1、浅议中西方文化差异之浅议中西方文化差异之 建筑文化差异建筑文化差异15日语1 丁路冉建筑是人类文明的沉淀，建筑是人类文明的沉淀，也是人类文明的载体。也是人类文明的载体。它以其独特的语言方式它以其独特的语言方式向人们倾述着各地区、向人们倾述着各地区、各民族的思想观念、宗各民族的思想观念、宗教情感、审美情趣等等。教情感、审美情趣等等。所以地域和历史文化截所以地域和历史文化截然不同的中西方也有着然不同的中西方也有着不同的建筑理念。同时不同的建筑理念。同时中西方的人审美观念、中西方的人审美观念、性格气质也有着相当的性格气质也有着相当的差异，这些都在无形地差异，这些都在无形地影响着当地的建筑设计影响着当
2、地的建筑设计艺术。艺术。 Architecture is not only the precipitation of human civilization, but also the carrier of human civilization. It reveals the ideological concept, religious feelings and aesthetic interests of all peoples in all regions to us with its distinctive language expressions.Therefore, Chinese a
3、nd the west with different regions, history and culture also have different architectural philosophy. Meanwhile, the Chinese people and westerners also have quite differences on aesthetic standards, character and temperament. All these impact the local arts of architectural design.中西建筑文化差异 1. 1.自然环境
4、对建筑文化的影响自然环境对建筑文化的影响 2.2.建筑材料对建筑文化的影响建筑材料对建筑文化的影响 3. 3. 中西方的人审美观念、性格气质对建筑中西方的人审美观念、性格气质对建筑文化的影响文化的影响自然环境对建筑文化的影响自然环境对建筑文化的影响中国 中国是一个幅员辽阔的国家，东南为海洋；西北为峻岭；正北方为草原荒漠，这些屏障中国与外界隔离开，建筑风格因地区而异。以古罗马为首的西方国家 古希腊与古罗马，它们均处在半岛之上。地中海地区重峦叠嶂，群山层叠，可使用空间有限。从而使建筑风格有了各地交流的因素中国十大最著名古建筑1、世界上最大的宫殿故宫2、世界屋脊的明珠布达拉宫 3、慈禧太后的寝宫颐和
5、园4、道教宫殿式建筑永乐宫5、中国第一座皇家陵园秦始皇陵6、唐陵中的杰作乾陵7、天下第一桥赵州桥8、天下绝景黄鹤楼9、江南名楼岳阳楼西方经典建筑1.希腊宙斯神庙 巴特农神庙 赫拉神庙2.罗马斗兽场西方经典建筑3.英国伦敦塔桥 白金汉宫 大本钟 唐宁街 格林威治天文台4.法国巴黎埃菲尔铁塔 卢浮宫 凡尔赛宫5.意大利 比萨斜塔 罗马斗兽场 凯旋门 6.俄罗斯克里姆林宫7.美国自由女神8.荷兰海牙国会大厦 9.丹麦哥本哈根美人鱼铜像 10. 梵蒂冈圣彼得广场 11.捷克的布拉格广场12.德国柏林大教堂 13.德国柏林大教堂 建筑材料对建筑文化的影响 东西方物质文化、哲学理念的不同，反应在建筑中最大
6、的不同即为材料的不同。 世界古典建筑体系中，分为三大类，分别是古希腊文明建筑体系古希腊文明建筑体系，中东的伊斯兰建中东的伊斯兰建筑体系筑体系以及中国古代建筑体系中国古代建筑体系。 。这其中唯有中国古代建筑体系采用木材木材作为建筑材料，而其他两种基本上都是以砖石砖石为主要建筑材料来营造的，属于砖石结构系统。建筑文化差异的原因建筑文化差异的原因西方西方 中西方的建筑对于材料的选择，除由于自然因素不同外，更重要的是不同文化，不同理念在建筑中的普遍反映。 西方文明的源头可以追溯在古希腊文明，古希腊文明是种海洋文明，他代表着探索，扩张等外向性。与此相对应的是，西方思想文化更多的是石头般质朴、刚硬、雄壮。
7、 西方人对石材的肯定，可以看出西方人求智求真的理性精神，在人与自然的关系中强调人是世界的主人，人的力量和智慧能够战胜一切。建筑材料差异的原因建筑材料差异的原因中国中国中国是以原始农业为主的黄土文明，即农业文明。中国人安土重迁，家园不仅提供衣食，而且是宗庙所系。中国人自认居于天下之中心，对待周边夷狄民族有一种天然的优越感，实行德化要近者安而远者归，要四夷宾服，富有内向的聚敛性。坚韧、柔美有更多相通之处。中国的儒教可以说是一种耻感文化，讲究温良恭俭让，讲究忠恕之道，忠是“己欲立而立人，己欲达而达人”，恕是“己所不欲,勿施于人”，总之要推己及人，强调自我约束，调从内部调节自我与社会的关系；如果做不到
8、这些，则足以羞耻。由此出发，中国人素有忍的传统与韧的精神，中国的思想文化与木材的细致、深秀、坚韧、柔美有更多相通之处。 中西方的人审美观念、性格气质中西方的人审美观念、性格气质对建筑文化的影响对建筑文化的影响Chinese and the west with different regions, history and culture also have different architectural philosophy. Meanwhile, the Chinese people and westerners also have quite differences on aesthetic
9、 standards, character and temperament. All these impact the local arts of architectural design.地域和历史文化截然不同的中西方也有着不同的建筑理念。同时中西方的地域和历史文化截然不同的中西方也有着不同的建筑理念。同时中西方的人审美观念、性格气质也有着相当的差异，这些都在无形地影响着当地的人审美观念、性格气质也有着相当的差异，这些都在无形地影响着当地的建筑设计艺术。建筑设计艺术。Therefore, at first, we specially discussed some differences on
10、 the root of the architecture between the east and the west. Herein, I take Greece as the western representative.因此，特地因此，特地在此探讨一下东西方的建筑根源上的一些差异。在这里，以希腊为西方的在此探讨一下东西方的建筑根源上的一些差异。在这里，以希腊为西方的代表。代表。 Building materials, reflected the different between Chinese and western material culture and philosophy of
