1、化学基础知识化学基础知识 三三. .参考书参考书1.1.化学信息学教程，化学信息学教程，Gasteiger,J and Engel,TGasteiger,J and Engel,T编著（德文）编著（德文）（梁逸曾，徐峻，姚建华等译），（梁逸曾，徐峻，姚建华等译）， 化工出版社，化工出版社，20052005年年2.2.化学专业英语，化学专业英语， 马永祥等编，马永祥等编， 兰大出版社，兰大出版社， 19971997年年3.3.化学信息学，化学信息学， 邵学广和蔡文生编邵学广和蔡文生编 科学出版社，科学出版社，20022002年年Part 1 Part 2 Chemical EquationsPa
2、rt 3 Chemical CalculationPart 4 Nomenclature Of Inorganic ChemicalsPart 5 Nomenclature Of Organic ChemicalsPart 1 颜色颜色 Exercise 试用英语描述氧气、氮气和金属铁的物理性质。 disproportionation neutralization; hydrolysis exothermic reaction endothermic reaction reversible reaction forward reaction reverse reaction spontaneo
3、us reaction nonspontaneous reaction 1.反应名称：化化 学学 方方 程程 式式Part 2 Chemical Equations2、反应条件 heat ; burn ignite/ignition electrolyze/electrolysis under/at ambient/room temperature under standard pressure with/in the prescence of catalyst 3、 读 法 3.1 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high t
4、emperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.N2 + 3H2 2NH3高温、高压催化剂 1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst. 3.2 Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with th
5、e presence of a catalyst. Ammonia decomposes to nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.3.3 Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia. At high temperature and pressure, reaction
6、 of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst takes place. Zinc treated with hydrochloric acid forms hydrogen and zinc chlorideZn + 2HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 3.4 Calcium carbonate when heated produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate is heated to yield calcium oxide and carbon d
7、ioxide Calcium carbonate decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide when it is heated3.1 化 学 术 语 atomic mass/weight ； molecular weight amount (of substance)； mole number of moles ； molar mass molar volume ； concentration molarity ； excess agent limiting agent ； reactant product ； yieldPart 3 Che
8、mical Calculation（化学计算化学计算 ）3.2 数学术语： 运算名称 addition substraction mulplication division 动词读法add substract(ed)from multiply(ied)by divide(d)by 介词读法plus minus times over 运算结果 sum difference product quotient 0.001 o/zero point o o one 2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less than
9、 greater than x2 x squared x3 x cubed x-10 x to the minus tenth power 100oc one hundred degrees centigrade 5% five percent (by mass, volume) （） round brackets/parentheses square/angular brackets bracesExercise 试用英语描述下面化学反应？ H2和O2在点燃的条件下生成H2O。 CaCO3在加热条件下分解。 Cu在O2中氧化。 Chapter 4. Nomenclature of compo
10、undsSection I. Inorganic compoundsNameSymbolNo.汉语名ActiniumAc89锕Aluminum*Al13铝AmericiumAm95嵋Antimony*Sb51锑Argon*Ar18氩Arsenic*As33砷Astatine*At85砹Barium*Ba56钡BerkeliumBk97锫Beryllium*Be4铍Bismuth*Bi83铋Boron*B5硼Bromine*Br35溴Cadmium*Cd48镉Calcium*Ca20钙CaliforniumCf98锎Carbon*C6碳CeriumCe58铈Cesium*Cs55铯一一. NAM
11、E OF THE ELEMENTSChlorine*Cl17氯Chromium*Cr24铬Cobalt*Co27 钴Copper*Cu29铜CuriumCm96锔DysprosiumDy66镝EinsteiniumEs99锿ErbiumEr68铒EuropiumEu63铕FermiumFm100镄Fluorine*F9氟FranciumFr87钫GadoliniumGd64钆Gallium*Ga31镓Germanium*Ge32锗Gold*Au79金HafniumHf72铪Helium*He2氦HolmiumHo67钬Hydrogen*H1氢Indium*In49铟Iodine*I53碘Iri
12、diumIr77铱Iron*Fe26铁Krypton*Kr36氪LanthanumLa57镧LawrenciumLr103铹Lead*Pb82铅Lithium*Li8锂LutetiumLu71镥Magnesium*Mg12镁Manganese*Mn25锰MendeleviumMd101钔Mercury*Hg80汞Molybdenum*Mo42钼NeodymiumNd60钕Neon*Ne10氖NeptuniumNp93镎Nickel*Ni28镍Niobium*Nb41铌Nitrogen*N7氮NobeliumNo102锘Osmium*Os76锇Oxygen*O8氧Palladium*Pd46钯P
13、hosphorus*P15磷Platinum*Pt78铂PlutoniumPu94钚PoloniumPo84钋Potassium*K19钾PraseodymiumPr59镨PromethiumPm61钜ProtactiniumPa91镤Radium*Ra88镭Radon*Rn86氡Rhenium*Re75铼Rhodium*Rh45铑Rubidium*Rb37铷Ruthenium*Ru44钌SamariumSm62钐ScandiumSc21钪Selenium*Se34硒Silicon*Si14硅Silver*Ag47银Sodium*Na11钠Strontium*Sr38锶Sulfur*S16硫T
