1、How to search,manage and write biomedical papers专业英语阅读与写作Liang Zhaohui，M.Med，MPHSecond School of Clinic Medicine主讲人：梁兆晖第二临床医学院Outline of this lecture At the end of this lecture,you will be able to:Skim,identify&collect biomedical papers by using online resource how to read Understand how to write st
2、ructured abstracts of biomedical papers&familiar with the general structures of biomedical papers how to read&write Understand the concepts of SCI indexed journals and how to chose journals for paper submission how to write Familiar with the peer review procedure of SCI journals and how to publish p
3、apers A brief self-introduction Liang Zhaohui Study background Master of Medicine,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,2008 Master of Public Health(MPH),Sun Yat-sen University PhD candidate,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,since 2010 Working background Attending physician&associate resea
4、rcher,second school of clinic medicine Email:liang_zhao_SCI publicationsFu WB,Liang ZH,Zhu XP,Yu P,Zhang JF.Analysis on the effect of acupuncture in treating cervical spondylosis with different syndrome types.Chin J Integr Med2009 Dec;15(6):426-30.IF=0.42Liang ZH,Yin DZ.Preventive treatment of tradi
5、tional Chinese medicine as antistress and antiaging strategy.Rejuvenation Res2010 Apr-Jun;13(2-3):248-52.IF=4.198Lu CJ,Luo Y,Zhou H,Qin XL,Chen BJ,Tang XC,Deng H,Liang ZH,Ou AH.A preliminary study on the medical expenditure of Chinese medicine and integrative medicine treatment for influenza a(H1N1)
6、in the fever clinics.Chin J Integr Med2010 Dec;16(6):493-7.IF=0.578Liang Z,Zhu X,Yang X,Fu W,Lu A.Assessment of a traditional acupuncture therapy for chronic neck pain:a pilot randomised controlled study.Complement Ther Med2011 Jan;19 Suppl 1:S26-32.IF=1.95Wang XY,Liang ZH,Huang HL,Liang WX.Principl
7、es of ethics review on traditional medicine and the practice of institute review board in China.Chin J Integr Med2011 Aug;17(8):631-4.IF=0.578SKIM,IDENTIFY&COLLECT BIOMEDICAL PAPERS BY USING ONLINE RESOURCESection 1How to transmit your idea from Chinese to EnglishClarify your concepts with acceptabl
8、e English terms Google translator,CNKI translatorSearch the standard term by using PubMed MeSH DatabaseCombining the concept into a searching strategy and searching papers in PubMedFilter the raw information with Limits and Advanced Search toolsGoogle翻译页面CNKI翻译助手页面What is PubMed PubMed是美国家医学图书馆(NLM)
9、下属的国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)开发的文献数据检索系统 PubMed是NCBI Entrez数个数据库查询系统下中的一个。PubMed 提供免费的MEDLINE、PREMEDLINE与其他相关数据库接入服务，所包含的文献数据库记录超过1亿条。What is MeSH医学主题词表(Medical Subject Headings,简称MeSH)，是美国国立医学图书馆编制的权威性主题词表。它是一部规范化的可扩充的动态性叙词表。美国国立医学图书馆以它作为生物医学标引的依据，编制医学索引(Index Medicus)及建立计算机文献联机检索系统MEDLINE数据库。目前，MeSH汇集约18,00
10、0多个医学主题词。MeSH在文献检索中的重要作用主要表现在两个方面：准确性（准确揭示文献内容的主题）和专指性。标引（对文献进行主题分析，从自然语言转换成规范化检索语言的过程）人员将信息输入检索系统以及检索者(用户)利用系统内信息情报这两个过程中，以主题词作为标准用语，使标引和检索之间用语一致，达到最佳检索效果。What is SCISCI（科学引文索引）、EI（工程索引）、ISTP（科技会议录索引）并称世界三大科技文献检索系统，国际公认的进行科学统计与科学评价的主要检索工具,其中以SCI最为重要。科学引文索引(Science Citation Index，SCI)是由美国科学信息研究所(ISI
11、)1961年创办出版的引文数据库，收录范围是当年国际上的重要期刊,以生命科学及医学、化学、物理所占比例最大,在学术界占有重要地位。许多国家和地区均以被SCI收录及引证的论文情况来作为评价学术水平的一个重要指标。从SCI的严格的选刊原则及严格的专家评审制度来看，它具有一定的客观性，较真实地反映了论文的水平和质量。根据SCI收录及被引证情况，可以从一个侧面反映学术水平的发展情况。特别是每年一次的SCI论文排名成了判断一个学校科研水平的一个十分重要的标准。目前被SCI收录的期刊有五千多种，其中生命科学1350种，临床医学990种实例演示 在PubMed数据库查找针灸治疗颈椎病近5年发表的文献 确定英
12、文检索词：颈椎病 Cervical spondylosis Neck Pain 进行MeSH主题词检索：(Neck PainMesh)AND(Acupuncture TherapyMesh OR AcupunctureMesh OR Acupuncture,EarMesh)使用Limits进行检索条件限定：Published in the last 5 years、Type of Article：Clinical Trial、Language:English、Species：Humans实例演示 通过快速阅读（skim）论文摘要，确定（identity）所需要的文献，生成并下载检索题录实例演示
