1、高中英语语法2022-7-281Chapter 1 词类、句子成分和构词法一、词类（一、词类（1010种）种）名词名词 形容词形容词 代词代词 数词数词 冠词冠词 动词动词 副词副词 介词介词 连词连词 感叹词感叹词2022-7-282 名词名词:表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orangeboy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange 代词代词主要用来代替名词 who,she,you,it who,she,you,it 形容词形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征.good,rightgood,right 数词数词:表示数
2、目或事物的one,two,firstone,two,first 动词动词：表示动作或状.am,is,are,have,see am,is,are,have,see 副词副词：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等 now,very,here,often,quietly,slowlynow,very,here,often,quietly,slowly 冠词冠词：用在名词前,帮助说明名词 a,an,thea,an,the 介词介词：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。in,on,from,above,behindin,on,from,above,behind 连词连词:用来连接
3、词、短语或句子and,but,beforeand,but,before 感叹词感叹词:表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情oh,oh,well,hi,hello.well,hi,hello.2022-7-283二、句子成分（7种）主语主语:谁（名词或代词）I Im Miss Green.谓语谓语:做什么（动词）He cleanscleans the room.表语表语:怎么样（名词、代词或形容词）My name is Ping Ping pingping 宾语宾语:什么（名词或代词）He can spell the wordthe word 定语定语:修饰名词或代词 a big big city 状语状语
4、:修饰动词、形容词、副词（副词）.works hardhard 宾补宾补:说明宾语怎么样或干什么(形容词或动词)keep their classroom cleanclean同位语同位语:紧跟在名词代词后面,进一步说明 Where is your classmate,TomTom?2022-7-284 CHU SAN YING YU ZONG FU XI 名词的数名词的所有格名词的变化可数名词不可数名词普通名词专有名词2022-7-285名词名词：可数名词可数名词不可数名词不可数名词单数单数复数复数转转变变2022-7-286一、英语可数名词的单复数 规则变化在单数名词词尾加s ss,o,xs
5、,o,x,sh,chsh,ch结尾的词加es es以辅音字母加y y结尾的名词,变y y为i i,再加es es以f f或fe fe结尾的名词,变f f或fe fe为v v,再加e es s。不规则变化manmanmen,womanmen,womanwomen,sheepwomen,sheepsheepsheep 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词a bag of ricea bag of ricetwo bags of rice,two bags of rice,a piece of papera piece of paperthree pieces of paper
6、 three pieces of paper 2022-7-287Practice:There are many (bus)and (car)on the street.I have two (watch),so I give a (watch)to my sister.Yesterday I went to the supermarket and bought some （dish）carsbuseswatcheswatchdishes2022-7-288练习：写出下列单词的单数或复数形式friendcattree ssquestion sskey stoysphoto stomato es
7、potato esleaf/leaveszoo sradiosholiday sbaby/babiescity/citiesroofsbus esbox es2022-7-289二、名词所有格 表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加s：ChildernsChilderns Day Day(儿童节儿童节)以s s或es es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加Teachers Day(Teachers Day(教师节教师节)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加ssChinas population(Chinas population(中国的人口中国的人口).).无论表示有生
8、命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词ofof短语来表示所有关系a fine daughter of the Party(a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿党的好女儿).).2022-7-2810单复数同形:英语中，有些名词的单数与复数同行:例：people、Chinese、Japanese、fish、deer（鹿）、sheep（绵羊）e.g:There are many fish in the river.We have a fish for lunch.2022-7-2811 记住以下10个要把f或者fe改成v加es的单词：wife(妻子)，life(生
9、命)，knife(小刀)，leaf(树叶)，thief(贼)，half(一半)，self(自己)，shelf(架子)，loaf(面包)，wolf(狼)。重点但roof-roofs(屋顶)是例外！2022-7-2812辨认下列哪些是名词，哪些不是名词：computer，take coffee，water，run.notebook.bring,table,sport interesting,Monday age new actor sell 2022-7-2813根据所给单词的正确形式填空：1.Different people may have different _.(idea)2.I ofte
10、n go to work on.(foot)3.I know one of the .(boy)4.Mr.Brown is wearing a pair of .(glass)5.Please give them their .(photo)6.Are there any in the box?(watch)7.There are twelve in a year.(month)ideasfootboysglassesphotoswatchesmonths2022-7-28148.Would you like some?(tomato)9.Look at those in the boats!
