1、Get StartedText StudySupplementary ResourcesGet StartedGet Started1.A General Introduction2.Focus InGet StartedGet Started Modernism was born at the turn of the 20th century and swept many countries.Many social and psychological problems found expression in cultural and literary form,thus representi
2、ng the real mood and emotion of the ordinary people in the West who were torn by countless troubles arising out of the social,political and cultural contradictions and clashes.At this juncture,the emergence of a number of schools of social ideology in the late 19th century,such as Freuds theory of p
3、sycho-analysis,Bergsons theory of intuitionalism as well as the seemingly irrational ideas of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche helped define and clarify the spiritual needs of those intellectuals.These ideological varieties further emancipated peoples mind and gave them both courage and direction to tap t
4、he new area of human knowledge and ideology.Get Started In a way the change of the cultural and intellectual climate in this period had something to do with romanticism and cultural trend of the time.More radical modes of creation appeared,first in poetry and then spread to other forms of writing an
5、d art.They were more rebellious,more radical,more opposed to tradition and social reality and more concerned with their own forms of subjective representation.Such a changed approach moved eventually into modernism.Symbolism as an aesthetic movement opened the way for the eventual arrival of moderni
6、sm,a grand and complicated cultural movement taking form at the beginning of the 20th century.It included literature and art and embraced many schools of ideological rebellion and alternative forms of artistic representation.It marked the inception of a really new era in terms of cultural and intell
7、ectual development.Get Startedl To understand the background and definition of modernisml To compare the different modernist trends of literaturel To get familiar with the major modernist figuresl To get to know the literary and cultural criticism of new eraText StudyText StudyI.A General Account of
8、 ModernismII.Modernist Trend of LiteratureIII.Modernist Literature in Britain and Other English-speaking CountriesIV.Literary and Cultural Criticism of New EraText StudyMain Ideasl The early signs of Modernism(the middle of the 19th century in France)Baudelaire in poetry/Manet in painting/Flaubert i
9、n prose fiction two schools of arts and letters:impressionism and symbolisml The definition of Modernism(by Morris Bib)i.two extremes:the reestablishment of religious faith on the one hand and the defence of individualist,anarchist culture on the other ii.one middle line:the vacillation between fait
10、h and bewilderment,belief and suspicionMain Ideasl a salient characteristic of Modernismindividual awarenessl The core of Modernist thought i.the sense of despair,bitterness and anxiety:the death of all modern idols:God,man,reason,science,progress and history age of anxiety:anxiety of meaninglessnes
11、s(loss of a spiritual center,faith and values)ii.the maturation of the modernist movement:literary revolution by the“lost generation”:to rebel against the senseless slaughter of WWI and the traditional values artistic revolution by the Dada:to break with the values of the 19th century and its philos
12、ophical and personal materialism and its rationalism Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeaslModernist performances in literature and art features:represent both progressive and radical tendencies;insist upon the subjectivity expressive means:expressionism,cubism,post-impressionism,futuri
13、sm,etc.emblem:the adversary culture major figures among writers:T.S.Eliot,James Joyce,Gertrude Stein,Virginia Woolf major figures among composers:Arnold Schoenberg,Igor Stravinsky,Anton Webern major figures of modern dance:Emile Jaques-Delcroze,Rudolf Laban,Loie Fuller Main IdeasText StudyMain Ideas
14、 Modernist Influence to bring about a variety of Modernist genres and groups:Bolshevik tendencies,International Style,avant-garde activity,etc.to revolt against the values of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois conservative values to cause a series of cultural and artistic works different from t
15、raditional form of art to open a way of thinking and creation to human cultural and spiritual development,and move to the Postmodernist eraMain Ideasmajor figures among painters:Edouard Manetmajor figures among architects:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,Le Corbusierl Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText Stud
16、yMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsRealpolitik(power policy)实力政策实力政策:It refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations,rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical
17、 premises.In this respect,it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism.Realpolitik is a theory of politics that focuses on considerations of power,not ideals,morals,or principles.Balancing power to keep the European pentarchy was the means for keeping the peac
18、e,and careful Realpolitikers tried to avoid arms races.The most famous German advocate of“Realpolitik”was Otto von Bismarck.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsthe Lost Generation 迷惘的一代迷惘的
19、一代:A term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.The term is commonly applied to Hart Crane,Ernest Hemingway,F.Scott Fitzgerald,and others.
