1、细菌学真菌学病毒学医学微生物学人体寄生虫学病原生物学Medical Microbiology（病原微生物病原微生物概念）概念）三大类三大类 八大类八大类青霉素作用点青霉素作用点溶菌酶溶菌酶作用点作用点N-乙酰乙酰葡糖胺葡糖胺N-乙酰乙酰胞壁酸胞壁酸细菌的致病因素细菌的致病因素脑膜炎奈瑟菌脑膜炎奈瑟菌肺炎链球菌肺炎链球菌不同杆菌的大小、长短、粗细很不一致。不同杆菌的大小、长短、粗细很不一致。中大肠埃希菌 2-3 m炭疽芽胞杆菌 3-10 m大小布鲁菌 0.6-1.5 m两端尖细两端尖细白喉棒状杆菌白喉棒状杆菌鼓槌状鼓槌状破伤风杆菌破伤风杆菌杆菌的形态多样杆菌的形态多样分枝杆菌分枝杆菌双歧杆菌双歧
2、杆菌螺旋体螺旋体螺杆菌螺杆菌弧菌弧菌芽孢芽孢炭疽杆菌及其芽胞炭疽杆菌及其芽胞细菌细菌L型的培养特性和菌落形态型的培养特性和菌落形态 丝状菌落丝状菌落 颗粒型菌落颗粒型菌落 油煎蛋样菌落油煎蛋样菌落（典型（典型L型菌落）型菌落）单毛菌单毛菌双毛菌双毛菌丛毛菌丛毛菌周毛菌周毛菌菌膜菌膜菌沉淀菌沉淀均匀浑浊均匀浑浊对照对照1、3：有动力：有动力2：无动力：无动力13245吸附吸附吸附是噬菌体与菌体表面吸附是噬菌体与菌体表面受体发生特异性结合的过受体发生特异性结合的过程，其特异性取决于噬菌程，其特异性取决于噬菌体蛋白与宿主菌表面受体体蛋白与宿主菌表面受体分子结构的互补性。分子结构的互补性。毒性噬菌体的
3、复制周期毒性噬菌体的复制周期溶菌性周期溶菌性周期当噬菌体感染细菌当噬菌体感染细菌时，宿主菌染色体时，宿主菌染色体中获得了噬菌体的中获得了噬菌体的DNA片段，使其成片段，使其成为溶原状态时，而为溶原状态时，而使细菌获得新的性使细菌获得新的性状。状。1. 转化转化(transformation)2. 接合接合(conjugation)接合接合：是细菌通过性菌是细菌通过性菌毛相互连接沟通，将遗毛相互连接沟通，将遗传物质（主要是质粒传物质（主要是质粒DNA）从供体菌转移给）从供体菌转移给受体菌。能通过结合方受体菌。能通过结合方式转移的质粒称为接合式转移的质粒称为接合性质粒，不能通过性菌性质粒，不能通过
4、性菌毛在细菌间转移的质粒毛在细菌间转移的质粒为非接合性质粒。为非接合性质粒。普遍性转导普遍性转导( generalized transduction)细菌在内切细菌在内切酶作用下酶作用下4. 溶原性转换溶原性转换(lysogenic conversion)当噬菌体感染细菌当噬菌体感染细菌时，宿主菌染色体时，宿主菌染色体中获得了噬菌体的中获得了噬菌体的DNA片段，使其成片段，使其成为溶原状态时，而为溶原状态时，而使细菌获得新的性使细菌获得新的性状。状。S型菌落型菌落R型菌落型菌落高高低低高高低低半透膜半透膜（低部）（低部）高渗高渗高渗高渗细胞膜细胞膜高渗高渗H2OH2OH2OH2O高渗高渗 H2
5、OH2OH2OH2OH H2 2O OH H2 2O O细胞壁细胞壁细胞膜细胞膜过滤除菌过滤除菌滤膜滤膜(1) 细菌细菌L型的形态和染色性型的形态和染色性蜡样芽胞杆菌蜡样芽胞杆菌L型的镜下形态（多形性）型的镜下形态（多形性）Progression of SmallpoxDay 7Day 3Day 5天花病毒 Pox virus1.非细胞型微生物非细胞型微生物2.原核细胞型微生物原核细胞型微生物3.真核细胞型微生物真核细胞型微生物病毒、（亚病毒）病毒、（亚病毒）真菌真菌病原微生物病原微生物 侵入人体（感染）侵入人体（感染）人体寄生虫人体寄生虫免免疫疫医学免疫学医学免疫学医学微生物学医学微生物学人
6、体寄生虫学人体寄生虫学Plastic kitchen cutting board surface - rod bacteria in a smooth matrix; filamentous bacteria ( 丝状菌 ) -smooth oval cells; fungal hyphae ( 真菌菌丝 ) with textured spores ( 结构孢子 ) (x 2,270)Rod-Shaped Bacterium, E. coli (SEM x22,245) E. coli (0157:H7) - a rod prokaryote. Hemorrhagic type 细菌（bac
7、teria）痢疾杆菌 Shigella sonnei - rod prokaryote; causes shigellosis (bacterial dysentery) (x 22,400) 霍乱弧菌 Vibrio cholerae - vibrio-shaped prokaryote that causes cholera (x 15,575) 伤寒杆菌 Salmonella - rod prokaryote ; note the flagella. Causes salmonellosis (food poisoning). (x 20,800) 化脓性链球菌Streptococcus
8、pyogenes - coccoid prokaryote; causes pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media (middle ear infection), food poisoning, puerperal fever (childbed fever), skin and wound infections (scarlet fever, erysipelas, impetigo) . Group A strep. SEM x56,000 粪链球菌 Streptococcus faecalis - coccoid prokaryote; a pathog
