经皮肾镜取石经皮肾造瘘是手术成功的关键经皮肾造瘘是手术成功的关键肾后隙P = which contains only fat - 从肾后隙穿刺最安全！肾中隙I = intermediate perirenal space, which contains the suprarenal glands, kidneys and proximal ureters, together with the perirenal fat肾前隙A =anterior pararenal space, extends across the midline from one side of the abdomen to the other, and contains the ascending and descending colons, the duodenal loop and the pancreas.肾中隙）n肺下界位于10肋间，故不管如何深度呼气，行第10肋间穿刺均是危险的，甚至可以说是禁止的。n任何肋间穿刺均应位于肋间隙的下半部分以免损伤肋间血管。n从高位穿刺入肾脏，只有很小的空间可以进行穿刺。n对于逆行造影肾盂肾盏正位侧位多个肾盏逆行造影均未发现精确的测量出各肾盏及各肾盏之间的夹角有时是非常困难的!穿刺定位手术路径的选定
