1、Unit 3Sea ExplorationLearning About Language语法精讲素养提升不定式(The infinitive) 观察上面句子, 并说出画线部分的作用不定式作后置定语。不定式作目的状语。动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。这里的to是不定式标志, 没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能, 又有动词的特点, 可以有自己的宾语和状语, 构成动词不定式短语。一、动词不定式的时态与语态主动语态被动语态意义一般时to doto be done表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作之后完成时to have doneto have been done表示动作发
2、生在谓语动作之前进行时to be doing表示谓语动作发生时, 不定式的动作正在进行完成进行时to have been doing表示其动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前并且一直在进行*I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. 我打算参加明天举行的会议。(attend的动作在plan之后发生, 且meeting与hold之间为被动关系)*They are said to be studying psychology. 据说他们正在研究心理学。(be said与study同时发生)*Im very sorry to have kept y
3、ou sitting around doing nothing. 让你一直无所事事闲坐着我很抱歉。(keep发生在be sorry之前)*No harm seems to have been done. 似乎并没有什么危害发生。(do发生在seem之前, 且harm与do之间是被动关系)*She is known to have been dealing with the problems for many years. 大家知道她处理这类难题已经有很多年了。【名师点津】不定式的“被动”与“否定”(1)不定式的被动式表示其逻辑主语为不定式动作的承受者。*Its a great honour t
4、o be invited to Marys birthday party. 被邀请参加玛丽的生日聚会是一件非常荣幸的事情。(2)不定式的否定式通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前, 即构成not to do 或never to do 这样的形式。*They took a vote and decided not to do it. 他们进行了表决, 决定放弃。*How many times has your mother told you never to talk to strangers? 你母亲告诉你多少次了, 绝不能和陌生人谈话? 【即学活用】 语法填空(1)The worl
5、d will be different, and we will have to be prepared(prepare)to adapt to the change. (2)She pretended to be sleeping (sleep)when her mother came in. (3)He is said to have been working (work)in this factory for more than twenty years. 二、动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式可以用来作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语, 表示比较具体的意义。1. 不定式作主语动词不
6、定式作主语多表示将来特定的某一次动作。*To blame the worker will not make up for the loss. 责备那个工人弥补不了损失。*(2018天津高考)It took him a long time to acquire the skills he needed to become a good dancer. 他花了很长时间才获得成为一名优秀舞者所需的技能。不定式短语作主语时, 为了保持句子平衡, 往往用it作形式主语, 而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后。若要说明不定式的动作的执行者, 可以在不定式前面加上“for/of+n. /pron. ”结构。当形容
7、词表达事物的特征时用for sb. ; 当形容词表达人所具有的特征或品质时用of sb. , 这样的形容词有careful, cruel, foolish, brave, good, honest, kind, rude, polite, nice, stupid, wise, wrong等。*It is generous of him to contribute so much. 他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。*It is important for us to live a low-carbon life. 过低碳生活对我们来说很重要。【即学活用】语法填空(1)It is common to
8、 find (find) this type of poetry, calligraphy art, hanging in peoples homes. (2)If you live in a cold climate, it will be important to know (know) your dogs limits and how you can keep it safe and warm. (3)It is an honor for me to be invited (invite) to attend the meeting. 2. 不定式作表语不定式作表语主要有三种情况, 一是
9、用于seem, appear, prove, turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be); 二是像My job is to sweep the floor. (我的工作就是擦地板。)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形; 三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等。*He seems to be ill. 他似乎生病了。*Her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。*We are to meet at the station at three. 我们约定3点钟在车站见面。【即学活用】语法填空(1)It is important to reme
10、mber when youre trying to get along with people who are very difficult or seem to be ignoring (ignore) you, everyone is just doing the best that they can. (2)He is childrens books editor, whose job is to sort (sort)through thousands of new titles published each year and select the very best ones in
11、The Times. (3)The goal of this activity is to meet (meet) the needs of common people. 3. 不定式作宾语(1)下列动词只能用不定式作宾语, 请牢记下面的口诀: 决心学会想希望, 拒绝设法愿假装decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend主动答应选计划, 同意请求帮一帮offer, promise, choose, plan; agree, ask/beg, help*We agreed to mee
