1、Lecture 4 汉英翻译之词类转换 Christine Liu English Department开场白 2011年英语专业八级考试为例年英语专业八级考试为例 在在21万份试卷中，万份试卷中，“汉译英汉译英”部分得部分得6分分以上的试卷只有以上的试卷只有49份。份。 2013年英语专八考试翻译汉译英回年英语专八考试翻译汉译英回忆版忆版 l生活像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。l将它握在手中观察，它的暗红有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹。l抿一口留在口中回味，它的甘甜有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离。l喝一口下肚，余香润人心肺，让人终受益。l红酒越陈越美味，生活越丰富越美好。l当人生
2、走向晚年，就如一瓶待开封的好酒，l其色彩是沉静的，味道中充满慷慨于智慧。l 新增出口 the import growthl新增就业 the employment growthl历史再次重演 history repeats itself. l医德医风 ethics of medical practice or morality of medical practicel广大教职工 faculty and staffsl行业结构要进行调整 The industrial structure will have to be adjusted.4. Conversion(词类转换法)lConversion
3、: It means that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language.英译汉时词类转换的核心是根据需要将具有动作性的名词转换为汉语的动词，或者将可表示概念的动词转换为汉语名词。汉译英时则反其道而行之。在翻译过程中， 如果绝对地按照原语的词性进行翻译，有时译文会显得晦涩或不符合译语的表达习惯。这时， 我们可以对
4、原语的词性进行转换翻译。汉译英中常见的词性转换有以下几个方面。 In those years the Republicans were in. 那些年是共和党执政。 The music is a gas. 这音乐妙极了。 Saud was a frustrated man at that time. 沙特那时已受挫折。 Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them. . 他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。 This experiment is a great success. 这次实验是极为成功的。 汉语汉语 英
5、语英语 名词名词 主语主语;宾语宾语;定语定语;状语状语;谓语谓语 主语主语;宾语宾语; 表语表语;定语定语形容形容词词定语定语;表语表语;主语主语;宾语宾语; 状语状语;谓语谓语 定语定语;表语表语; 宾补宾补动词动词谓语谓语;主语主语;宾语宾语;定语定语;表语表语 谓语谓语汉英词类句法功能对照表汉英词类句法功能对照表汉英翻译之词类转换主要策略l1 汉语汉语动词动词转化为英语名词转化为英语名词l2 汉语动词转化为英语形容词汉语动词转化为英语形容词l3 汉语动词转化为英语介词或介词词组汉语动词转化为英语介词或介词词组l4 汉语的汉语的名词名词转化英语动词转化英语动词l5 汉语名词转化为英语形容
6、词汉语名词转化为英语形容词 1 汉语动词转化为英语名词：汉语动词转化为英语名词： 汉语中动词用的较多，除大量动宾结构外，还有连动式、兼语式等两个以上动词连用的现象。 英语名词比汉语用的多。 Eg: The book is a reflection of the Chinese society of my fathers time. 这本书反映了我父亲那个时代的中国社会。He gave a vivid description of the battle.他生动地描述了这场战斗。 汉译英时往往可以把汉语动词转化为英语名词。确定第一谓语动词译例： 数以百万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们的生活状况异常贫穷
7、落后，这就促使他们奋起采取坚决措施去创建新的生活条件。 The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.l1 他在战斗中表现突出，受到连长(company commander)的表扬。 l2 只要看一眼这封信，你就会明白你上当了。l1 He was commended by the company commander
8、 for his distinguished performance in the battle.l2 A glance at this letter will convince you that you have been taken in. 3 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的声音，令我特别神往。 4 在使用电脑时，起主要作用的是人 5 Coco歌唱得很好。 5 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 6 It is man who plays the leading role in the
9、 use of computers. 7 Coco is a good singer. 7 决不允许违反这个原则。 8 我的生活转折点是是我我决定决定：不再做生财有望的商人而专攻音乐。 9 他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。 8 No violation of this principle can be tolerated.9 The turning point of my life was my decision to give up promising business career and study music.10 His arrival at this conclusion was
10、the result of much thought.l10他们在工作中非常注意理论联系实际。l11 徐悲鸿画马，画得特别好。 l12 In their work, they pay much attention to the combination of theory with practice.l13 Xu Beihongs drawing of horses are exceptionally good.2 汉语汉语动词动词转化为英语转化为英语形容词形容词l汉语中一些表示知觉、情感等心理状态的动词，往往可以转换成英语形容词，通常多以“Be+形容词.”结构来表达。lEg: 你熟悉这种晶体管
11、放大器（transistor amplifier)的性能吗？lAre you familiar with the performance of this type of transistor amplifier？llEXE:l切割金属时，可以看到光亮的表面，但是立刻就变成了灰色。lWhen metals are cut， the shining surface is visible， but it turns grey almost immediately.n获悉贵国遭受地震，我们极为关切。n We are deeply concerned at the news that your coun
