1、国际贸易实务教程（双语）Ch.3 Shipment1 Modes of TransportOcean transportn3/4 of the trade among nations is transported by water.nFeatures of ocean transport:lRelatively economical mode of transport for bulky and heavy goods.lA safe mode of transport with respect to occurrence of accidents.lThe cost of maintaini
2、ng and constructing routes is very low as most of them are naturally made.lSlow,vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual if compared with road or air transport.Liner transportnThe transport of cargoes from one seaport to another along regular maritime routes according to a schedule.nLiner rates u
3、sually include the stevedoring charges for loading and unloading.nFreight is charged according to the tariff(运费表运费表)a schedule of shipping rates charged,together with governing rules and regulations.Two parts:basic freight rates and surcharges.Standards of collecting basic freight ratesn Weight:For
4、items marked with“W”in the tariff,per metric ton on weight.This method is called weight ton(运费吨运费吨).n Measurement:For items marked with“M”in the tariff,per cubic meter on measurement.This method is usually called measurement ton(尺码吨尺码吨).n Weight or measurement:For items marked with“W/M”in the tariff
5、,the freight is to be calculated on either weight or measurement,whichever is greater.n Ad Val.:For items marked with“Ad Val.,the freight is to be calculated on the price or value of the cargo.n W/M or Ad val.:For items marked“W/M or Ad val.”in the tariff,the highest rate is adopted.Surcharges:bunke
6、r adjustment factor(燃油附加费燃油附加费),port surcharges,transshipment surcharges,heavy lift and long length additional.Company A exports 100 cases of Good X to London.The volume and gross weight per case are 40cm30cm20cm and 30kg respectively.Good X is classified as Class 10 and the freight for Class 10 is
7、calculated on W/M.The tariff(ChinaLondon)shows that the basic freight rate for Class 10 is US$222,with 10%port surcharges.How much is the total freight?(i)Total weight:0.03M/T100=3 M/T (ii)Total volume:0.40.30.2100=2.4 M3 (iii)As the total weight is greater than the total volume,thus weight is the b
8、asis for collecting freight.(iv)Total freight=total weight (basic freight rate+surcharge)=3 (222+222 10%)=US$732.6(2)Charter transportn Charter transport is a tramp service.n A cargo ship not operating on regular routes and schedules,and picking up cargo only when it is chartered(hired)from the ship
9、 owner.n While liner transport is for general cargoes,charter shipping is usually for bulk cargoes(大宗货物大宗货物)like oil,coal,ore,and grain.n Charter shipping has the lowest freight rate per unit of weight or measure.n Two types:voyage charter and time charter.Voyage charter n Voyage charter means trans
10、port vessel or vehicle charter for one or a specified number of trips(voyages).n The vessel remains under the control of the ship owner who is responsible for equipping and manning(操纵操纵)the vessel.n The crew(全体船员全体船员)and master are employees of the ship owner,and he is responsible for their wages.n
11、The freight rate may be charged by quantity of the goods carried,or a fixed rate regardless of the quantity.n The charterparty(租船合同租船合同)will identify the vessel,the cargo it is to carry,the voyage(s)for which the ship is made available,and certain terms in respect of the various responsibilities of
12、the ship owner and the charterer(租船人租船人).n It also includes the ports,freight rate and time involved in the voyage(s).n Liner terms(gross terms or berth terms):The ship owner is responsible for costs of loading and unloading as in the case of liner transportation.n FI(Free In):free”:not including.Th
13、e charterer is responsible for the cost of loading.n FO(Free Out):The charterer is responsible for the cost of unloading.n FIO(Free In and Out):The charterer is responsible for cost of loading and unloading.Lay days:Also called lay time,the number of days allowed by the ship owner to load or unload
14、cargo without incurring demurrage or late charges.Lay days may be expressed as:(1)Running days:consecutive days including weekends and holidays;(2)Working days:consecutive days excluding weekends and holidays;(3)Weather working days:working days on which weather permits continuous work.the most comm
15、only used expression.Lay days begin to run when the vessel is berthed(停泊停泊)or when its arrival is recorded as arrived ship.n Dispatch money(速遣费速遣费):When so agreed in the charterparty,this is paid by the shipowner to the charterer as a result of the vessel completing loading or discharging before the
16、 stipulated time.n Demurrage(滞期费滞期费):Demurrage is a penalty to be paid by the charter to the ship owner for exceeding lay days in loading or unloading.(2)Time chartern The ship owner agrees to charter a vessel to the charterer for a specified period of time.n As in a voyage charter,the ship owner re
17、tains control of the ship and the employee on board the ship.n The charterer is responsible for its employment,the number of voyage it takes,and the destination of the voyages.n The terms of time charterparty concentrate on employment of vessel,speed of vessel,maintenance of vessel,hire period,retur
