1、高中英语语法复习专题英语句子概论英语句子成分英语句子成分 &句子类型句子类型Members of a Sentence & Types of Sentences句子的组成成分叫句子成分。句子的组成成分叫句子成分。英语的基本成分有七种：主语英语的基本成分有七种：主语(subject)谓语谓语(predicate verb)、表语、表语(predicative)、宾语宾语(object)、定语、定语(attributive)、状语、状语(adverbial) 和补语和补语(complement)。学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。英语句子的构成也有
2、其特定的规律，掌握了句子英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。就能写出完整、正确的句子。 一）一） 主语：主语：表示句子说的是什么人或什么事表示句子说的是什么人或什么事, 由名、代、数、不定式、动名词、短语或句子由名、代、数、不定式、动名词、短语或句子来充当。来充当。 通常位于句首。通常位于句首。 Animals also have ears. He will take you to the hospital. Three plus four equals seven. To see is
3、 to believe. Smoking is not allowed in public places. Whether they will come or not depends on the weather.名词名词代词代词数词数词to do不定式不定式动名词动名词句子（主语从句）句子（主语从句） 二）谓语二）谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样 由动词或动词词组充当由动词或动词词组充当, 位于主语后。位于主语后。助动词或助动词或情态动词情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。 Action speaks louder
4、than words. The chance may never come again. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994. He laughed at his classmates. My father is a professor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. The match became very exciting. The story of my life may be of help to others. Three times five is
5、 fifteen. His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 名词名词 n代词代词 pron形容词形容词 adj-ing形式的形式的adj介词短语介词短语数词数词to do不定式不定式句子句子三）三）表语说明主语的性质、特征或状态，位于系说明主语的性质、特征或状态，位于系动词之后。动词之后。 四）宾语四）宾语表示动作、行为的对象，是动作的承表示动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受着通常位于及物动词和介词后面。受着通常位于及物动词和介词后面。 She cover
6、ed her face with her hands. We havent seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We need know what others are doing. We should care more about our friends. 名词名词 n代词代词 pron动名词动名词代词和数词代词和数词to do不定式不定式句子句子介宾结构：名词介宾结构：名词五）五） 定语：定语：修饰名词或
7、代词修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等词性表示：定语可由以下等词性表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.There are thirty women teachers is our school.His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.The
8、 teaching plan for next term has been worked out.He is reading an article about how to learn English.Tom is a boy who likes music very much.（adj. 形形容词）容词）（分词）（分词）（n.名名词）词）（pron.代代词）词）（to do 不不定式）定式）（动名词）（动名词）（介词短语）（介词短语）（定语从（定语从句）句）六）六）状语状语：修饰：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状
9、语。通常由副词，介词短语和从句充态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。通常由副词，介词短语和从句充当当状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步让步、伴、伴随情况等。随情况等。 The best fish swim near the bottom. I left the village five years ago. I arrived late because of the traffic jam . Well send a car to fetch you. The fish can eat a person in two minutes , lea
10、ving only bones。 The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. If he goes, so will I . Though he is a child, he knows a lot. 地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语原因状语原因状语目的状语目的状语结果状语结果状语伴随状语伴随状语条件状语条件状语让步状语让步状语七）宾语补足语：七）宾语补足语：英语有些及物动词，除了要有英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，对宾语进行适宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，对宾语进行适当地补充说明，才能使句子的意
11、义完整。当地补充说明，才能使句子的意义完整。 They elected me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in.名词名词形容词形容词介词短语介词短语to do 不定式不定式现在分词现在分词 doingdone 过去分词过去分词宾语和宾语补足语一起构
12、成宾语和宾语补足语一起构成宾语的复合结构宾语的复合结构八）其他成分八）其他成分同位语（从句）同位语（从句）: 对其前面的对其前面的名词、代名词、代词做进一步解释词做进一步解释. That is Mr. Chen, our English teacher. China, our motherland, is becoming stronger. The fact that he told a lie to his mom surprised us. 插入语插入语: 对一句话作一些附加的解释对一句话作一些附加的解释.其作用是句子表意其作用是句子表意严密化，补足句意，包括说话者对话语的态度，或引起听
13、严密化，补足句意，包括说话者对话语的态度，或引起听话者的注意。话者的注意。 To be honest, I dont quite agree with you. To tell you the truth, I dont like the film at all.定语，状语，同位语及插入语可以称定语，状语，同位语及插入语可以称为为附附属句子成分属句子成分。 句子成分练习题句子成分练习题( 一一 ) (一一). 指出下列句中的主语指出下列句中的主语 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There
14、is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. (二二) 选出句中谓语的中心词选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A.