11、(people)10.Look!The are singing.(woman)11.September 10th is Day.(teacher)12.Jim has some .(knife)13.How much are these?(vegetable)14.My school is twenty _ walk from here.(minute)15.The girl under the tree is a friend of_.(Lucy)LucysminutesvegetablestomatoespeoplewomenTeachersknives2022-7-2815代词代词人称代
12、词人称代词 物主代词物主代词 反身代词反身代词 指示代词指示代词 关系代词关系代词 疑问代词疑问代词 连接代词连接代词 不定代词不定代词2022-7-2816人称代词人称代词物主代词物主代词反身代词反身代词指示代词指示代词相互代词相互代词疑问代词疑问代词关系代词关系代词不定代词不定代词一一.概念概念二、分类二、分类:按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：主格主格I,you,she,he,it,we,you,they,I,you,she,he,it,we,you,they,宾格宾格 me,you,her,him,it,us,you,themme,you,her,hi
13、m,it,us,you,themadjadj性性 my,your,her,his,its,our,your,their,my,your,her,his,its,our,your,their,n n性性 mine,yours,hers,his,its,ours,yours,theirs mine,yours,hers,his,its,ours,yours,theirs myself,yourself,myself,yourself,herherself,self,him himself,self,it itself,self,ourselves,ourselves,yourselves,your
14、selves,themthemselves,oneselfselves,oneselfthis,that,these,those,this,that,these,those,each other,one another each other,one another who,whom,which,whose,whatwho,whom,which,whose,whatwho,whom,which,whose,that,aswho,whom,which,whose,that,as代词是代替名词的一种词类。代词是代替名词的一种词类。用来代替用来代替上文中提到过上文中提到过的人或物。的人或物。大多数代词
15、具有大多数代词具有名词名词和和形容词形容词的功能。的功能。sth;sb;both;all;no;another,others sth;sb;both;all;no;another,others 2022-7-2817一一.人称代词人称代词第一人称第一人称第二人称第二人称第三人称第三人称 人称人称格格数数单数单数复数复数 主格主格 宾格宾格 主格主格 宾格宾格I Iyouyouheheshesheit itmemeyouyou him him her her it itweweyouyoutheytheyususyouyouthemthem2022-7-2818主格、宾格、所有格讲解主格、宾格、
16、所有格讲解1、人称代词主格人称代词主格：在句子开头作主语，表示谁怎：在句子开头作主语，表示谁怎么样了、干什么了。么样了、干什么了。例:1)Iamateacher.2)Youarestudent.Heisastudent,too.3)We/You/Theyarestudents.2、人称代词宾格人称代词宾格：在动词或介词后作宾语，表示：在动词或介词后作宾语，表示动作行为的对象。动作行为的对象。例：1）Giveittome.2)Letsgo(lets=letus)3.物主代词所有格物主代词所有格:用在名词前，表示是谁的东西用在名词前，表示是谁的东西 例例:1):1)Thisismybook.2)W
17、eloveourmotherland.我们热爱我们的祖国2022-7-2819二二.物主代词物主代词人称人称分分类类 第一人称第一人称 第二人称第二人称 第三人称第三人称 单数单数 复数复数 单数单数 复数复数 单数单数复数复数形形容容词词性性 名名词词性性 my my ourouryour your your your his his her her its its their their mine mine ourours s youryours s youryours s his his herhers s its its theirtheirs s 2022-7-28205.Shall
18、 _ have a look at that classroom?That is 5.Shall _ have a look at that classroom?That is _ classroom.(we)_ classroom.(we)6.Are these _ tickets?No,_are not 6.Are these _ tickets?No,_are not _._arent here.(they)_._arent here.(they)7.I have a beautiful cat._name is Mimi.These 7.I have a beautiful cat._