12、t at the school gate. 我们一致同意在校门口见面。(2)在某些动词如find, think, consider, feel, make, believe后, 常用it作形式宾语, 然后加宾语补足语, 最后加不定式作真正的宾语。*We think it our duty to protect the environment. 我们认为保护环境是我们的责任。【即学活用】语法填空(1)He pretended to be reading (read) the text when I came in. (2)I heard a passenger behind me shoutin
13、g to the driver, but he refused to stop (stop) until we reached the next stop. (3)I think it necessary to send (send) for an expert. (4)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. 4. 不定式作宾语补足语(1)在很多动词后都可以用不定式作宾语补足语, 如ask
14、, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, prefer, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。*Father will not allow us to play in the street. 父亲不会允许我们在街上玩耍。(2)下列动词(短语)接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语, 表示动作的全过程。一感 (feel), 二听(hear, listen to), 三使(let, have, make), 五看 (see, notice, observe,
15、 watch, look at), 半帮助 (help), 动词不定式作help宾语补足语时, 既可带to, 也可不带to。*Nobody saw him come in. (主动语态)没人看见他进来。以上单词, 当其所在句子改为被动句时, 动词不定式符号“to”必须保留。例如: *The thief was observed to enter the bank. (被动语态)有人看见小偷进了银行。【即学活用】语法填空(1)What caused him to change (change) his mind? (2)He didnt allow the students to go (go)
16、 there. (3)The teacher got some students to stay (stay) in the classroom after school. (4)He was made to work (work) day and night. 5. 不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语表示将来的动作。*I wanted to come to your birthday party, but I had a project to finish then. (2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词, 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具
17、等, 不定式后需要加相应的介词。*I need a pen to write with. 我需要一支钢笔写字。【名师点津】如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way等, 不定式后的介词习惯上可以省去。(3)不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词, 且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。*He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school. 他总是第一个到校, 最后一个离校。(4)被修饰词是抽象名词时, 常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有: abili
18、ty, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way等。*The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself. 表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。【名师点津】不定式作定语时, 若句子主语是不定式动作的执行者, 则用主动形式表被动含义; 若句子主语不是不定式动作的执行者, 则用被动形式表被动含义。*She has a sister to look after. 她有一个妹妹要照顾。(she是look after的执行者)【即学活用】语法填空
19、(1)The best way to set (set) yourself up for success is to make sure that your goals are SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely. (2)Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision to be made (make) at the meeting will influence the future of our company. (3)Birds singing i
20、s sometimes a warning to other birds to stay (stay) away. (4)Volunteering gives you a chance to change (change) lives, including your own. 6. 不定式作状语 (1)作目的状语。表示“为了”, 可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。如果强调目的性, 不定式前也可加in order或so as, 但so as to不能置于句首。*To/In order to increase levels of community service, some schools have
21、 launched compulsory volunteer programs. 为了提高社区服务水平, 一些学校已经发起了义务志愿者服务计划。(2)作结果状语。不定式作结果状语常表示令人意外的结果, 有时前面加only, 以加强语气。常用于下列结构中: only to do表示意想不到的结果enough to do足够做too. . . to do太而不能so/such. . . as to. . . 如此以至于*Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky. 汤姆乘出租车去了机场, 结果发
22、现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。*He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学的年龄了。(3)作原因状语。表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词作表语时, 后可接不定式作原因状语, 用以说明产生这种心理活动或情绪的原因, 常用于这类结构的形容词有sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad, happy, anxious, delighted, pleased, foolish等。*Maggie was glad to be home in her own bed. 玛吉回到家躺在自己的床上, 觉得非常高兴。*Im delight
23、ed to hear that you are keen on Chinese traditional culture. 我很高兴听到你喜欢中国传统文化。【即学活用】语法填空(1)To liberate (liberate) our country, they devoted their lives. (2)To learn (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. (3)Mary rushed home immediately s
