1、史学论文写作之外文参考文献的引用及标题、摘要和关键词等的翻译问题一、国际上标注参考文献的几种不同模式 1.MLA格式格式Modern Language Association(MLA，现代语言学会，现代语言学会)所用的所用的Works Cited模式模式 What is MLA?The Modern Language Associations writing style is the leading means of documentation in the educational and literary world.The current MLA writing manual is the
2、 sixth edition.A new manual has been published about once every decade over the approximately fifty years of MLA styles existence.主要被应用在人文学科，如文学、比较文学、文学批评和文化研究等。When is MLA used?The MLA writing style is often used by writers who are not required to use a particular writing style.How is MLA different
3、?The MLA style focuses on citing information about the author of a research source.Who created a source is more significant than when it was published.Example:Last Name Page#Works Cited Book Author Last Name,Author First Name.Book Title.ed.Editor First Name Editor Last Name.City Published:Publisher,
4、Year.Website Author Last Name,Author First Name.Site Title.ed.Editor First Name Last Name.Publication Day Month.Year.Accessed Day Month.Year.Additional information may be found at the Modern Language Association website(mla.org/).2.APA 格式格式American Psychological Association(APA，美国心理学会，美国心理学会)所用的所用的R
5、eference模式模式 What is APA?The American Psychological Association(APA)style is the preferred means of citing resources in the social sciences circle.The APA writing manual is in its 5th edition and is newer than the MLA writing style.APA格式指的就是美国心理学会American Psychological Association）出版的美国心理协会刊物准则，目前已出
6、版至第六版，总页数272页，而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。APA格式起源于1929年，当时只有7页，被刊登在心理学期刊 Psychological Bulletin。APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。When is APA used?APA style is used when writing a psychological paper or any soc
7、ial sciences paper.It is a helpful style when most sources are from published journals,articles,and frequently published works.How is APA different?APA references focus on the date and title of a research source instead of the author.This is because one author or journal can have three similar artic
8、les,as well as because scientific information changes.Example:Title Page#References Book Author,First Initial.Middle Initial.(Year).Book Title.(Vols.Volume#(s).In First Initial.Middle Initial.Editor Last Name(Ed.),Published City,Published State:Publisher.Web Document Author Last Name,First Initial.M
9、iddle Initial.(Year).In Web Document Title.(chap.Chapter/Section).Retrieved Month.Day,Year,from URL Address Author Cited Within Text Format:Author Last Name(Year Published)sentence.Example:Dr.Milton(2019)theorizes that there is correlation between students expressions in a class and the grade that t
10、he students earn in that class.Author Not Cited Within Text Format:Sentence(Author Last Name,Year Published).Example:There is a correlation between students expressions in a class and the grade that the students earn in that class(Milton,2019).Direct Quotation Format:Sentence(Author Last Name,Year P
11、ublished,Page Number(s).Example:“There is a correlation between students expressions in a class and the grade that the students earn in that class”(Milton,2019,p.2).Additional information may be found at the American Psychological Association website(apastyle.org/).3.CSE 格式格式Council of Science Edito
12、rs(CSE，科学编辑委员会，科学编辑委员会)所用的所用的Cited References模式模式 What is CSE?The Council of Science Editors was established in 2000.CSE is an extension of the Council of Biology Editors(CBE),which was originally formed in 1957.The CSE goal is to develop an internationally congruent writing style to foster communic
13、ation and abundant information.When is CSE used?CSE is used for work with hard sciences or international purposes.CSE is unsuitable for literary work because of the detail it requires.How is CSE different?Like the APA style,the CSE style focuses on citing the date,rather than the author,of a source.