14、antalum*Ta73钽Technetium*Tc43锝Tellurium*Te52碲Terbium*Tb65铽Thallium*Tl81铊ThoriumTh90钍ThuliumTm69铥Tin*Sn50锡Titanium*Ti22钛Tungsten*W74钨UraniumU92铀Vanadium*V23钒Xenon*Xe54氙YtterbiumYb70镱Yttrium*Y39钇Zinc*Zn30锌Zirconium*Zr40锆S-block Element IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesiu
15、m Fr FranciumIIA Be BerylliumMg MagnesiumCa CalciumSr StrontiumBa BariumRa Radium IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si Silicon P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth P-block Element (I)VIA VIIA 0 He HeliumO Oxy
16、gen F Fluorine Ne NeonS Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar ArgonSe Selenium Br Bromine Kr KryptonTe Tellurium I Iodine Xe XenonPo Polonium At Astatine Rn RadonP-block Element (II)Common Transition Elememt Ti: titanium Sc: scandium V: vanadium Cr: chromium Mn : manganese Fe : iron Co: cobalt Ni: nickel Cu: copper
17、 Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold Pd: Palladium Pt: platinum W: tungsten 固态固态液态液态气态气态人造元素人造元素1H 元素周期表元素周期表2He3Li4Be 5B6C7N8O9F10Ne11Na12Mg 13Al14Si15P16S17Cl18Ar19K20Ca21Sc22Ti23V24Cr25Mn26Fe27Co28Ni29Cu30Zn31Ga32Ge33As34Se35Br36Kr37Rb38Sr39Y40Zr41Nb42Mo43Tc44Ru45Rh46Pd47Ag48Cd49In50Sn51Sb52
18、Te53I54Xe55Cs56Ba57La72Hf73Ta74W75Re76Os77Ir78Pt79Au80Hg81Tl82Pb83Bi84Po85At86Rn87Fr88Ra89Ac104Rf105Db106Sg107Bh108Hs109Mt110Uun111Uuu112Uub113Uut114UuqLanthanon镧系元素镧系元素58Ce59Pr60Nd61Pm62Sm53Eu64Gd65Tb66Dy67Ho68Er69Tm70Yb71LuActinons锕系元素锕系元素90Th91Pa92U93Np94Pu95Am96Cm97Bk98Cf99Es100Fm101Md102No103Lr
19、二. Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts1. Single valence ions Cations name = Elementfor example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium2.Multivalence ionsCations name = Element(V)For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3
20、+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II)三. Naming nonmetal ions (anions)1. Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride (chlorine) O2- Oxide (oxygen) Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN- Cyanide S2- Sulfide H- Hydride 2. Polyatomic oxyanions (1). Acid r
21、adicals for normal salt Anions name = Central Elements root -ate for example: ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate (2). Acid radicals for meta-saltsAnions name = Central elements root -ite for example: ClO2- Chlorite IO2- Iodite PO33- Phosphite NO2- N
22、itrite SO32- Sulfite (3). Acid radicals for hypo-saltsAnions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite for example: ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite (4). Acid radicals for persaltsAnions name = Per-central Elements root -atefor example: ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Perman
23、ganate 四. Naming compounds1. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxidefor example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetraoxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide2. Nonmetal oxideNonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example:
24、CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide Numeral prefix English Latin一 mono- uni-二 di- bi- 三 tri- ter- 四 tetra- quadri-五 penta- quinque-六 hexa- sexi-七 hepta- sept-八 octa-九 nona-十 deca-3. Bases Base = Metal cation + hydroxidefor ex
25、ample: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide 4. Salts(1) CaC2 calcium carbide NaCl sodium chloride(2).Normal salt : Normal salt = Cation + anion for example HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2
26、CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite (3). Acidic saltsAcidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate(4).Basic saltsBasic salt =