18、n of vessel,payment of hire,etc.n Time charter generally does not include loading and unloading costs in the charter rate.2.Rail transportn A major mode of transport in terms of capacity,only second to ocean transportation.n It is capable of achieving relatively high speed and is very economical esp
19、ecially if it provides the complete trainload for a shipper on a regular basis.n It is less prone to interruption by bad weather.But it is confined(受限制的受限制的)to railroads and therefore less flexible.Rail transport is popular in multimodal transport and transshipment.It is widely used in landbridge tr
20、ansport.3.Air transport n Ideal mode of carriage for valuable goods,delicate goods,physically perishable goods such as food and plants,urgent products such as medicine and very small shipments which are less costly by air than by water,etc.n(1)Benefits of air transport faster delivery,better securit
21、y,less packing,lower insurance.(3)Types of air transport servicesn Scheduled airline:operates over a fixed airline and between fixed airports.n Chartered carriers:the hire of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to deliver cargoes.n Consolidation:the air freight forwarder assembles a number
22、of individual shipments into one consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill.the freight rate is lower.n Air express service:for shipping small packages of goods such as medicines in urgent need,samples and shipping documents by air.4.Intermodal transport(multimodal transport)nThe transportat
23、ion of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle,using multiple modes of transportation,without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes.(1)The virtue of containerizationnSimplifies and speeds up the cargo-handling process.nOffers protection from the elements,reduces the chances of
24、 damage,and virtually eliminates the pilferage.nApproximately 90%of non-bulk cargo worldwide moves by containers.(2)Modes of container serviceFCL:full container load,the whole container load(整箱货整箱货)LCL:less than container load，a partial container load(拼箱货拼箱货)CFS:container freight station,where cargo
25、es are delivered for containerizationCY:container yard，where FCL is delivered.CY/CY container service:door-to-door CY/CFS container service:door-to-port CFS/CY container service:port-to-door CFS/CFS container service:port-to-port(3)Measurement of containern Five common lengths,20-ft,40-ft,45-ft,48-f
26、t,and 53-ft.n Container capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units(TEU,or sometimes teu).n An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20ft(length)8ft(width)86ft(height)container,approximately 38.5 m3.n Many containers today are of the 40-ft(12.2m)
27、variety and are known as 40-foot containers.2 Major Shipping DocumentsBill of lading(B/L)A transportation document issued by an ocean carrier to a shipper with whom the carrier has entered into a contract for the carriage of goods.Three functions performed by the B/L Receipt for goods Evidence of th
28、e contract of carriage Document oftitle to the goods The B/L describes the goods put on board a vessel,states the quantity,and their condition.The carrier will check to see that the goods loaded comply with the goods listed.The B/L becomes conclusive evidence of the terms of the contract of carriage
29、once it is negotiated to a good faith third party.The named consignee or the lawful holder of a B/L has a claim to title by surrendering the bill.The carrier is obliged to deliver the cargo only against an original B/L.(2)Types of bill of lading Shipped(on board)B/L&received for shipment B/L n Shipp
30、ed B/L:issued by after the goods are actually shipped on board the designated vessel.Both the name of the vessel and the date of issue of the B/L are indicated on the shipped B/L.It provides better guarantee for the consignee to receive the cargo at the destination.Most B/L forms are preprinted as“S
31、hipped Bill”.n Received for shipment B/L arises where the word“shipped”does not appear on the bill of lading.It merely acknowledges that the goods have been received by the carrier for shipment.Therefore,the goods could be in the dock or warehouse.Clean B/L&unclean B/L(foul B/L or claused B/L)n Clea
32、n B/L:A B/L that is free from any adverse remarks,made by the carrier about the condition,packing,or quantity of the goods being shipped.apparent good order and condition,clean on board or the like are indicated on the B/L.It provides proof that up until the time goods were transferred to the carrie
33、r,no damage has occurred.n Unclean B/L:A B/L with adverse remarks or notations(called clauses)by the carrier that the goods received for shipping(or their packing)look wet,damaged,or otherwise in doubtful condition,or not of correct quantity.Importers and their banks normally do not accept foul B/L
