1、 Contemporary College English 现代大学英语现代大学英语 基础写作（下）基础写作（下）ContentSummaryManuscript form/Diction/Sentences/Paragraphs/Types of WritingNarration (Units 1 3 5 7)Description (Units 2 4 6)lLetters (Unit 8)Summary Writing 1.What a short piece of writing-the main facts or ideas of a story or article 2.Featu
2、res :objective , complete , balanced 3.Goal to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced understanding of the original paper. 4.Where : examination questions newspaper or TV reports employees reports 5.Tips read & master the main ideas figure out important details not adding extra thi
3、ngs limit the number of words preserve the mood and the toneGathering essential facts summarize the main idea1.essential facts and main actions2.necessary background 3.leave out unimportant things4.indirect speech and straightforward language5.in chronological (time) orderDifferences between summari
4、zingothersstoryThe main ideasThe main actionIn logical order(逻辑顺序)In chronological order(事情发展顺序)Diction-figure of speechSentences-sentence types: simple, compound, complex and compound-complex; loose, periodic, balanced and parallel.Paragraphs-coherence-order: time, space, logical (least-most; most-
5、least; obvious-subtle)Types of Writing: narrative; exposition; description; argumentationThere are many different forms of writing for different purposesPersuasiveExplanationInstructions and proceduresFactual AccountReportPoetryDescriptiveLetterNarrativeWritingWarm UpIs there a significant memory in
6、 your life? What is it? Try to share it with us.-writing styleNarration1.Whatthe type of writing which tells a story: personal experience, imaginative fiction, historical narrative2.Essential elements: events arranged in a chosen order told by a narrator purpose: to illustrate a point to support an
7、idea to explain a procedure(程序,步骤) to entertain the reader/audienceNarration3.How to write construct a topic sentence use the first person point of view present your personal experience in chronological order select details that serve your purpose connect the details by transitions p.s. ordinary exp
8、eriences are the beat sources for personal narrativesEven within each genre of writing there are different kinds of writingNarrativeAnecdoteBiographyStories with a plotNarrative PoemAutobiographyFables and LegendsNarrativeA narrative is a story developed from an event or a series of eventsCharacter,
9、 setting and the mood are usually established at the beginning of the storyThe middle describes events in which a character deals with some kind of conflictThe end of the story or climax, tells how the conflict is resolved CharacteristicsNarrative Has a plot- beginning including an interesting setti
10、ng (place, time)&characters middle end (climax)Activity 1 Check the sentences that you think would make interesting topic sentences for personal experience narrative. And explain it. (p.2)How to write a personal experience narrativeConstruct a topic sentenceUse the first person point of viewPresent
11、it in chronological orderSelect only the detailsConnect the details by using transitionsPersonal experience narrativeNarrator: first personStructure:1.beginning: topic sentence ( who, when, where, what, why, how.), describing the whole event 2. body: present the experience in chronological order ( u
12、sing some transitions: afterward, later, when, soon, while, before, then.) 3. end: summarize the whole text and show the theme (p.3 exercises+reading)Activity:Compare two passages by your peers (p.8,p.9) “Reunion with my best friend” “what a change”Which one is better?(Title, topic, structure, conte
13、nt, writing skill, language)WritingList all the ideas of reunion you have experienced. Make a planDiscuss with your classmateswrite according to your plan improvedEditing Narration -Effective sentences -action and active verbsTIPS replace the verbs be with an action verbs dont overuse the patternthe
14、re + be use the active voice (P141)Effective sentencesCoordination Subordination coordinationIt is combining two or more ideas in one sentence to create equal emphasis.You can coordinate words, phrases and clauses.Coordination of sentences is a grammatical strategy to communicate that the ideas in t
15、wo or more INDEPENDENT CLAUSES are equivalent or balanced. Coordination can produce harmony by bringing related elements together. Whenever you use the technique of coordination of sentences, make sure that it works well with the meaning you want to communicate.SubordinationIt is combining two or mo
16、re ideas in one sentence to create unequal emphasis.To give unequal emphasis to two or more ideas, you express the major idea in an independent clause and express minor ideas in subordinate clauses, phrases or single words. Effective sentences1.coordination(并列)Coordinating conjunctionsbut,or,nor,for
17、,so,yetCorrelative conjunctionsboth.and,either.or,nether.nor,notonly.but also,whether.orConjunctive adverbsHowever,moreover,furthermore,thereforeTransitional phrasesAs a matter of fact,for example,in other words2.subordination(从属)Subordinating conjunctionsAfter,although,as,because,before,if,since,th