14、The CSE referencing formats include details that help differentiate similar articles in the same work.Example:Heading Page#Cited References Web Document Author.Site Title home page on the Internet.Published City(Published State):Publisher;Year Month Day.cited Year Month Day.Available from:URL Addres
15、s.Book Author Last Name,First Initial.Book Title.City Published(State Published):Publisher;Year.Total Page Numbers p.Entire Sentence(s)Format:Sentence(s)In-Text Citation Sequential Number.Example:It is important to understand the implications of the word problem,as well as the logic of the formulas
16、used to find the correct answer1（这里的数字应为上标）.Part of Sentence Format:Sentence startIn-Text Citation Sequential Numbersentence end.Example:They have been proven to play different but vital roles in the ecosystem2（这里的数字应为上标）and students should plant them on Earth Day.Additional information may be found
17、 at the Council of Science Editors website(councilscienceeditors.org/).4.CMS格式（芝加哥格式）格式（芝加哥格式）Chicago Manual of Style(CMS，芝加哥格式手册芝加哥格式手册)所所用的用的Bibliography模式模式 What is CMS?The CMS writing style was first used in 1890 by students at the University of Chicago.The current CMS writing manual is the 15th
18、 edition.The 15th edition is said to be the biggest update in 20 years.（到2019年实际上现在已经出了第16版）芝加哥格式（由芝加哥出版社制订的出版规范手册），主要用于历史学科和人文社会学科。该手册的格式指南受到高度重视，在西方的影响最大，运用最广泛。我们国家的人文社会学科运用西方文献时，普遍采用此格式。When is CMS used?The CMS writing style is used in the humanities community with such topics as art,history,and
19、literature.If the MLA style is not mandatory,CMS style is a great alternative.How is CMS different?CMS is known as one of the most simplistic and concise means of citation.Like MLA,CMS style focuses on citing information about the author,rather than the date,of a research source.Example:Bibliography
20、 Book Author Last Name,First Name Middle Name.Book Title.City Published:Publisher,Year Published.Website Author Last Name,First Name Middle Name.Site Title.Created Day Month Year.(Accessed Day Month Year).Format:SentenceN.*N=the sequential number of the in-text citation.Example:Fill a clear glass la
21、mp with seashells,dried flowers,marbles,or other items to enhance the look of your home in a functional way.15（这里的数字应为上标）Format:Footnote Number(Superscript of Corresponding In-Text Citation).Author Full Name,Source Title(Publication Location:Publisher Name,Issue Day(Unabbreviated)Month Year),Page Nu
22、mbers Without p.or pp.Example:3.Peggy Pie,The Kooky Cooks Cookie Cookbook(New York:Sweet Tooth Press,31 December 1989),312.Format:Endnote Number(Superscript of Corresponding In-Text Citation).Author Full Name,Source Title(Publication Location:Publisher Name,Issue Day(Unabbreviated)Month Year),Page N