20、Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsDada or Dadaism 达达主义达达主义:A cultural movement that began in Zurich,Switzerland,during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922.The movement primarily involved visual arts,literaturepoetry,art manifestoes,art theorytheatre,and g
21、raphic design,and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works.Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants considered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world.In addition to being anti-war,Dada was also anti-bour
22、geois and anarchist in nature.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsInternational Style 国际风格国际风格:A major architectural style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s,the formative decades of Modernist architecture.The term had its origin
23、 from the name of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson written to record the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932 which identified,categorized and expanded upon characteristics common to Modernism across the world.A
24、s a result,the focus was more on the stylistic aspects of Modernism.Hitchcocks and Johnsons aims were to define a style of the time,which would encapsulate this modern architecture.They identified three different principles:the Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural Ter
25、msText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsexpression of volume rather than mass,balance rather than preconceived symmetry and the expulsion of applied ornament.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsavant-garde activity 先锋派运动先锋派运动:Avant-garde represents a pushing
26、 of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo,primarily in the cultural realm.The notion of the existence of the avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism,as distinct from postmodernism.Many artists have aligned themselves with the avant-garde movement an
27、d still continue to do so,tracing a history from Dada through the situationists to postmodern artists such as the language poets around 1981.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyComprehension ExercisesFill in the blanks.C
28、omprehension Exercises1.The early signs of Modernism emerged in the middle of the 19th century.In the arts and letters,two schools originating in France had particular impact.They were and symbolism.2.The broadly acceptable definition of Modernism was given by Morris Bib,who stated that Modernism sh
29、ould contain and one middle line.3.The artists who rebelled against the senseless slaughter of the WWI and raised the literary revolution in the 1920s were called .impressionismtwo extremesthe“lost generation”_Text StudyComprehension ExercisesComprehension Exercises4.In the visual arts the roots of
30、Modernism are often traced back to painter ,who broke away in the 1860s from inherited notions of perspective,modeling,and subject matter.5.The second stage of Modernism is ,a period with more reflection on and positive attitude towards the past.Edouard ManetPostmodernist era_Fill in the blanks.Mode
31、rnism,in its broadest sense,is modern thought,character,or practice.More specifically,the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools,originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twent
32、ieth centuries.The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the“traditional”forms of art,architecture,literature,religious faith,social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic,social and political developments under the influence of ind
33、ustrialization and colonization.Text StudyThink and DiscussSay something you know about Modernism,including its performance and features.Think and DiscussText StudyThink and Discuss Modernism despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes,could be
34、 regarded basically to be irrational,that is,in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization.History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which,with all its justifications,only survived a few decades since its begi
35、nning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained.The reason is simple no one could not reject allThink and DiscussText StudyThink and Discussthe inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these in
36、heritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from.In that sense people after modernism,particularly the cultural people or intellectuals,have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement,that they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positi
37、ve elements from tradition.Think and Discussdeath,dusk,autumn,fallen leaves,tolls at grave,burned-out candles,etc.representativestone of worksthemesBaudelaire,RimbaudVerlaine,MoreasMallarme,ValeryText StudyMain IdeasMain Ideascharacterized by pain,frustration and sorrowdeny rational knowledge and lo
38、gical thinking;ignore reality and use intuitional power;express idealistic beauties in abstract imageMajor Schools of ModernismSymbolismideas Ernest Hulme,Ezra Pound,T.S.Eliotrepresentativesimage being the essence of intuitional language;catch images in life by intuitional powerideasImagismMarinetti
39、,DAnnunziorepresentativesText StudyMain IdeasMain Ideasdeny the importance of past cultural heritage;eulogize modern urban life and the machine-age civilization;advert formalism;use mathematical symbols to create“future art”FuturismideasModernist Techniques of Expressioni.preference for the symbolic
40、ii.fascination with the absurdiii.disillusionment with the traditional(anti-fiction,anti-drama)iv.representation of inwardnessText StudyMain IdeasMain Ideasdramatists:Eugene ONeil,Bertolt Brecht,Johan August Stindberg,novelist:Kafka Metamorphosi The Trial and The Castlerepresentativessocial crisis a
41、nd mans alienation are the central concernExpress-ionismideasText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termscubism 立体主义立体主义:A 20th century avant-garde art movement,pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque,that revolutionized European painting and sculpture,and inspired related movements in music,lit
42、erature and architecture.The first branch of cubism,known as Analytic Cubism,was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France.In its second phase,Synthetic Cubism,the movement spread and remained vital until around 1919,when the Surreali
43、st movement gained popularity.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termssurrealism 超现实主义超现实主义:A cultural movement that began in the early 1920s,and is best known for the visual artworks and writ
44、ings of the group members.Surrealist works feature the element of surprise,unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur;however,many surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost,with the works being an artifact.Leader Andr Breton wa
45、s explicit in his assertion that surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsthe stream of consciousness 意识流意识流:a modernist literary school emphas
46、izing psychological representation,featured by interior monologue and associative(and at times dissociative)leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing a characters fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretat
47、ion of Cultural Termsexistentialism 存在主义存在主义:A term applied to the work of a number of philosophers since the 19th century who,despite large differences in their positions,generally focused on the condition of human existence,and an individuals emotions,actions,responsibilities,and thoughts,or the m
48、eaning or purpose of life.Existential philosophers often focused more on what they believed was subjective,such as beliefs and religion,or human states,feelings,and emotions,such as freedom,pain,guilt,and regret,as opposed to analyzing objective knowledge,language,or science.The early 19th century p
49、hilosopher Sren Kierkegaard is regarded as the father of existentialism.Interpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsInterpretation of Cultural TermsText StudyComprehension ExercisesMatch the following schools of modernism with their representatives.Schools(1)symbolism(2
50、)futurism(3)imagism(4)expressionismRepresentativesa.Ezra Pound b.Baudelaire c.Eugene ONeilld.Marinetti Comprehension ExercisesText StudyThink and DiscussTell the major schools of modernism and their common techniques of expression.The major schools of modernism are:symbolism,futurism,imagism,express
