微) + scopic- (观察仪器的) + silico (硅的)+ volcano（火山的）+ coni- (尘埃) + osis (病症)；即：硅酸盐沉着病，矽肺病（一种矿工易染的病）322) 根据指代关系辨别词义(1) He fat
16、her sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。(2) Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。(或: 因为后者不能像前者那样给人以幸福。)333) 根据上下文的语境或词的搭配辨别词义(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this
17、generation.(2) It is quite another story now.(3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.(4) Hell be very happy if that story holds up.(5) The girls story is one of the saddest.(6) A young man came to Scottis office with a story. (7) , but officials refused to confirm the
18、 story.(8) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.344) 根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义(1) The lathe should be set on a firm base.车床应安装在坚实的底座上。 （机械）(2) As we all know, a base reacts with an acid to form a salt.众所周知，碱与酸反应生成盐。 （化学）(3) A transistor has three electrodes, the emit
19、ter, the base and the collector.晶体管有三个电极，即发射极，基极和集电极。（电子）(4) Line AB is the base of the triangle ABC.AB线是三角形ABC的底边。（数学）(5) The weary troops marched back to the base.疲惫不堪的士兵列队返回基地。（军事）(6) He is on the second base.他在二垒。（体育）35练习1. good saying3. good boy4. good child5. good contract 7. good debt 8. good
20、 eggs 9. good eyesight 10. good father11. good features12. good friend14. good idea3615. good investment16. good joke17. good looks18. good luck19. good manners20. good match21. good mother22. good neighbor23. good reason24. good soil25. good teacher26. good wife371 His plane developed engine troubl
21、e only seven miles after takeoff. 2 Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order to sustain the aircraft. 3 Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. 4 A hypothesis is a specific statement developed by a scientist from
22、 observations.5 Until the domain theory of magnetism was developed, they did not have much success. 386 To develop the capabilities of the geophysical prospecting, the renewal of the techniques and equipment is the first thing to be considered. 7 Most of the money came from selling the secret of a n
23、ew type of potato he had developed. 8 As young Goddard grew into manhood, he developed tuberculosis. 9 We must develop all the natural substances in our country which can make us rich.10 Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit.39直译意译5Every life has its roses and thor
24、ns.直译：每个人的一生都既有玫瑰，又有荆棘。意译：人生总是有苦有乐，甘苦参半。6. Valuable left in full view can be open invitation to theft.直译：把贵重物品放在现眼处，等于是给小偷发请帖。意译：应妥善保管贵重物品，以防被盗。407. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.直译：礼物是打开把你关在门外的房门的钥匙。意译：大门把你关在外，礼物送到门自开。（礼是敲门砖。）8. What the tongue says, the neck pays for.直译：舌头说
25、话，脖子还账。意译：舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。41III. 直译意译 抓住要点考题实例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. （1999）人们关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界内部意见不统一，其次是因为外界怀疑历史是不是一门学科。直译：历史方法的兴趣 产生较少 通过外部 历史作
26、为知识学科的合法性42What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform? 对于护士、警察、理发师或是服务员来说，还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法使人们看不出他们的职业身份呢？43There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable t
27、hem when they offend. （2001）届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。441. Well go to the countryside at the beginning of June, when the summer harvest will start.2. I stayed till noon, when I went home.3. When the teacher had left the classroom, the pupils started talking.4. When tha
28、t man says “To tell the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.5. Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.6. Insurance companies are obliged to recover the cost of everything insured when it is lost or damaged during the valid period of insurance.7. When there is really
29、 planned and proportionate development ,our national economy will achieve sustained, stable and high-speed growth.8. When you cross the river you are safe.459. How can I convince him when he wont listen?10. He usually walks when he might ride.11. They had only three transistors when they needed five
30、.12. Why are you here when you should be in school?13. When I am opposed to such actions on general principles, how can I make this case an exception?14. How could you do it when you knew that this might damage the apparatus? 15. When one is older, one is also more experienced.46IV. 适当增添 清楚明了 一般来说，翻
31、译时不应对原文的内容随意增减。不过，由于英汉两种语言文字之间所存在的悬殊差异，在实际翻译过程中很难做到词字上的完全对应。一般情况是为意义完整而增译，47增词法的常用情况1增添原文语法所省略的词语1) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。482 增添必要的连接成分增加连词英语中的并列连词和从属连词大都是以单个单词出现，而汉语中的联合连词和偏正连词大都是成对出现。因此，在将英语译成汉语时，应将汉语的连词补充完整。如:if，如果，那么because因为，所以; although虽然，
32、但是; unless除非，否则1) Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受热，就会汽化。493用增词法表达出原文的复数概念和数量词英语中没有量词，而汉语表达中的量词却是不可缺少的1) He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。502）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。3) Note that the words “v