24、he heard the news, only to find (find) that her husband was gone. (4)You will never know how happy I was to see (see) her yesterday. 课时检测素养达标. 单句语法填空1. (2020全国卷) I encourage readers to go to their local library when they cant afford to purchase (purchase) a book. 2. (2020全国卷)A housewarming party is
25、a special party to be held (hold) when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house. 3. (2020江苏高考) There will still be lots of challenges if we are to classify (classify) garbage in a short time. 4. (2020天津高考)To help (help) us prepare for the exam, the teacher suggested reading through our no
26、tes. 5. (2019全国卷) It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and thats plenty of time for your skin to absorb (absorb) a days worth of Vitamin D. 6. Its everyones responsibility to make (make) good use of water, such as recycling and saving water in our daily life. 7. If successful,
27、Wen Xu, 32, will be the first person to cross (cross)Antarctica alone from the shore Berkner Island, according to the event organizer. 8. They have been in the room listening to explanations when things seem to have gone (go) wrong. 9. Jack was in low spirits those days and his friends did all they
28、could to cheer (cheer) him up. 10. I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train to catch (catch). . 用不定式完成句子1. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Change-4 to find and study areas of the South Pole Aitken basin. 中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。2. I didnt mea
29、n to eat anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldnt help trying it. 我当时什么都不想吃, 但是那个冰激凌看上去太诱人了以至于我禁不住品尝了它。3. The best way to solve the problem is to depend on yourself. 解决这个问题的最好办法是依靠你自己。4. During the Mid-Autumn Festival, family members often gather together to share a meal, admire the
30、moon and enjoy moon cakes. 过中秋节的时候, 家人们通常会团聚在一起吃饭、赏月和品尝月饼。5. It is a great pleasure for me to have been working with you these days. 我很高兴这段时间和你一起共事。6. I have a lot of readings to complete before the end of this term. 这个学期结束前, 我要做很多阅读练习。7. Helen borrowed my book the other day, promising to return it
31、soon. 海伦在几天前借了我的书, 答应我会马上还给我。8. Although parents seem to be giving good advice to their sons and daughters, their kids have marked them poorly on being good role models when it comes to dealing with lifes difficulties. 尽管父母似乎给他们的儿子和女儿们提供了很好的建议, 但他们的孩子们在处理生活中遇到的困难时, 却很难成为好的榜样。9. Police are urging any
32、one who saw the accident to contact them immediately. 警方敦促任何看到事故的人立即与他们联系。10. The queen bee appears to be nursed well in the comb built by the diligent worker bees. 蜂王似乎在勤劳的工蜂建造的蜂巢里得到了很好的护理。使用本单元所学的语法知识补全下面语段The scientists 1. decided to explore(决定探索) the deep ocean in order to find out what exists a
33、t the floor of the sea. Their first step 2. to carry out the plan(实施这项计划) is 3. to send a deepwater machine(派一台深水机器) designed specially for the research. 4. The machine to be controlled remotely by scientists(由科学家们远程控制的机器) at the surface of the sea is in a shape of an egg. They will watch the machin
34、e 5. dive deep into the sea(潜入大海深处). 6. To conduct such a research(进行这样的研究) is a long project that scientists have prepared for several months. 课时素养评价八Unit 3Learning About Language. 单句语法填空1. So it can help reduce the tiredness out of the immune system and allow people to feel (feel)more energetic. 2
35、. It took Janet three hours to finish (finish) reading this interesting story. 3. She pretended to be listening (listen) to the manager, but actually she was thinking about something else. 4. In many homes in the UK, the first person to wake (wake) up has to make tea for the family. 5. Dont try to h