18、ough,unless,until,when,where,whileRelative pronounsThat,which,who,whom,whoseCoordinating conjunctions: for (reason),and (addition), nor (negative choice), but (contrast), or (choice), yet (contrast), so (result or effect) Conjunctive adverbs: Addition: also, furthermore, moreover, besides, finallyCo
19、ntrast: however, still, nevertheless, nonetheless, conversely, nonetheless, instead, otherwise, stillComparison: similarly, likewiseResult or summary: therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, hence, thenTime: next, then, meanwhile, finally, subsequentlyEmphasis: indeed, certainly, specificallyTra
20、nsitional Phrases:Addition: in addition, equally importantContrast: on the other hand, in contrast, at the same time, on the contrary, even soComparison: in the same wayConcession: of course, to be sure, certainly, granted, admittedlyExample: for example, for instance, as an illustration, namely, sp
21、ecifically, in factSummary/Result: in short, in brief, in summary, in conclusion, as a result, accordinglyTime/Ranking: first, second, third (), next, finally, afterwards, meanwhile, subsequently, eventually, in the first place, at the same time, Subordinating conjunctions and their meaningsTimeafte
22、r, before, once, since, until, when, whenever, while After you have handed in your report, you cannot revise it.Reason or Causeas, because, since Because you have handed in your report, you cannot revise it.Purpose or Resultin order that, so that, that I want to read your report so that I can evalua
23、te it.Conditionif even, if, provided that, unless Unless you have handed in your report, you can revise it.Contrastalthough, even though, though, whereas, while Although you have handed in your report, you can ask to revise it.Choicethan, whether You took more time to revise than I did before the la
24、b report deadline.Place or Locationwhere, wherever Wherever you say, Ill come to hand in my report.常见连接词常见连接词Coordinators and SubordinatorsTo add ideas togetherAnd, also, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, too, first, second, finallyTO show emphasis and clarityAbove all, after all, in fact
25、, particularly, that is常见连接词常见连接词Coordinators and SubordinatorsTo show similarityLike, likewise, in the same manner, in the same way, similarlyTo show contrastAlthough, but, however, in comparison, in contrast, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, whereas, while, yet常见连接词常见连接词Coo
26、rdinators and SubordinatorsTo express cause and effect relationshipAs, because, due to, for, for this reason, now that, since, owing t, as a result (consequence), accordingly, consequently, therefore, thusTo point out examplesFor example, for instance, to illustrate常见连接词常见连接词Coordinators and Subordi
27、natorsTo draw a conclusion, an inference, or a summaryIn a word, in conclusion, in brief, in short, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, to sum up, thereforeTo indicate timeAt times, after, afterward, from then on, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, now, then, until, while.Activity 1P140 exercis
28、es.Correct faulty coordination or subordination in the following sentences. P.13Read and Compare the two readings from your peers (p18-19)my first experience with death, my first part time job.find out the phrases or words of coordination and subordination as much as possible.Analyzing “experience”
29、in terms of who experience, What is the experience, what is the lesson of the experience. Narration-to describe a person1.focus on the main character2.briefly describe the main character3.describe an incident to display the character and personality4.conclude with a remark about the impliesDiscussio
30、nDiscuss in your group about the following topic:My firstAccording to what you discussed, write a composition.Assignment: P14课外阅读 P16背诵Narration -Major types of point of view The first person point of viewI Observer or participantsubjectiveThe third person point of viewHe, she, theyObserverobjective
31、 Point of view-the perspective(观点)NarrationThe third person point of viewthe objective/dramatic 只叙述故事,不描写心理the limited omniscient(=all knowing)/limited 仅描写其中一个角色心理the omniscient 所有showing & tellingshowingtellingWays of telling a storyDramatize a scene (片面,突出想强 调的)Create a dialogue (为中心服务)Summarize w
32、hat happenedMore vividReaderexperience the scene directlyInclude many events and detailsShort narrative = showingLonger narrative = showing + tellingShort historical narratives 1.be brief account of a persons life the history of a family the establishment & development of an organizationShort histor
33、ical narratives2. basic structure Conclude withOpen withprovide a brief introduction(name,date of birth, birth place) a brief account of major phrases(turning point, achievement) a remark or twoShort historical narratives3.summary paragraphsA typical paragraphTopic sentence&Supporting sentencesExpla