27、 Cation + hydroxy-anionfor example: Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate Bi(OH)2NO3 Bismuth(III) dihydroxynitrate Ca(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate(4).Mixed saltsMixed salt = Cation + cation + anionfor example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfiteCaNH4PO4 Calciu
28、m ammonium phosphateAgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate 5. Acids(1). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite)Acid = Central elements root -ous + acidfor example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid (2). Per
29、-, hydro-,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide)Acid = Central elements root -ic + acidfor example: H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid (3)Hydrogen halogen acids Hydro- Central elements root-ic + acid For example: HCl: Hydrochloric acid HF: H
30、ydrofluoric acid HBr: Hydrobromic acid HI: Hydroiodic acid 除了水和氨气使用俗称water(H2O)，ammonia(NH3)以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称。对于卤族和氧族氢化物另一种方法是按盐命名。 For example： HF Hydrogen fluoride HCl Hydrogen chloride HBr Hydrogen bromide HI Hydrogen iodide H2S Hydrogen sulfide H2Se Hydrogen selenide H2Te Hydrogen telluride (4）
31、Other nonmatel hydride name=elements root + ane (氮族还可加-ine) For example： PH3: Phosphine or phosphane AsH3: Arsine or arsane SbH3: Stibine or stibane BiH3: Bismuthane CH4: Methane SiH4: Silane B2H6: DiboraneFormulaSaltAcidAsO43-Arsenate (-ic)Arsenic acidAsO33-ArseniteArsenous acidPO43-Phosphate (-oru
32、s)Phosphoric acidPO43-Phosphite Phosphorous acidSiO44-Silicate (-on)Silicic acidMnO4-Permanganate (-ese)Permanganic acidCO32-Carbonate (0)Carbonic acidCrO42-Chromate (-ium)Chromic acidCr2O72-DichromateDichromic acidC2O42-OxalateOxalic acid6.含氧酸根的命名补充 Formula SaltAcidWO42-Tungstate (-en)Tungstic acid
33、MoO42-Molybdate (-enum)Molybdic acidVO43-Vanadate (inm)Vanadic acidH2BO3-Borate (-on)Boric acidBiO43-Bismate (-uth)Bismic acidSbO43-Antimonate (-y)(Stibate) (-onium)Antimonic acidPtCl62-Hexchloroplatinate(IV) (-um)AlF63-Hexfluoroaluminate(III) (-um)FormulaSaltAcidNiO22-Nickelate (0)SeO42-Selenate (-
34、ium) Selenic acidPbO22-Plumbite (-ery)GeO42-Germanate (-ium)Germanic acidSnO42-StannateStannic acidTiO32-Titanate (-ium)Titanic acid五.Naming coordination complex1. Ligands(1). Negative ions as ligands Ligand = Elements root -ofor example: CN- Cyano NO2- Nitro F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO32-
35、Carbonato Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O= Oxo H- Hydrido OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato (2). Neutral molecules as ligandLigand = Radical namefor example: NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine2. Complex ions(1). Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charge Com
36、plex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(N)for example: Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I) Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II) Co(NH3)3(NO2)3 Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)(2).Complex ions with negative chargeComplex ion =n-Ligand-metals root-ate(N)for example: Fe(CN)64- Hexacyanoferrate(II) BF4- Tetrafluoroborate(III) Al
37、F63- Hexafluoroaluminate(III) AuCl4- Tetrachloroaurate(III)3.Naming complexComplex = Cation + anionfor example: L i A l H4 L i t h i u m tetrahydridoaluminate(III) Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetraca
38、rbonylnickel(0)Exercise H2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2 HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClO NaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5 H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3 CaHPO4 PtCl42- Ag(NH3)2Cl K4Fe(CN)6 Answer H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HCN hydrogen cyanide