36、ide anything from your mother. She appears to have been told (tell) everything. 6. To be admitted (admit) to a university in the UK, international students must display a strong ability in spoken and written English. 7. The new phone is very easy to operate (operate). Anybody can learn to use it in
37、a few minutes. 8. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier to break (break) into small pieces. 9. It can be disheartening to spend a lot of time preparing a meal only to find (find) your kids turning their nose up at it. 10. Many airlines now allow passengers to print their
38、 boarding passes online to save (save) their valuable time. . 完成句子1. To make it easier to get in touch with us/To get in touch with us more easily, youd better keep this card at hand. 为了更容易与我们取得联系, 你最好把这张卡片放在手边。2. I remember I told my mom more than once that I hoped to pursue an acting career in the
39、 future. 我记得我不止一次告诉我妈妈我希望将来追求演艺事业。3. The old man sits in front of the television every evening, happy to watch anything that happened to be on. 老人每天晚上坐在电视机前, 高兴地看电视上碰巧播放的任何内容。4. The airport to be completed next year will help promote tourism in this area. 明年竣工的机场将会帮助推动该地区的旅游业发展。5. I will be surprise
40、d if you can get Calvin, who is a close-fisted man, to buy these donation draw tickets from you. 如果你能让加尔文, 一个吝啬的男人, 从你那里买这些捐款抽奖票, 我会很惊讶。6. He has a heart trouble and the doctor finds it difficult to treat. 他有心脏病, 医生发现很难治疗。7. To enjoy the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started t
41、o use smart phones. 为了享受数字支付的方便, 很多老年市民开始使用智能手机。8. The man opened his eyes, only to find himself left alone in the room. 那人睁开眼睛, 却发现房间里只剩下他一个人。9. They lived a hard life and were often made to work for over 10 hours a day. 他们生活很艰苦, 经常被迫在一天内工作十个多小时。10. I wanted to travel to America instead of France,
42、but he persuaded me not to change my mind. 我想要去美国旅行, 代替之前的法国, 但是他劝我不要改变我的主意。. 阅读理解Say the phrase “female environmental pioneers, ” and among the names you will hear Rachel Carson, who wrote about pesticides; chimpanzee expert Jane Goodall; and 17-year-old climate-change activist Greta Thunberg. To m
43、ark Womens History Month, Kidspost is sharing the story of an environmental pioneer who is not that famous but equally remarkable. At age 3, Sylvia Earle found her lifelong passion while playing on a beach. A wave suddenly came up and knocked her over. “My mother. . . saw the big smile on my face an
44、d let me run back in, ” Earle told a TV interviewer years later. “And Ive been running back in ever since. ”Earle is now 84 years old and has spent a lifetime exploring the worlds oceans and working to protect them from pollution, overfishing and other threats. She is a pioneer in using scuba gear.
45、Scuba gear lets divers take breath underwater. She holds the world record for the deepest untethered walk on the ocean floor at 1, 250 feet. This means she was not tied to anything when she was walking underwater. During this exploration, she planted a U. S. flag. In 1998, Time magazine gave Earle i
46、ts first Heroes for the Planet award. She was the first female chief scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It is the U. S. ocean and atmosphere group. She was also elected to the National Womens Hall of Fame. Earle has spent her life teaching people about the ocean
47、. She notes how much it affects the weather, and what we eat and drink. She has something to say to those who dont understand why the ocean matters. “They should know that with every breath they take, every drop of water they drink, the ocean is touching them, ” Earle says. “You should treat the ocean as if your life depends on it because it does. ”【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了一位一生都致力于探索海洋保护海洋的女性环保先锋Sylvia Earle, 三岁时就发现了自己对于海洋的热爱, 并在保护海洋方面做出了杰出贡献和成就。1998年, 时代杂志给了Earle第一个行星英雄奖。