34、nations or proofThe summary paragraphSimple facts &conclusionsParagraph Writing1.What a number of sentences-develop an idea2.Structure topic sentence & supporting details a single point a discussible point dont be too narrow(狭窄) or too broad(宽泛)Paragraph unity (一致性)1.What sentences that explain or s
35、upport the general statement2.How begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence stick and prove this single point ,not only repeat it link wordsParagraph coherence(连贯性)1.What every sentences after the first is connect to the one before it, to topic sentence, or to both2.How clear
36、 order (顺序) correct pronouns link words and expressionsInteresting paragraphInteresting paragraphInteresting topic sentenceEnough detailsSurroundingsappearancesactionsAnd so on.SurroundingsappearancesactionsSurroundingsappearancesAnd so on.actionsSurroundingsappearancesSurroundingsappearancesactions
37、SurroundingsappearancesAnd so on.actionsSurroundingsappearances3.parallelism(平行结构,排比)grammaticalequalparallelismcoordination所有平行结构都是并列结构所有平行结构都是并列结构 words phrases clauses4.variety How vary sentence opening use a variety of sentence structure invert sentences occasionally Tips put an verb before the
38、subject put the verb or direct object before the subject begin the sentence with a prepositional or an infinitive phrase begin the sentence with a subordinate clause5.conciseness -be brief unnecessary words 1) cut out unnecessary repetition empty phrase 2) use appropriate(合适的) language6.emphasis -em
39、phasize your point coordination 并列结构 subordination 从属结构 sentence ending 强调末尾 parallelism 平行结构 active verb choosing the right subjectBasic Writing (2)Essay Writing1. What is descriptive writing?2. Why do we use descriptive writing? 3. How to write description4. AssignmentDeliciousTastyYummyGoodFinger
40、-licking good A sentence definition of description:Description is to paint in the mind of the reader an image or a series of images by means of language.The purpose of a purely descriptive essay is to 1. involve the reader enough so he or she can actually visualize the things being described. 2. mak
41、e narration or exposition more lively, colorful and exciting when combined with them.1. A descriptive essay is generally developed through sensory details.The impressions of ones sensessight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.Types of descriptionObjective description-record details without making any
42、 personal comment.Subjective description-the writer is free to interpret details for the reader/ audience.Note: Few descriptions outside of science writing, however, are completely objective.Ways to develop a description essayThrough the impressions of ones senses-sight, hearing, taste, smell, and t
43、ouchUsing spatial order: describing the physical layout of the place(leftright, bottom top, clockwise/counterclockwise, insideoutside)Using chronological orderUse specific wordsDecide on the dominant impressionDominant Impression for Good Description Decide on a dominant impression-an overall attitu
44、de, mood or feeling about the place you are describing(the hustle and bustle of a market place, a haunted castle, a breathtaking scenery spot).E.g. describing a snowfall- let your reader know if it is ; What Is the Dominant Impression in the Following Photos?What Is the Dominant Impression in the Fo
45、llowing Photos?General and Specific Words for Good DescriptionSpecific words help to make writing clear, exact, vivid, and striking, for they are more informative and expressive than general words. Compare:a good mankind, honest, just, generous, sympathetic, warm-hearted, selfless, brave, honorableg
46、ood foodtasty, delicious, nourishing, rich, wholesome, fresh, appetizing, abundant Housemansion, villa（别墅）, chateau（庄园）, cottage, bungalow（平房）, cabin, hut, shack, shanty, barn(仓房）General and Specific Words for Good DescriptionPracticeEg. Laugh :smile, grin, chortle, guffaw, sneer, titter, giggleCry:
47、 sob, weep, blubber, snivel, howl, bawl, wail, moan, Animal:Flower : Wind :RainTree :Walk:Angry:Look at:General and Specific Words for Good DescriptionGeneral: It is often windy and dusty here in spring.Specific: In spring there is often a very strong northwest wind. It carries so much fine dust wit
48、h it that sometimes the sun becomes obscure. There is no escape from the fine dust; it gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair. It goes through the cracks of closed windows and covers your desks and chairs.General and Specific Words for Good DescriptionGeneral:General: The room
49、was a mess. Specific:Specific: As I walked into the room I could barely find a clean place to step. There were clothes all over the floor, along with papers, books, and possibly what looked like an old, moldy sandwich. The stench was unbearable.General and Specific Words for Good DescriptionGeneral
50、:I love the smell of sunshine. Specific: ?Your turnDescribing a placeDescribing a PlacePlaces may be described for their own sake, as in essays on visits to famous scenic places, but also for the purpose of revealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood.Eg. A clea