39、 or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfide CuSO4 copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfate Fe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate or ferric nitrate HClO4 perchloric acid KCN potassium cyanide NH4Cl ammonium chloride NaClO sodium hypochlorite NaOH sodium hydroxide Mn(OH)2 Manganese(II) hydroxide Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide
40、 or ferric oxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide H2O2 hydrogen peroxide K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate CaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphate PtCl42- tetrachloroplatinum(II) Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)AnswerSection 5
41、. Nomenclature of organic compounds一. Naming alkanes1.1 Saturated unbranched hydrocarbons Alkane = Number prefix-anefor example:CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8
42、CH3 Decane 1119Alkane = Number prefix-decanefor example: 11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane 18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Icosane2129 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane for
43、example: 21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane 30-Alkane Triacontane 3139Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane pe
44、ntatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane 4090Alkane = Number prefix-contanefor example: 40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane 100-199=(10-99) number prefix-hectanefor example: 100 Alkane Hectane 110 Alka
45、ne Decahectane 125 Alkane Pentacosahectane 143 Alkane Tritetracontahectane 133 Alkane Tritriacontahectane 168 Alkane Octahexacontahectane1.2 Univalent radicals Radical = Alk -ylfor example: CH3- Methyl CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl1.3 Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbon(1) bra
46、nched-chain hydrocarbon = n-Radical+alkanefor example: CCCCCCCCCCCCC C CCCCCCC2-Methylbutane4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane2,2-Dimethylpropane(2) Other traditional name 加iso (异)， sec(仲)， tert(特)， neo(新)词头命名For example:(CH3)2CHCH3 isobutane(CH3)2CHCH2CH3 isopentane(CH3)4C Neopentane1.4 Univalent branched
47、 radicalsRadical = Alk -ylfor example:CCCCCCCCC2-Methylpropyl3-Methylbutyl1234CCCCsec-Butyl CCCCCtert-Butyl1.5 Polyside chain hydrocarbonButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropylfor example:CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC12345674-Ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane12345674-Ethyl-3-methyl-4-propyl-heptane二. Naming unsaturated
48、hydrocarbon 2.1 Unbranched acyclic alkeneAlkene = Number prefix-enefor example: C-C-C-C=C-C 2-Hexene C-C=C Propene C-C=C-C 2-Butene C-C-C-C=C 1-Pentene 2.2 Poly-enen-Alkene =Alk-a-n-ene n=2 -adiene n=3 -atriene n=4 -atetraenefor example: C-C=C-C=C-C=C 1,3,5-Heptatriene C=C-C=C 1,3-Butadiene C-C=C-C=
49、C 1,3-Pentadiene.CCCCC2-Methyl-2-buteneCCCCC CC2-Methyl-2,4-hexadieneCCC CCCCCCC3-Ethyl-4-Methyyl-1,5-heptadieneCCCCCCCCC2-Methyl-2,4,6-octatriene2.3 Alkyne Alkyne = Alk-yne (-a-n-yne) n=2 -adiyne n=3 -atriyne for example: CCCPropyneCCCCC2-PentyneCCEthyne (acetylene)CCCC1,3-Butadiyne2.4 Unsaturated
50、hydrocarbon with both double and triple bondsAlkenyne = Number prefix-enyne Two ene + one yne -adien-?-yne Three ene+ one yne -atrien-?-yne One ene + two yne -ene-?-diynefor example: CCCCCC1,3-Hexadien-5-yneCCCCC3-Penten-1-yneCC C CC C CC7-Octene-1,3-diyne烯炔命名的几点说明；1.先烯优于炔，即n某烯m炔2.双键定位号在最前面，三键定位号在en