11、 the differences.这两幅图主要可以看出的是，中式镂空式雕窗和欧式柱立式窗子。中式主要是以木制为主，西式主要是石制为主。Judging from the building materials, in modern architecture not produced before, all the world has developed mature construction system, including belong to eastern architecture of Indian architecture inside, basically, are for major
12、 construction materials to bricky build, belongs to the brick structure system. Such as the pyramids in Egypt, ancient Greek temple, Roman chichen itza, the ShuShuiDao, in Europe in the middle ages, the church. All are built with stone material, notting have is not the stone in the history of histor
13、ical left testimony. 由于历史文化原因西式建造以石制为主。Only in Chinese ancient buildings (including neighbouring Japan, Korea and other regions) is the wood to do the main frame houses, belong to timberwork system, thus is known as wood history. 中式建筑中的木质结构建造。The layout of architectural space, reflect the different
14、characteristics between Chinese and western system culture, the difference. 这个是中西式的街道布局的不同。China whatever building, from housing to the palace, almost is a pattern, similar to the quad mode. The beauty of Chinese architecture is a kind of collective beauty. For example; Beijing palace, the Ming tomb
15、s Ming temple, qufu. 中式建筑始终坚持方正原中式建筑始终坚持方正原则，集合式的，像北京的四则，集合式的，像北京的四合院，故宫。合院，故宫。The first difference is that the architectures in Greek are perceptual and perfectly seek for plastic arts and formal beauty. However, the Chinese architecture is greatly influenced by ethic thoughts. 第一主要是审美观念的影响。 The se
16、cond difference is on history and culture between Chinese and western architecture is the spirit of democracy in the west and autocratic and hierarchical thinking in China. 第二主要是历史文化的影响。 The third difference is the mysterious religious content of the western architecture and harmonic realism in Chin
17、a. The westerners believe in god and have a kind of extraordinary devotion to religion. However, the Chinese people believe that their fates will be in their own hands. 第三主要是宗教文化的影响。Firstly, we discuss the perceptional architecture in Greece. The ancient Greek architecture pursued plastic arts, and
18、each building seemed to be a sculpture. They pursued harmony and considered that human body was the most harmonious and beautiful shape in the world. The physical beauty is well reflected in their architectures. For instance, the Doric order represented male model is resolute and magnificent. The Io
19、nic order represented female model is gentle and graceful. As shown in graphs: The first difference 首先我们来讨论一下希腊建筑的感性化。古首先我们来讨论一下希腊建筑的感性化。古希腊建筑追求造型艺术，每个建筑就如一个希腊建筑追求造型艺术，每个建筑就如一个雕塑品。他们追求和谐，并认为人体是世界雕塑品。他们追求和谐，并认为人体是世界上最和谐最美的形体。人体美在他们的建筑上最和谐最美的形体。人体美在他们的建筑上得到了很好的体现，如代表男体的多立克上得到了很好的体现，如代表男体的多立克柱式刚毅雄伟，代表女
20、体的爱奥尼柱式柔和柱式刚毅雄伟，代表女体的爱奥尼柱式柔和端丽。端丽。多立克柱式是古典建筑的三种柱式中出现最早的一种（公元前7世纪），（另外2种柱式是爱奥尼柱式和科林斯柱式），它们都源于古希腊。 特点是比较粗大雄壮，没有柱础，柱身有20条凹槽，柱头没有装饰，多立克柱又被称为男性柱。来显示刚劲和力量。最早的高度与直径之比为6：1，后来改至7：1。著名的雅典卫城（Athen Acropolis）的帕提农神庙（Parthenon）即采用的是多立克柱式。 这多立克式的是高浮雕，甚至圆雕，强调体积，爱奥尼式的是薄浮雕，强调线条。这两种柱式，确实可以说是分别典型的概括了男性和女性的体态与性格，不仅是像维特鲁