15、 get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want
16、 B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B. did C. whom D. book (三三) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world sp
17、eak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming. How about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will f
18、ind the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who Father Christmas really is. (四四) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was
19、the first to learn about it. (五五) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr./ Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! (六
20、六) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground j
21、ust now? (七七) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she love
22、s books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. (八八) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to
23、 Tom. Did he leave any message for me?句子成份综合练习句子成份综合练习1、You should study hard.2、The teacher got very angry.3、The boy told me his story.4、We elected him our monitor.5、The sun keeps us warm.6、I told him to open the window.7、We watched the train leaving the station.状语状语表语表语间宾间宾+直宾直宾宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补宾语
24、宾语+宾补宾补宾语宾语+宾补宾补8. I think it difficult to finish the work this morning.9. There seems little hopes of success.10、To our joy, they arrived safe.11、The fact is very clear that our team will win the game.12. After graduation he will work where he came from. 宾语宾语+宾补宾补主语主语状语状语同位语从句同位语从句时间和地点状语时间和地点状语分类分
25、类说明说明例句例句简简单单句句由一个主语或并列主由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子。即谓语构成的句子。即一套主谓关系一套主谓关系。1. Tom and I found her there. 2. We all breathe, eat and work.并并列列句句由由并列连词并列连词（and, so, but, or等）等）把把两个或两个以上两个或两个以上的的简单句连在一起而构简单句连在一起而构成的句子。成的句子。1. He likes eggs, but he doesnt like chickens.2. Work hard or you will fa
26、ll behind.复复合合句句由一个由一个主句主句和一个或和一个或一个以上的一个以上的从句从句构成构成的句子的句子1. I believe you are right.2. If you study harder, you will pass the exam.翻译下列句子：翻译下列句子：简单句：主谓宾简单句：主谓宾并列句并列句主从句：主从句：when引导引导的时间状语从句的时间状语从句 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his
27、 seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room.4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.简单句简单句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句 简单句简单句 5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has
28、he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important.9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句 简单句简单句 种类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语p /宾语宾语O宾语宾语O宾补宾补OC第第1种种S+VWework第第种种OHe playsvio
29、lin.第第种种VPWe arestudents第第种种S+V+IO+DOshegaveme a pen.第第种种S+V+O+OCHe mademelaugh基本句型基本句型 一一1. Time 2. The sun 3. The man4. Everybodyflies. rises. appeared. laughed此句型中动词是此句型中动词是不及物动词不及物动词,能表达完整意思。能表达完整意思。主语可有修饰语主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语，状语，如，如，The red sun rises in the east. Everybody here laugh
30、ed happily. 基本句型汉译英练习基本句型汉译英练习 主谓结构（主谓结构（S十十V）翻译练习翻译练习: 1.你应当努力学习。你应当努力学习。 2.她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。 3.那天早上我们谈了很多。那天早上我们谈了很多。 4.会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。5.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。大的变化。 6.这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 7.1919年，在北京爆发了年，在北京爆发了“五五.四四”运动。运动。8.每天八时开始上课。每天八时开始上课。 9.这个盒子重五公斤。这个盒子重五公斤
31、。 10.五年前我住在北京。五年前我住在北京。 11.爱丽丝很会游泳。爱丽丝很会游泳。 12.约翰的父亲昨晚去世了。约翰的父亲昨晚去世了。 13.秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 14.我的爷爷早晨起得很早。我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 15.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。Check the answers:1. You should study hard. 2. She went home very late yesterday evening. 3. That morning we talked a great deal. 4. The meet
32、ing will last (for) two hours. 5. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 6. Things of that sortkind are happening all over the world every day. That sortkind of things is happening all over the world every day.7. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 8.