19、name is Mimi.These cakes are _.(it)cakes are _.(it)theytheirourwetheirsTheirsitsits2022-7-28211 1、单数你他我，复数一二三，道歉我为先、单数你他我，复数一二三，道歉我为先.一一.人称代词人称代词1.1.我、你、他、都我、你、他、都1818岁。岁。_2.2.你们、我们、他们都来自中国。你们、我们、他们都来自中国。_._.You,he and I are 18.You,he and I are 18.We,you and they are from ChinaWe,you and they are fr
20、om China2 2、在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在、在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not not 后多用宾格后多用宾格.I like English._ too.I like English._ too.A.I B.He C.Me A.I B.He C.Me2022-7-28221.Who broke the window?1.Who broke the window?Not _.Not _.A.I B.he C.her A.I B.he C.her2.Miss Li invited _ have dinner with her.2.Miss Li invited _ have
21、 dinner with her.A.me and you A.me and you B.you and I B.you and I C.you and me C.you and me3.Who taught _ English last term?3.Who taught _ English last term?A.them B.their C.they A.them B.their C.they2022-7-28231Is this _ book?AYou BI Cshe Dyour2Its a bird._ name is Polly.AItsBIts CHisDIt3Whats tha
22、t?_ a jeep.AitsBIts CItsDits4Whats that in English?_.AIts eggBThats egg CIts a eggDIts an egg2022-7-2824练习一、用所给词的适当形式填空练习一、用所给词的适当形式填空 1.That is not _ kite.That kite is very small,but _ is very big.(I)2.The dress is _.Give it to _.(she)3._ dresses are red.(we)What colour are _?(you)4._ is my brother
23、._ name is Jack.Look!Those stamps are _.(he)mymineherhersHeHisOurhisyours2022-7-2825一、选出括号中正确的词，一、选出括号中正确的词，在正确的词上打勾。在正确的词上打勾。1.This is（my/I）mother.2.Nice to meet（your/you）.3.（He/His）name is Mark.4.Whats（she/her）name?5.Excuse（me/my/I）.2022-7-2826ExercisesExercises：正确的代词形式填空。正确的代词形式填空。1._ am Peter._
24、mom is a teacher.(my)1._ am Peter._ mom is a teacher.(my)2._ is a tall boy._ name is Jim.(He)2._ is a tall boy._ name is Jim.(He)3.That isnt a cat._(It/They)is a dog.3.That isnt a cat._(It/They)is a dog.4._ are from Britain.Whats _ name?4._ are from Britain.Whats _ name?(you).(you).5._ is new.Whats
25、_ name?(her)5._ is new.Whats _ name?(her)6._ are students.(you)6._ are students.(you)I IMy My HeHeHisHisIt ItYou You youryourShe She herherThey They 2022-7-2827 1.1.这是这是你的你的狗。这只狗是狗。这只狗是你的你的。2.2.这是这是她的她的汉堡包。这个汉堡包是汉堡包。这个汉堡包是她的她的。3.3.这是这是他的他的猫。这只猫是猫。这只猫是他的他的。4.4.这些是这些是我们的我们的香蕉。这些香蕉是香蕉。这些香蕉是我们的。我们的。5.5.
26、这是这是他们的他们的汽车。这辆汽车是汽车。这辆汽车是他们的他们的。This is her hamburger.This hamburger is hers.This is your dog.This dog is yours.This is his cat.This cat is his.These are our bananas.These bananas are ours.This is their car.This car is theirs.2022-7-2828练习二、单项选择。练习二、单项选择。()1.My uncle gave a new bike to _.A.theirsB.