34、for payment under a L/C.Straight B/L,blank B/L and order B/L n Straight B/L has designated consignee.Only the consignee is entitled to take delivery of the cargo.Not transferable,not commonly used and normally applies to high value shipments or goods for special purposes.n Blank B/L:Open B/L or Bear
35、er B/L,no definite consignee.In the field of consignee,“To bearer”.Anyone who holds the bill is entitled to the goods the bill represents.No endorsement is needed for the transfer of the blank bill.Due to the exceedingly high risk involved,this bill is rarely used.Order B/L:n“To order”,“To order of
36、the shipper”,or“To order of the consignee”is marked.Goods are consigned to the order of a named person.nIt may be used to transfer title to goods being shipped to another party,at any time during the transit process simply by conveying the order bill to another party through endorsement.n“To order m
37、eans to order of shipper.EndorsementBlank endorsement(carries only the signature of the endorser and does not specify the endorsee)Special endorsement(names the endorsee and requiresits endorsement for further negotiation)Direct B/L,transshipment B/L and through B/Ln Direct B/L:indicates the goods a
38、re shipped from the port of loading direct to the port of destination without involving transshipment.n Transshipment B/L:indicates the goods need to be transshipped at an intermediate port as there is no direct service between the shipment port and the destination port.n Through B/L:issued for cont
39、ainerized door-to-door shipments that have to use different ships and/or different means of transportation from origin to destination.Unlike in case of a multimodal B/L,the principal carrier or the freight-forwarder(who issued the through B/L)is liable under a contract of carriage only for its own p
40、hase of the journey,and acts as an agent for the carriers executing the other phases.Liner B/L,charterparty B/L and container B/L n Liner B/L:issued by a liner company.n Charterparty B/L:issued by the carrier(or its agent)based on the charterparty.This B/L is subject to the clauses of charterparty.T
41、hats why when a charterparty B/L is accepted by the bank or the buyer,the copy charterparty is required.n Container B/L:issued when the goods are conveyed by container.Long form B/L and short form B/L n Long form B/L:with the terms and conditions of carriage which are printed on the back of the page
42、.Commonly used in international shipping.n Short form B/L(or blank back B/L):The terms and conditions of carriage on the back of the B/L are omitted.Unless otherwise stipulated in the letter of credit(L/C),a short form bill of lading is acceptable.The short form B/L saves the cost of printing and if
43、 the terms and conditions of carriage change,there is no need to reprint the B/L form.Miscellaneous B/L nOn deck B/L:B/L containing the notation that the goods have been loaded on the deck of the vessel,for goods that can not fit into the ships hold.nStale B/L:B/L presented after the stipulated expi
44、ry date of presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination.The late arrival of this important document may have undesirable consequences and therefore should be avoided.Sometimes especially in the case of short sea voyages,it is necessary to add a clause of“Stale B/L is acceptable
45、”.n Ante-dated B/LlB/L which is dated before the date on which it is issued.lWhen the actual shipment date is later than that stipulated in the L/C,the carrier sometimes,at the shippers request,issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank
46、.lDue to the risk of the goods being rejected by the buyer arising from the issuance of such a bill,it is advisable to avoid this malpractice even when it seems necessary in certain circumstances.n Advanced B/LlB/L issued in advance when the expiry date of the L/C is due but the shipment has not yet
47、 been effected.lThe issuance of this B/L is also a malpractice and should be avoided.lSeveral types may be combined into one like“Clean on board,to order,blank endorsed B/L”.lBs/L are made out in sets,consisting of a number of originals(usually three)and copies and marked“original”and“copy”respectiv
48、ely.lOnly the originals signed by the carrier enable the consignee to take delivery of the goods.(3)Three rules governing bill of lading The Hague Rules(The Brussels Convention)n Drawn up by the International Law Association in 1921 in the Hague(the Netherland).n The International Convention for the
49、 Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to B/L.n Generally well received and have been adopted by 58 maritime nations.n Prior to these rules,shipowners often thwarted cargo damage claims by inserting limits in B/L.n The Hague Rules represented the effort made by the international community to
50、achieve uniformity in ocean B/L.Major weaknesses:The scope is limited to the outward shipment,i.e.shipment from a port of the contracting states to a foreign port;No liability for delay in delivery of the goods；The Rules are not compatible(相容的相容的)with container transport;The deck cargo is entirely e