33、 Classes begin at eight every day. 9. This box weighs five kilos. 10. I lived in Beijing five years ago. 11. Alice swims very well. 12. Johns father died last night. 13. In autumn, some birds fly to the south. 14. My grandfather gets up early in the morning. 15. Every afternoon a lot of students com
34、e to the library to borrow books. 基本句型基本句型 二二（及物动词）（及物动词）(宾语宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. I 4. I5. Iknows laughed at want dont knowenjoythe answer? her. to have a cup of tea.what to do.living here.此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，才能使意思完整，而才能使意思完整，而宾语成分的多样化宾语成分的多样化使这一结构异使这一结构异常复杂。常复杂。2S十V十O主谓宾结构e
35、g: I saw a film .译：我看了一部电影。译：我看了一部电影。 （I是主语，是主语，saw是谓语，是谓语，a film宾语）宾语）eg: They took good care of the children译：他们把这些孩子照看得很好。译：他们把这些孩子照看得很好。 (they是主语是主语 ,took good care of是谓语是谓语,其中其中took是是take的的过去式，过去式，the children是宾语是宾语)说明：说明： 此结构中的谓语动词如果是动词词组此结构中的谓语动词如果是动词词组,分两种情况分两种情况:1.及物动词及物动词+副词副词，2.不及物动词不及物动词
36、+介词介词即变成及物动词词组即变成及物动词词组1.动词动词+副词：副词：get in(收割收割), hand in（提交，交进）（提交，交进） turn on(开开), turn off(关上关上)， move on（走开）（走开）, pass on（传递）（传递）, put on（穿上）（穿上）, have on（穿着）（穿着） 2.动词动词+介词：介词： persist in(坚持坚持)，succeed in (在在成功成功) work on（从事于（从事于）, operate on（在（在上动手术）上动手术）, agree on（同意）（同意）get on（上车，上船）（上车，上船）,
37、ride on（骑上）（骑上） 有的含有介词有的含有介词 at, for, from, into, of, with, to 等的动介等的动介词组是不可拆分的，可理解为固定的动词短语。如，词组是不可拆分的，可理解为固定的动词短语。如，look after（照顾）（照顾）, look at（瞧）（瞧）, belong to（属于）（属于）, serach for seek for look for（寻找）（寻找）, refer to（参考，提及）（参考，提及）, think of（考虑，评价）（考虑，评价）, send for（派人去请）（派人去请）, care for（喜欢）（喜欢）, suf
38、fer from（受（受之苦）之苦）, deal with(对付，应付对付，应付), object to（反对）（反对）, pay for（付（付的钱）的钱）,等等 。总结：总结：动动+副副构成的短语动词，宾语是名词可以置中或构成的短语动词，宾语是名词可以置中或置后，宾语是代词只能置中置后，宾语是代词只能置中.1.含有含有away, out, forward, up 等副词的动副词组是可拆等副词的动副词组是可拆分的。如，分的。如，They carried out the plan successfully. 还可以表达成：还可以表达成： They carried the plan out su
39、ccessfully. 但我们只说但我们只说 As the plan was practical, they carried it out successfully. 动副词组都可以这样用，如，动副词组都可以这样用，如，point out（指出）（指出）, carry out（执行）（执行）, put forward（提出）（提出）, work out（做出，算出）（做出，算出）, find out（找出）（找出）, give up（放弃）（放弃）, give away（赠送，分发）（赠送，分发）,pick up（拣起）（拣起）, put up（挂上）等。（挂上）等。 Exercise pra
40、ctice1.昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。 I wrote a letter last night.2.这本书他读过多次了。这本书他读过多次了。 He has read this book many times.3.他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。(carry out) They have carried out the plan successfully.4.你们必须在两周内看完这些书。你们必须在两周内看完这些书。(finish doing)You must finish reading these books in two weeks.5.那位先生能流利地说三种语言。那
41、位先生能流利地说三种语言。That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently.6.我开窗户你在意吗？我开窗户你在意吗？Do you mind my opening the window? 7.Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。还不会自己穿衣服。(dress oneself) Jim cannot dress himself.8.我不信任那个人。我不信任那个人。 (believe in) I dont believe in that man.9.他指出了我作文中的错误。他指出了我作文中的错误。 (point out) He pointed out the