27、they C.meD.I()2.This is a photo of _family.May I have one of _?A.yours;my B.my;yours C.your;my D.yours;mine()3.Heres a postcard for you,Jim!Oh,_is from Mary.A.heB.it C.she D.its BBC2022-7-28294、Give _（她）a toy,please.5、_(你们的)eyes are black._（你们）come from Japan.6、Tim and Bill are twins._（他们）are from E
28、ngland.Show _（他们）around _(我们的)school.herYourYouTheythemour2022-7-2830三三.反身代词反身代词 人称人称分类分类第一人称第一人称第二人称第二人称 第三人称第三人称单单 数数 复复数数myself myself ourselourselvesves yourself yourself yourselyourselvesveshimselfhimselfthemselthemselvesvesherself herself itself itself 2022-7-28311.1.The man is rich,he can buy
29、 _ a lot of things.The man is rich,he can buy _ a lot of things.A.A.hehe B.B.hishis C.C.himself himself2.-What a lovely card!Where did you buy it?2.-What a lovely card!Where did you buy it?-I made it by _.-I made it by _.A.A.meme B.B.myselfmyself C.C.itselfitself3.“Help _ to some chicken,”my mother
30、said 3.“Help _ to some chicken,”my mother said to the guests.to the guests.A.A.yourselfyourself B.B.yourselvesyourselves C.C.youryour2022-7-2832 few few/a few a few&little little/a little a little 当前面由当前面由onlyonly 修饰，常用修饰，常用 a a few few 或或a little.a little.a littlea little 可表示可表示“有点，稍微有点，稍微”肯定否定可数a
31、fewfew不可数a littlelittle2022-7-28331.1.Although all the girls have tried their best,only _ Although all the girls have tried their best,only _ pass the exam.pass the exam.A.few B.a few C.a little A.few B.a few C.a little2.Dont worry.There is _ time left.2.Dont worry.There is _ time left.A.little B.a
32、little C.few A.little B.a little C.few3.You are so great!_ people in the school can do 3.You are so great!_ people in the school can do it.it.A.A little B.Little C.Few A.A little B.Little C.Few2022-7-2834不定代词的使用原则 somesome和 anyany 的用法 nono和nonenone的用法 allall和bothboth的用法 everyevery和eacheach用法 eithere
33、ither和neitherneither的用法 otherother、the otherthe other和anotheranother的用法 manymany和muchmuch的用法 fewfew、littlelittle、a fewa few、a littlea little的用法2022-7-2835四、指示代词四、指示代词this/that/these/thosethis/that/these/those单数单数复数复数用法用法1用法用法2thisthese近指近指指下文将要提及的事指下文将要提及的事thatthose远指远指指前面刚提过的事指前面刚提过的事【辨析辨析】one,it,t
34、hatone,it,that it it 常用来特指上下文提到的常用来特指上下文提到的同类事物同类事物，用来指可数名词或，用来指可数名词或者不可数名词，者不可数名词，oneone泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一份子一份子，用，用于代替可数名词，于代替可数名词，thatthat常用在比较等级中，代表前面提到的常用在比较等级中，代表前面提到的名名词词，以避免重复。，以避免重复。The book is mine.It is very interesting.The book is mine.It is very interesting.I have some apples.
35、You can have one.I have some apples.You can have one.The weather of Dalian is much wetter than that of Lanzhou.The weather of Dalian is much wetter than that of Lanzhou.36四四.指示代词指示代词 The population of Shanghai is larger than _ of Jinan.The population of Shanghai is larger than _ of Jinan.A.that B.th
36、is C.it A.that B.this C.it The radios made in Beijing are as good as _ made in The radios made in Beijing are as good as _ made in Qingdao.Qingdao.A.that B.these C.those A.that B.these C.those What I want to tell you is _the film will be at eight.What I want to tell you is _the film will be at eight
37、.A.it B.this C.that A.it B.this C.that2022-7-2837数词复习数词复习2022-7-2838基数词的构成基数词的构成1 1）1 112,12,独立成词。独立成词。one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelveone two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve2 2）13-19,13-19,由由3 39+teen9+teen构成。构成。14four14fourteen teen 16-six16-six
38、teen teen 17-seven17-seventeenteen 19nine 19nineteenteen 特殊拼写特殊拼写:13 th:13 thir irteenteen 15-fi 15-fif fteenteen 18eigh 18eight teeneen 3 3）202090,90,以以-ty-ty结尾。结尾。20tw20twenenty ty 30-th 30-thir irty ty 40fo 40for rty ty 50fi 50fif fty ty 80-eigh 80-eight ty y 60-six 60-sixty ty 70-seven70-seventy