21、威所说的那样简单地模仿男体和女体的比例。 。Next, we explored the spirit of ethics in Chinese architecture. Contrary to the tendency of pursuing formal beauty, attractive appearance and sculpture in Greece, the Chinese people dont pursue the external beauty but consider that the architecture is the place of living, think
22、ing and cultivating moral, and should focus on ethics.接下来探讨中国建筑的伦理精神。与希腊人追求形式美、造接下来探讨中国建筑的伦理精神。与希腊人追求形式美、造型美、雕塑感的倾向相反，中国人不求外在形式的美感，而型美、雕塑感的倾向相反，中国人不求外在形式的美感，而是认为建筑是生活、思考、养德的地方，应以伦理为重点是认为建筑是生活、思考、养德的地方，应以伦理为重点 The first difference 群体和谐的思想是中国建筑美学的特征，也正是中国建筑的独特理念。因此中国建筑以向水平方向发展为主，极力削弱个体建筑的突出。这种形式的布局，不是
23、以单体建筑的造型取胜，而是以群体的对称、呼应、错落有序形成整体气势。中国人有着令人惊讶的对建筑群体的驾驭能力。The thought of group harmony is the characteristics of Chinese architectural aesthetics, but also the unique ideas of Chinese architecture. Therefore, Chinese architecture is mainly in horizontal development, as to weaken the highlight of the in
24、dividual architecture greatly. This kind of layout became dominant depending on the overall momentum of the symmetry, concert and good order among groups instead of the modeling of individual architecture.Chinese people have surprising control ability to the architectural groups. The first differenc
25、e The first difference In the group harmony of Chinese architectures, it is characterized by “courtesy” of the Confucianism. “Courtesy” is the criteria of dividing into the differences among people. Therefore, it has clear expression on the primary and secondary in architecture. The architectures wi
26、th different grades have the corresponding position, form, color and roof styles, etc. All these also reflected the ethics of Chinese architecture.For instance, in the Forbidden City, all the buildings are arranged in a certain courtesy order, so as to show the tremendous momentum.中国建筑的群体和谐中，以儒家的中国建
27、筑的群体和谐中，以儒家的“礼礼”的思想为特色。的思想为特色。“礼礼”是一种划分人与人之间差异区别的标准，因此，建筑中有着鲜明的主次表达。不同级别是一种划分人与人之间差异区别的标准，因此，建筑中有着鲜明的主次表达。不同级别的建筑有着与自身级别相应的位置、形式、色彩、屋顶样式等等。这也正体现了中国建的建筑有着与自身级别相应的位置、形式、色彩、屋顶样式等等。这也正体现了中国建筑的伦理观念。筑的伦理观念。 The first difference 图 故宫The second difference on history and culture between Chinese and western a
28、rchitecture is the spirit of democracy in the west and autocratic and hierarchical thinking in China.中西方建筑历史文化的第二个差异是西方的民主精神和和中国的专制等级思想。 The second difference 在古希腊建筑中，大型建筑往往依地势而建，并不强调中轴对并不强调中轴对称和等级思想。称和等级思想。如雅典的建筑卫城中，建筑物的安排顺应地势，布局方式自由活泼，给人的感觉是生机勃勃多于庄严肃穆。 The second difference 图 雅典卫城山门 Graph 4 the Pr
29、opylaea in Athens AcropolisIn the ancient Greek architectures, the large-scale buildings are often established according to the topography, not emphasized the axis symmetry and hierarchical thinking. For instance, in the Acropolis of Athens, the layout of buildings is in accordance with the topograp
30、hy. The free and lively layout makes people full of vigor more than in a solemn and awe-inspiring atmosphere. In the ancient Chinese architectures, there always showed the well-fortified hierarchy from the layout, dimension, structural units, architectural ornaments, building materials to the city s