12、try has been struck by an earthquake.n委员会怀疑他的资格。n The committee was doubtful of his qualification.n我们绝不满足于现有的成就。n We are not content with our present achievements.3 汉语动词转化为汉语动词转化为英语介词英语介词或或介介词词组词词组l与汉语相比，英语介词较多，往往具有动与汉语相比，英语介词较多，往往具有动词特征；词特征；l介词词组介词词组往往可以用来英译一些汉语往往可以用来英译一些汉语连动连动式式结构！结构！l那男孩肩上扛着枪在装士兵
13、。lWith a rifle across his shoulder the boy was playing the soldier.l他们吃的是简陋的饭菜，住的是寒冷的洞穴，在昏暗的灯光下长时间地工作。lThey worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.l任何人不能违背各国人民的利益去人为地挑起紧张态势，甚至制造武力冲突。lNobody should be allowed to cause tension or armed conflicts against the interest of the peopl
14、e.Practice l1我一直跟着母亲.l2你是赞成还是反对这项计划？l3你想像不出他听到这个消息时是多么生气。 EXE: 我一直跟着母亲。 I have always been with Mother. 你是赞成还是反对这项计划？ Are you for or against the plan? 你想像不出他听到这个消息时是多么生气。 You cant imagine how angry he was at the news.4 汉语的汉语的名词名词转化英语转化英语动词动词l守财奴的特点是贪婪。lA miser is characterized by greed.lEXE:l中子(Neut
15、rons)的作用不同于质子(protons )。lNeutrons act differently from protons.l他是世上一切邪恶的化身。lHe personified all the evil in the world.l如果旅馆都客满了，我们可以给你提供住处。lWe can house you if the hotels are full.l该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。l The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and durability.l
16、我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密的朋友而且成为兄弟。 la. The development of our relations has made us not only close friends but also brothers. lb. Our relations have so grown that they bind us not only as close friends but also as brothers. 5 汉语汉语名词名词转化为英语转化为英语形容词形容词l他有口才，有风度。lHe was eloquent and elegant.l 冰的密度比水小。lIce is
17、 not as dense as water.lEXE:l两国经贸领域的互补性很强，双方可以彼此分享巨大的市场。l The two countries are highly complementary in economic and trade areas, making it possible for them to share each others huge market.l和平的环境是一个国家、一个地区以至全球发展的重要前提。l A p e a c e f u l e n v i r o n m e n t i s indispensable for national, regiona
18、l and even global development.Edgar SnowChristine Liu斯诺与旅游lCompare titleslCan you agree on the most fitting title?lWhat accounts for the variance in the titles?TitleslSnow and TravellSnow and His Travel LifelEdgar Snow and Travelling lEdgar Snow and Traveling lSnow And Travelling l谈起斯诺，恐怕了解中国近代史的人对他
19、并不陌生 Sentence Comparison 1l1. Reference to Snow, any person who knows about modern Chinese history doesnt feel strange to him.l2. When we talked about Snow, the people who know contemporary Chinese history may get no strange about him.l3. Edgar Snow will not a stranger to those who are familiar with
20、 modern history of China.l4. I am afraid that people who understand modern Chinese history is no stranger to Edgar Snow when talking about him.l5. Speaking of Edgar Snow, he should be no stranger to those who are familiar with contemporary Chinese history.lSpeaking of Snow, anyone who has some knowl
21、edge of modern Chinese history ought to know about him. l他不就是那个60年前冒险进入陕北苏区采访毛泽东及刚走完长征路的工农红军的美国记者吗？ l Wasnt he the American journalist, who ventured into the northern part of Shaanxi Province to interview Mao Zedong and cover the news about the Workers and Peasants Red Army just after completing the