39、 ty 90nine90ninety ty 4 4）21219999，两位数，十位与个位之间有两位数，十位与个位之间有“”。21 twenty21 twentyone 55 fiftyone 55 fiftyfive 99 ninetyfive 99 ninetyninenine5 5）101999101999，三位数，百位与十位，三位数，百位与十位/个位之间加个位之间加andand。101 one hundred 101 one hundred andand one one 840 eight hundred 840 eight hundred andand forty forty 693
40、six hundred 693 six hundred andand ninety ninety-threethree 2022-7-28391414404050501515171770709090191918188080606016162022-7-2840序数词的构成序数词的构成1)11)13,3,first,second,third first,second,third。2)42)419,19,相应基数词相应基数词+th,+th,特殊拼写特殊拼写:fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfthfifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。3)203)2090,90,y y变
41、成变成ie ie+th,+th,如如twenttwentiethieth。4)214)2199,99,只把个位的基数词变成序数词只把个位的基数词变成序数词 如如twenty-twenty-firstfirst。5)5)序数词缩写序数词缩写-数字最后两字母数字最后两字母 如如1st,2nd,3rd,4th1st,2nd,3rd,4th2022-7-28415.The _ question is much 5.The _ question is much more difficult than this one.more difficult than this one.A.sixthA.sixth
42、B.sixB.sixC.sixteenC.sixteenD.sixtyD.sixty2022-7-284251.There are _ months in a 51.There are _ months in a year.year.A.twelveA.twelveB.twelfB.twelfC.twelvethC.twelvethD.twelfthD.twelfth2022-7-28431.hundred1.hundred thousand thousand (表示具体数字表示具体数字)million million billion billion2.hundred2.hundreds s
43、thousand thousands s (表示概数表示概数)million millions s billion billions s三三.基数词的用法基数词的用法数词数词(several)+(several)+ofofsome some/many hundred many hundreds s ofof2022-7-28441.If a=3,b=4,whats the answer to the problem,a+2ab+1=?the answer is_.A.twenty eight B.twenty-eighth C.twenty-eight2.In our school sever
44、al _ students are able to search the Internet.A.hunderd of B.hunderds of C.hundred2022-7-28453.Many _ sheep were killed in the accident.A.thousands of B.thousand C.thousands4.There are over nine _ workers in the factory,but _ of young people hope to work in it.A.hundred;hundreds B.hundreds;hundreds
45、C.hundreds;hundred2022-7-2846时间类型时间类型表示法表示法例例读法读法整点整点基数词（基数词（+oclock)1:0030分钟分钟分钟分钟+past+小时小时 2:10=30 分钟分钟half+past+小时小时3:3030分钟分钟（60-分钟）分钟）+to+（小时（小时+1）4:40分钟逢分钟逢15即即 一刻钟一刻钟a quarter5:156:45简化法简化法按顺序读基数词按顺序读基数词7:50one oclockten past twohalf past threetwenty to fivea quarter past fivea quarter to se
46、venseven fifty表示在几点钟用介词表示在几点钟用介词 at at四四.数词的表示法数词的表示法 时间时间2022-7-28471.Its already 7:40 now.When will the film start?1.Its already 7:40 now.When will the film start?_.We still have five minutes._.We still have five minutes.A.A quarter to seven A.A quarter to seven B.Seven past forty-five B.Seven pas
47、t forty-five C.A quarter to eight C.A quarter to eight2022-7-2848(1)(1)序数词作定语，前面要加序数词作定语，前面要加thethe；TheThe first truck is carrying a food basket first truck is carrying a food basket John lives on John lives on thethe fifteenth floor fifteenth floor She is She is mymy first English teacher.first Eng
48、lish teacher.(2)(2)有时加有时加a/ana/an，“再一再一”，“又一又一”的意思的意思Well have to do it Well have to do it a seconda second time time Shall I ask him Shall I ask him a thirda third time time？When I sat downWhen I sat down，a fourtha fourth man rose to speak man rose to speakThey had They had a seconda second child i
49、n 1988 child in 1988序数词的用法序数词的用法2022-7-28491.In figures(1.In figures(数字数字),a million is),a million is _._.A.10,000A.10,000B.100,000B.100,000C.1,000,000C.1,000,000D.100,000,000D.100,000,0002022-7-28501 15 5分子分子 基数词基数词分母分母 序数词序数词one fifthone fifth2 27 7分子分子 1 1分母分母 +s+stwo seventhtwo sevenths s1 14 4分
50、子分子 a a分母分母 quarterquartera quartera quarter3 34 4three quarterthree quarters s1 12 2a halfa half1 13 3threethree andand one third one third3 3基数词基数词 +and+and+分数分数四四.数词的表示法数词的表示法 分数百分数分数百分数2022-7-28511/21/31/424/25 3/43three fourths/three quartersthree fourths/three quartersone third/a thirdone thir