31、ize, even the road width, etc. The strong hierarchy regulations are filled with everywhere. Even some relative laws and regulation involved. 而中国古代建筑中，有着壁垒森严的等而中国古代建筑中，有着壁垒森严的等级制度，从建筑的布局方位、形体大小、级制度，从建筑的布局方位、形体大小、结构构件、建筑装饰、建筑材料到城市结构构件、建筑装饰、建筑材料到城市大小、道路宽度等等，处处凝聚着强烈大小、道路宽度等等，处处凝聚着强烈的等级规范。甚至还有相关法律规定。的等级规
32、范。甚至还有相关法律规定。 The second difference The third difference is the mysterious religious content of the western architecture and harmonic realism in China. The westerners believe in god and have a kind of extraordinary devotion to religion. However, the Chinese people believe that their fates will be in
33、 their own hands. They will be safe and sound if abiding by the laws and behave themselves. They will be punished if making mistakes. The Chinese people are very realistic. They will not believe in God too much but live in peace and coordinate with reality. Even the ancient Chinese religious buildin
34、gs are also filled with quite a strong secular color.第三个差异是西方建筑神秘的宗教色彩和中国调和的现实主义。西方人相信神灵，第三个差异是西方建筑神秘的宗教色彩和中国调和的现实主义。西方人相信神灵，对宗教有一种极度的虔诚。而中国人相信自己的命运掌握在自己的手中，安分守己对宗教有一种极度的虔诚。而中国人相信自己的命运掌握在自己的手中，安分守己就会平安，犯错就会受惩罚。中国人都很现实，不会过分信仰神灵，而是安安稳稳就会平安，犯错就会受惩罚。中国人都很现实，不会过分信仰神灵，而是安安稳稳过日子，与现实相协调。就算是中国古代的宗教建筑也有着相当强烈的
35、世俗色彩。过日子，与现实相协调。就算是中国古代的宗教建筑也有着相当强烈的世俗色彩。 The third difference 西方对宗教建筑极为重视，在西方对宗教建筑极为重视，在古建筑中宗教建筑往往代表着时代建筑的最高水平。设计师们使用垂直发展的空间序列和挺拔向上的形式，来表达人们对神的崇拜以及对天国的热切向往和痴迷。西方人不像中国人重视世俗皇权，而是重视自己心灵中的神，用最好的材料、最好的技术来建造一座座名垂千古的神庙和教堂。 The third difference The westerners paid more attention to the religious buildings.
36、 In the ancient buildings, the religious buildings often represent the top level of the architecture at that time. The designers applied the vertical space sequence and upward straight form to express the peoples worship to the God and the eager yearning and infatuation to the heaven. The westerners
37、 paid less attention to the secularity and authority than the Chinese, but paid more attention to the God in their minds. They established many immortal temples and churches with the best materials and techniques.此外，建筑师往往在宗教建筑里利此外，建筑师往往在宗教建筑里利用光影营造出浓郁的神秘气氛，用光影营造出浓郁的神秘气氛，无论是帕提农神庙，还是万神庙和基督教的教堂，它们的内部空间
38、都具有某种神秘的感召力量，讲置身其中的人们的精神引导向缥缈的远方。In addition, the architects often make use of shadow to create the rich and mysterious atmosphere in religious buildings, whether Parthenon or the Pantheon and temples and Christ church, their internal space have some mysterious power to guide the spirit of the prese
39、nt people to the elusive and distant place. The third difference 图 帕提农神庙Graph 5 Thel Parthenon图 万神庙 Graph 6 the Pantheon图 圣索非亚大教堂Graph 7. Hagia Sophia cathedralIn conclusion, there are many differences on ancient architectural culture between the east and the west. Herein we do not expound in detailed any more.总的来说中西式建筑文化有很多差异，今天就说到这了。谢谢大家谢谢大家 谢谢大家谢谢大家人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力，明辨是非的能力。所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读，古人说“书中自有黄金屋。”通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识，培养逻辑思维能力；通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平，培养文学情趣；通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操，给我们巨大的精神力量，鼓舞我们前进。