9、en causing skin and wound infections 螺旋杆菌 Spirochete bacteria奈氏球菌 Neisseria gonorrhoeae - coccoid prokaryote ; causes gonorrhea (SEM x 40,000) 脑膜炎球菌 Neisseria meningitidis - coccoid prokaryote ; causes meningitis and Waterhouse-Friderichson syndrome (a fulminating meningococcal infection occurring m
10、ainly in children under ten years old) 结核杆菌 Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rod-shaped Bacterium (SEM x40,000)白喉杆菌 Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Rod,clubed-shaped Bacterium (causes diphtheria) Robert Kochs original micrographs of anthrax bacillus （炭疽杆菌） 狂犬病病毒 Rabies virus心脏病毒 Cardiovirus: Molecular surfa
11、ce of Mengovirus, radially depth cued, as solved by X-ray crystallography 口蹄疫病毒 Aphthovirus: Molecular surface of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus, radially depth cued, as solved by X-ray crystallography病毒 （viruses）流感病毒 Influenza Virus乳头瘤病毒 Papilloma viruses are also found associated with human penile,
12、uterine and cervical carcinomas and are very likely to be their cause; moreover, genital warts can convert to carcinomas.DNA肿瘤病毒 DNA tumor viruses 腺病毒 Adenovirus These viruses are highly oncogenic in animals and only a portion of the virus is integrated into the host genome.天花病毒 Pox virus SV40 virus
13、, a polyoma virus Mammalian Reovirus Virion脊髓灰质炎病毒 polio virus人T-淋巴细胞病毒，攻击一个T- 淋巴细胞Human T-lymphocyte Virus Attacking a T-lymphocyte (TEM x26,400) HTLV-1 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus) : Causes Adult T-cell leukemia (Sezary T-cell leukemia) which is found in some Japanese islands, the Caribbean,
14、Latin America and Africa. HTLV-1 is sexually transmitted 真菌 Fungi are eukaryotic organisms 念珠菌Sputum smear from patient with pulmonary candidiasis. Gram stain. 烟曲霉菌的瓶状分生孢子Conidia: phialoconidia of Aspergillus fumigatus Gram-stain of vaginal smear showing Candida albicans （白色念珠菌） epithelial cells and
15、 many gram-negative rods. (1,000X oil) Plasmodium falciparum: Blood Stage Parasites: Thick Blood Smears Four Plasmodium species are responsible for human malaria（疟疾）, P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae （疟原虫）寄生虫 ParasitesTracomatous TRICHIASIS （沙眼衣原体） : at least one eyelash rubs on the eyeball