22、 Long March? l不错，正是他。 lYes, exactly. l可这位被称为“新闻王国的普罗米修斯”与旅游有什么关系呢？ 新闻王国的普罗米修斯Discuss:l“Prometheus of News Kingdom” lWas it difficult to translate this phrase?lWhat tool(s) did you use to translate it?lDo you know who Prometheus is?wikilIn Greek mythology, Prometheus (Ancient Greek: , Forethinker)1 i
23、s a Titan, the son of Iapetus and Themis, and brother to Atlas, Epimetheus and Menoetius. He was a champion of mankind, known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire from Zeus and gave it to mortals.2 Zeus then punished him for his crime by having him bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his li
24、ver every day only to have it grow back to be eaten again the next day. His myth has been treated by a number of ancient sources, in which Prometheus is credited with or blamed for playing a pivotal role in the early history of mankind. During the Greek War of Independence, Prometheus became a figur
25、e of hope and inspiration for Greek revolutionaries and their philhellene supporters.lBut how could the man, who is known as Prometheus of the press, has anything to do with travel? l说来你也许不信。 lIt may sound incredible.l笔者作为陕西斯诺研究中心秘书长，从占有的大量资料中得出这样一个结论， lBut according to the study of huge amounts of
26、materials available by the present writer, secretary-general of Shaanxi Snow Research Centre, l斯诺之所以成为20世纪最著名的记者之一，与他旅游成瘾的个性是分不开的.lIt can be concluded that his addiction to travel indeed contributed to his rise as one of the most prestigious journalists in the 20th century. l也许是受马克吐温作品的影响，斯诺从小就是一个酷爱
27、旅游冒险的孩子。 l As a young boy, Snow, who might have been influenced by Mark Twains works, was very interested in travel and adventure. l读了汤姆历险记和密西西比河上，17岁的斯诺便与几个小伙伴开着一辆T型游览车，向加利福尼亚进发（距他的家乡密苏里州3000多公里）。 Sentence Comparison 2l1。 After reading The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and Life on the Mississippi, 17-y
28、ear-old Snow and several young friends drove a model T tourist car towards California, which is over 3000 kilometers away from his hometown, Missouri.l2。 After reading Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Life on the Mississippi, the 17-years-old Snow and his companions started off for California, which is
29、3,000 kilometers away from his home state Missouri with a T-shaped tourist coach.l3。 After reading The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Life on the Mississippi, Snow, a 17-years-old boy, drove a T-type tourist car heading to California (3000 kilometers away from his home state, Missouri) with his severa
30、l buddies.l4。 After “ Adventures of Tom Sawyer” and “ Life on the Mississippi”, seven-year-old Snow, together with several other partners, drove a T-tour bus to California, 3000 kilometers away from his hometown-Missouri.lAfter reading The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Life on the Mississippi, 17-yea
31、r-old Snow then drove a T-type tourist car with several of his young buddies, heading for California, 3,000 kilometers away from his home state, Missouri. l三个月后，花完了5美元，只好扒货车、爬车顶，多次被警察抓住或追赶。 lThree months later, when he had spent all his five dollars, he felt obliged to climb onto slow-going freight trains, despite the polices pursuits or arrests. l随着轰隆行驶的列车，他跨越了世界闻名的罗亚尔乔治大峡谷，观赏了大半个美国的山川秀水。 lWith the rumbling of the train, he traveled across the worlds famous Royal Gorge and saw more than half of Americas spectacular landscapes.