42、mistakes in my composition.10.圣诞节我们将去看望外籍老师。圣诞节我们将去看望外籍老师。 (call on pay a visit to) On Christmas Day, we will call on our foreign teachers. 11.你们必须在课后把练习本交上来。你们必须在课后把练习本交上来。(hand in) You must hand in your exercise-books after class. 12.五分钟内我们是不可能解决出这道题的。五分钟内我们是不可能解决出这道题的。 (work out) We cannot work o
43、ut the problem in five minutes.13.这位护士会好好照顾你父亲的。这位护士会好好照顾你父亲的。 (take good care of) The nurse will take good care of your father.14.你在工作中可依靠他。你在工作中可依靠他。(depend on) You can depend on him in your work.15.写完作文后，我们必须把它从头到尾看一遍。写完作文后，我们必须把它从头到尾看一遍。(go over) After writing a composition, we must go over（介（介）
44、it.基本句型基本句型 三三1. He 2. The dinner3. The weather is smellsbecame tall and strong. good. warmer. 此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。，才能表达完整的意思。系动词有三类：系动词有三类：1.表示特征和存在状态的：表示特征和存在状态的： be, seem, appear, feel ,look, smell, sound, taste2. 表状
45、态延续的：表状态延续的：remain, stay, keep, continue, stand3. 表状态变化表状态变化 的：的：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, growFor example:1 It seems reasonable to ask students to buy a dictionary.2 He appears (to be) a normal person.3 Keep calm when an erathquake happens.4 When I came in, he remained silentseated. 5
46、 The house stood empty for a long time. 6 In winter, the river runs dry easily.7 It will continue (to be) hot in September.8 What you said proved (to be) reasonable. 翻译练习：翻译练习： 我的兄弟都是大学生。我的兄弟都是大学生。 冬季白天短，夜晚长。冬季白天短，夜晚长。 布朗夫人看起来很健康。布朗夫人看起来很健康。 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 孩子们，请保持安静。孩子们，请保持安静。 My bro
47、thers are all collegeuniversity students. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. Children, keep quiet please. 这本书是有关美国历史的书。这本书是有关美国历史的书。 她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 他失业了。他失业了。 树叶已经变黄了。树叶已经变黄了。 这个报告听起来很
48、有意思。这个报告听起来很有意思。 This book is about the history of the United States. Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. He is out of work. (思考思考He lost his job.什么句型？什么句型？) The leaves have turned yellow. The report sounds interesting. 基本句型基本句型 四四（及物）（及物）（多指人）（多指人）（多指物）（多指物）1. I 2. Heshowedboughth
49、imme my pictures. a beautiful skirt.此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多指物意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多指物），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多指人）。），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多指人）。若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与介若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与介词词to 或或for。He bought me a beautiful skirt.He bought a beautiful skirt for me.4.S十V十O1十O2
50、 主谓双宾结构 在此句式中，在此句式中，V是带双宾语的及物动词。是带双宾语的及物动词。 常见的须带双宾语的动词有常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get等。等。eg: He gave me a book. (he 是主语，是主语，gave是谓语动词，是是谓语动词，是give 的过去式，的过去式，me是间宾，是间宾，a book是直宾是直宾)= He gave a book to me译：他给我一本书。译：他给我一本书。用用to侧重指动作的方向，表示侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。朝着，向着，对着