23、umbers Without p.or pp.Example:3.Peggy Pie,The Kooky Cooks Cookie Cookbook(New York:Sweet Tooth Press,31 December 1989),312.Additional information may be found at the Chicago Manual of Style website(chicagomanualofstyle.org/).二、芝加哥格式手册的参考文献的引用格式 1.What is a bibliography?bibliography（参考文献）The bibliog
24、raphy is a list of books,documents and other sources used by the author in writing the work and preparing the notes and is usually at the end before the index.It is important to have a bibliography in a work so the readers can quickly see the sources that the author has used and also other works tha
25、t the author thinks are related to the subjects.Reference和Bibliography的区别 Reference是指在文中直接或间接地引用参考过了的文献。Bibliography另外包含了作者背景知识的来源，不一定是直接被引用的文献。文献引用是在一篇文章的段落或文字之中“参考来源”的标注，即标明被引用的文字或者材料的来源、出处。参考文献是作者在撰写论著过程中直接或间接引用过的（不仅仅是查阅参考过的）有关书籍、期刊等资料。凡是引用他人已发表文献中的观点、数据和材料，都要在文中标记。注释是对正文文字（一段话、一句话）的进一步说明或解释。它是一种
26、思维的暂停或拐弯。（这就说明注释不是参考文献）。但我们现金往往将注释与参考文献混用，直接用注释注明参考文献的出处。文中引用他人的研究成果，要求准确地引用原文，不能断章取义为我所用。文献的引用由直接引用和间接引用两种方式：直接引用：将原文直接照抄，将抄录的原文用引号标注。间接引用：通过自己的语言，表述被引用的内容。但不管是直接引用还是间接引用，都必须标明原始文献的出处。文末的参考文献采用顺序编码法文末的参考文献采用顺序编码法 按正文中引用的文献出现的先后顺序连续编码，并将序号置于方括号中。如：1中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室.现代汉语词典M.修订本.北京:商务印书馆,2019.2刘彻东.中国
27、的青年刊物：个性特色为本J.中国出版，2019(5):38-39.3国务院新闻办公室中国的粮食问题N人民日报，2019-10-25(2)2.bibliography and notes their similarities and differences footnotes and endnotes endnotes and bibliography superior numerals 注释与参考文献的异同 若引文“超过一定数量”，应另起一段，后退一格，用仿宋体。西方学术界对此有明文规定。比如,美国心理学协会出版手册对“独立的引语段”（block quotation）的规定是：“如果引文有40
28、个字或超过40个字，则在独立的段落中显示出来，且，不必用引号。”而芝加哥格式手册给出的数据是：“超过100字，或，至少超过8行。”相比之下，美国心理学协会出版手册的规定的数量（超过40个字）太少，芝加哥格式手册的规定（超过100字，或，至少超过8行）也许更适合汉语界的学术格式。外文参考文献的著作名要用斜体字 e.g.Bainton,Roland H.Studies on the Reformation.Boston:Beacon Press,1966.析出的文献的引用方法：从期刊或者论文集中引用某篇论文，则是论文题目要加双引号，用正体字，而期刊或论文集等用斜体字。例子：Cohn,Henry J
29、.“The Territorial Princes in Germanys Second Reformation,1559-1622.”In Internationa Calvinism,1541-1715,ed.Menna Prestwich.Oxford:Clarendon,1985,pp.135-165.外文参考文献中的人名引用格式 在脚注尾注中的引用格式和在参考文献中的引用格式不同 脚注尾注中是名在前姓在后 参考文献中是姓在前名在后，姓与名之间有逗号隔开 例子：在脚注尾注中E.A.Kosminsky,Studies in the Agrarian History of England
30、in the Thirteenth Century,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1956,pp.261;265-267.在文末参考文献中应为：Kosminsky,E.A.Studies in the Agrarian History of England in the Thirteenth Century,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1956.Bibliography（参考文献）示例（一）史料 中文：马丁路德：路德文集（第一、二卷），路德文集中文版编辑委员会编，上海：上海三联书店，2019年。马丁路德：马丁路德文选，马丁路德著
31、作翻译小组译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2019年。外文：Bromiley,G.W.,ed.Zwingli and Bullinger.The Library of Christian Classics,vol.XXIV.Philadelphia:The Westminster Press,1953.Hillerbrand,Hans J.,ed.The Protestant Reformation.New York:Harper&Row,Publishers,Inc.,1968.Hillerbrand,Hans J.,ed.The Reformation:A Narrative History