33、elocity” and “speed” require explanation.请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。514用增词法把抽象概念表达清楚1) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。2) After all preparations were made, the plane took off.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就起飞了。 525增加完善性或概括性的词语1) Air pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。2) According to scien
34、tists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸厚的表层土壤。3) A runner from Kenya has won the 42 km Boston Marathon肯尼亚的一位长跑选手赢得了波士顿42公里马拉松赛冠军。536重复性增词1) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。547修辞或连贯增词1) T
35、his typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这部打字机真是价廉物美。2) They build roads, houses, bridges, ships, pipelines, and canals.他们修路、盖房、架桥、造船、铺管道、挖运河。3) A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories, and his conclusion.科学家经常设法否定自己的假设，推翻自己的理论，并放弃自己的结论。55V. 词语省略 言简意赅一般来说，汉语较英语简练，因此，许多在原文中
36、必不可少的词语要是原原本本地译成汉语，就会成为不必要的冗词，译文会显得十分累赘。省略法在英汉翻译中使用得非常广泛，其主要目的是删去一些可有可无、不符合译文习惯表达法的词语。56In the 1880s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the poor.在19世纪80年代，美国是一个巨富与赤贫两极严重分化的国家。57省略技巧的常用情况1代词的省略 He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulde
37、rs.他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。They went in to dinner. It was excellent, and the wine was good. Its influence presently had its effect on them.他们进入餐室用餐。美酒佳肴，顿受感染。582. 冠词的省略 The direction of a force can be represented by an arrow.力的方向可以用箭头表示。593. 介词连词的省略(1) If I had known it, I would not have joined in it.早知如此，我
38、就不参加了。(2) Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。604. 动词的省略When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。615. 非人称代词“It”的省略 Outside it was pitch-dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。62VI. 转换变通 自然流畅在翻译过程中，由于两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异，我们有时必须改
39、变原文某些词语的词类或句子成分才能有效地传达出原文的准确意思。63My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. 我的看法（观点）是，一代人对下一代人常常抱怨，这一点是在所难免的。64You very likely give other passengers a quick glance to size them up and to assure them that you mean no threat. 参考译文: 你
40、很可能很快地瞅别的乘客一眼，打量他们一下，让他们放心你毫无威胁的意思。65英译汉的词类转换方法技巧1.各种词类转换成动词汉语的动词使用频率比英语高, 所以将英语各种词类转换成汉语动词是最常见的词类转换。661) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。（名词转为动词）2) Everyone in the room was greatly surprised at what he said听他一说，房间里的每个人都大吃一惊。（介词转为动词）3）In this case the te
41、mperature in the furnace is up.在这种情况下，炉温就升高。（副词转为动词）672各种词类转换为名词The new contract would be good for ten years.新的合同有效期为10年。（形容词转为名词） He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。（副词转为名词）683各种词类转为形容词1) Given that theyre inexperienced，theyve done a good job.鉴于他们没有经验，干成这样真不错。（名词转为形容词）Earthquakes
42、are closely related to faulting.地震与断裂运动有密切的关系。（副词转为形容词）694. 各种词类转换成副词1) Below 4, water is in continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction.水在4度以下就不断地膨胀，而不是不断地收缩。（形容词转为副词）2) I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已得到批准。（名词转为副词）70英译汉的句子成分转换形式在很多情况下，英语中不同的句子成分也
43、可以根据翻译的需要进行互相转换；譬如，主语转为宾语，宾语转为主语，主语转为谓语，主语转为定语，状语转为主语等等。711) As the match burns, heat and light are given off.火柴燃烧时发出光和热。(主语转为宾语)2) This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.这种石头的相对密度是2.7。(宾语转为主语)3) Care must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.应当始终注意保护仪器，不使其沾染灰
44、尘和受潮。(主语转为谓语)4) Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.只要仔细把它们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。(主语转为谓语，宾语转为主语)5) The baby doubled its weight in a year这婴儿的体重一年中长了一倍。(主语转为定语) 726) Thousands of terrified watchers stared with their hearts beating fast成千上万的观众目瞪口呆，心嗵嗵直跳。(定语转为谓语) 7) The test is intended to
45、reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks. 本测验的目的是强化你们过去几个月内所学的知识。(谓语转为表语)8) Mathematics is well taught at that school那个学校的数学教得好。（状语转为主语）9) The ocean was filled with turtles and fish, ready for the net.海洋里鱼鳖成群，张网可得。（宾语转为主语）73VII. 结构调整 顺理成章结构调整是英汉互译中的又一常用翻译技巧。由于英汉不同的造句结构和表达习惯，英语中有些句子的词序、语序
46、在译成汉语时，应加以调整，使其符合汉语的表达习惯。74Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. （2000）由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动（现代交通工具使这种方式相对容易）造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新压力。75.英译汉结构调整的常用方法技巧1顺
47、序法; 即按原文的句子顺序翻译。1) It was strange that a day of war was a day we stood still. We couldnt move-that must have been the whole idea-so we had no choice but to watch. 奇怪的是战争的那天我们却原地按兵不动。我们不能动弹这就是这次战争的整个含意除了监视敌人，我们别无他法。762逆序法；即颠倒原文的顺序，将句首的内容放到句尾，句尾的内容放到句首。1)He was dumb-founded at her insistence that he e
48、xplain where every cent of his allowance had gone她非要他讲清楚他津贴中的每一分钱都到哪儿去了，他哑口无言。773. 时序法；按事件发生时间的先后顺序翻译。1) We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在家里读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。 78
49、4. 拆分法；将句中的插入成分提取出来单独翻译，另起一句放在句末。1) They, not unexpectedly, did not respond.他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。2) Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这显然不合情理。79VIII. 语态转换 约定俗成英语中的被动语态使用极为广泛，尤其以科技英语最为常见。考试中的阅读内容中有相当量的科技题材，所以翻译题目也往往少不了被动语态的处理。80The behavioral sciences have been
50、 slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. （2002）行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到81 翻译被动语态的常用方法技巧汉语中的被动结构不那么常用，因为从习惯上讲，汉语中的“被”、“遭”、“受”、“挨”等字眼总是给人以不那么舒服的感觉，因此在英汉