32、 Related by Contemporary Observers and Participants Grand Rapids,Michigan:Baker Book House,1978).Jackson,S.M.,and&W.J.Hinke,eds.The Latin Works and the Correspondence of Huldreich Zwingli,vol.2.Philadelphia:Heidelberg Press,1922,repr.as Zwingli on Providence and Other Essays.Durham,NC:The Labyrinth
33、Press,1983.Jackson,S.M.,and C.N.Heller,eds.The Latin Works and the Correspondence of Huldreich Zwingli,vol.3.Philadelphia:Heidelberg Press,1929,repr.as Commentary on True and False Religion.Durham,NC:The Labyrinth Press,1981.Jackson,S.M.,ed.The Latin Works and the Correspondence of Huldreich Zwingli
34、,vol.1:1510-1522.Trans.Henry Preble etc.New York:The Knickerbocker Press,1912.（二）研究著作和论文中文：阿利斯特麦格拉思：宗教改革运动思潮，蔡锦图、陈佐人译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2009年。埃邦儒尔等：瑞士简史，南京大学历史系编译组译，南京：江苏人民出版社，1974年。埃尔顿,G.R.编：新编剑桥世界近代史（第卷），中国社会科学院世界历史研究所组译，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2019年。奥尔森：基督教神学思想史，吴瑞诚、徐成德译，北京：北京大学出版社，2019年。保罗阿尔托依兹：马丁路德的神学，段琦、孙善玲译，
35、南京：译林出版社，2019年。保罗蒂利希：基督教思想史从其犹太和希腊发端到存在主义，北京：东方出版社，2019年。外文：Bagchi,David,and David C.Steinmetz,eds.The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2019.Bainton,Roland H.Studies on the Reformation.Boston:Beacon Press,1966.Bainton,Roland H.The Age of the Reforma
36、tion.Malabar,Florida:Robert E.Krieger Publishing Company,1956;reprint edition 1985.Brady,Thomas A.Jr.Communities,Politics and Reformation in Early Modern Europe.Leiden:Brill,2019.German Histories in the Age of Reformations,1400-1650.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009.Protestant Politics:Jacob
37、 Sturm(1489-1553)and the German Reformation.New Jersey:Humanities Press,2019.Turning Swiss:Cities and Empire,1450-1550.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985.Chardwick,Owen.The Early Reformation on the Continent.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2019.Courvoisier,Jaques.Zwingli:A Reformed Theologian.
38、Richmond,Virginia:John Knox Press,1963.Dixion,C.Scott,ed.The German Reformation:The Essential Readings.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers Ltd.2019.（三）工具书：圣经（简体和合本），中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会、中国基督教协会，南京，2019年。世界人名翻译大辞典，新华社译名室编，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1993年。外国地名译名手册（中型本），中国地名委员会编，北京：商务印书馆，1993年。Carney,Jo Eldridge,ed.Renaissance a
39、nd Reformation,15001620:A Biographical Dictionary.Westport,CT:Greenwood Press,2019.Dewald,Jonathan,ed.Europe 1450 to 1789:Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World(6 vols).New York:Charles Scribners Sons,2019.中文格式的参考文献主要类别M-M-专著（专著（monographmonograph）A-A-专著、论文集中的析出文献专著、论文集中的析出文献(article)(article)C-C-论文
40、集（论文集（conference)conference)N-N-报纸文章报纸文章(newspaper)(newspaper)J-J-期刊文章期刊文章(journal)(journal)D-D-学位论文学位论文(dissertation(dissertation)R-R-研究报告研究报告(report)(report)S-S-标准标准(standard)(standard)P-P-专利专利(patent)(patent)Z-Z-不属于上述的文献类型不属于上述的文献类型芝加哥格式手册芝加哥格式手册的英文参考文献不分文献类别。的英文参考文献不分文献类别。参考文献的类别及其标识方法1 连续出版物 作者
41、.文题 J.刊名,年,卷（期）:起始页码-终止页码.2 专著（或译著）作者.书名 M.译者.出版地:出版者,出版年.3 论文集 作者.文题 A.编者.文集 C.出版地:出版者,出版年.4 学位论文 作者.文题 D.所在城市：保存单位,年.5 专利文献 申请者.专利名 P.国名及专利号,发布日期.6 技术标准 技术标准代号.技术标准名称 S.7 技术报告 作者.文题 R.报告代码及编号,地名:责任单位,年份.8 报纸文章 作者.文题 N.报纸名,出版日期(版次).9 在线文献(电子公告)作者.文题 EB/OL,日期.10 光盘文献(数据库)作者.文题 DB/CD.出版地:出版者,出版日期.11
42、其他文献 作者.文题 Z.出版地:出版者,出版日期.示例（一）专著示例 1 张志建.严复思想研究M.桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989.2 英蔼理士.性心理学M.潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，2019.（二）论文集示例 1 伍蠡甫.西方文论选C.上海：上海译文出版社，1979.2 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说A.伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册C.上海：上海译文出版社，1979.凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。（三）报纸文章示例 1 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性N.光明日报，2019-12-27，（3）（四）期刊文章 示例 1 郭英德.元明文学史观散论J.北京师范大学学报（社会
43、科学版），2019（3）.（五）学位论文 示例 1 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究D.北京：北京师范大学心理系，2019.（六）报告 示例 1 白秀水，刘敢，任保平.西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究R.西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，2019.人名、地名译名的规范性问题 1、规范、严谨 米开朗琪罗，or米开兰基罗、米开朗基罗？（意大利语：Michelangelo，14751564）拜占庭，or拜占廷？伊拉斯谟，or伊拉斯马斯、伊拉斯莫斯？不同语种导致的人名地名译名的差异 约翰加尔文，John Calvin，根据法文译为“让加尔文”约翰胡斯，or 胡司？捷克语：
44、Jan Hus，译为“杨胡斯”；英文：John Hus，译为“约翰胡斯”休加佩（Hugh Cape，约938996，987996在位），or 于格加佩、于格卡佩、雨果卡佩（Hugues Capet）？2、约定俗成 卡尔马克思（Karl Marx，全名：卡尔亨利希马克思，Karl Heinrich Marx，1818年5月5日1883年3月14日）弗里得里希冯恩格斯（Friedrich Von Engels，1820年11月28日1895年8月5日）马克斯韦伯（德语：Max Weber，1864年4月21日1920年6月14日）两个不同的字：“思”与“斯”高尔基，鲁迅曾译为“戈里基”齐达内，齐内
45、丁亚兹德齐达内 Zinedine Yazid Zidane 法文音译本应为“齐丹”。3、前后统一 同一个人名、地名在同一篇文献中应保持前后的统一一致性 尤其是不同语种导致的译名有所出入，但作者应该在同一篇文献中保持其前后一致 4、决不可想当然地根据自己对其念读发音而翻译，必须参阅权威辞典。标题、摘要和关键词的汉译英 1、标题的翻译 绝大多数是用短语，偶有用完整句子的；例子：试析中世纪西欧庄园制瓦解的经试析中世纪西欧庄园制瓦解的经济影响济影响 An Economic Influence of the Collapse of the Manor System in Medieval Western
46、 Europe 2、摘要和关键词的翻译 摘要：摘要：中世纪西欧的庄园制在经历了一段时间的兴盛后，由于商品经济的发展、黑死病的流行等一系列因素的影响，在14、15世纪瓦解了。庄园制的瓦解对西欧社会经济的发展产生了重大、深远的影响。它促进了西欧近代早期资本主义农场的兴起、地租形态的更替、市场体系的孕育、农奴的解放等，为西欧率先实现现代化奠定了基础。关键词：关键词：中世纪；西欧；庄园制 Abstract:After having been flourishing for a period of time,the manor system in medieval Western Europe coll
47、apsed in the fourteenth and fifteenth century,because of the influence of the development of commodities economy,of the proliferation of the Black Death and a lot of other factors.Its collapse had exerted large and far-reaching influence on the social economy of medieval Western Europe.It had promot
48、ed the rise of capitalist farm in early modern Western Europe,the change of rent form,the birth of market network,the emancipation of serfs;and had laid a foundation for Western Europe to realize modernization first.Key Words:Middle Ages;Western Europe;manor systemHeadingName，Address，Province，Postal codeAbstract：Key words：