13、 勾选所需要的文献记录，以MEDLINE题录格式保存到计算机，建议使用EndNote等文献管理软件进行管理实例演示实例演示Some cues to read English papers Currently there is massive literature resource available online Conventional reading is NOT suitable to online reading or bibliography development Using various biomedical literature database and searching
14、skills are essential for biomedical paper reading Applying effective filters can narrow the reading scope and save time,but the final decision is to made by humanProcedure of paper reading and identifying Title Abstract Authors Full text Title:to identify the key information,i.e.what is studied(obje
15、ct,problem,skill),what kind of the study(clinical,laboratory,survey)Abstract:most abstracts are highly structured,i.e.objective/background,methods,result/outcome,conclusion,in which objective and conclusion should be focused Authors:is there any famous author?Big apple usually appears in outstanding
16、 papers Full text:full text reading is only for the most important papers.E.g.it contains the study procedures or methods you want to duplicate.The abstract usually serves as outline of the paper and contains the key informationKEY PRINCIPLES OF WRITING BIOMEDICAL PAPERSSection 2Paper abstract The a
17、bstract should provide an overview of the main story and a few essential details.The abstract should be clear both to readers who read the paper and to readers who do not read the paper,i.e.most reader only read abstracts in stead of the full text A good abstract should be well structured,i.e.contai
18、ning the terms when applicable:Objectives,Design,Settings/Location,Subjects,Interventions,Outcome Measures,Results,and Conclusions.Some cues for abstract writing Abstract can begin with an infinitive phrase:to test,to justify,to evaluate,to explore Appropriate use of tense use present tense for ques
19、tion,answer,method description,use past tense/present perfect tense for procedure and result description The statement of facts can use passive/active voice Subjunctive mood and cautious verbs are NOT recommended in scientific statement 实例演示OBJECTIVE:This study is aimed to assess the efficacy of tra
20、ditional acupuncture for chronic neck pain in patients by comparing the differences in symptoms,dysfunctions and quality of life.METHODS:The study used a two-arm,single-blinded,randomised controlled design.The patients were randomised to the study group and control group,who respectively received tr
21、aditional acupuncture and placebo treatment.The Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire(NPQ),visual analogue scale(VAS),Short Form(36)Health Survey(SF-36)and doctors judgement were applied for measuring effectiveness.The patients effectiveness outcome was assessed,respectively,before the intervention
22、,immediately after the intervention,at the end of the first month of follow-up and at the end of the third month of follow-up.The statistical analysis was done on Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS)v13,which included comparison of demographic and clinical homogeneity,the repeated measures
23、approach based on the general linear model(GLM)for effectiveness assessment and the sum rank test for doctors subjective efficacy judgement.实例演示RESULTS:Totally,190 patients were recruited and 178 patients(88 in the study group and 90 in the control group)completed the intervention and follow-up asse
24、ssment.The scores of NPQ,VAS and SF-36 were improved after the intervention and during follow-up(P0.01 vs.before the intervention).The patients in the study group had better effectiveness outcome in NPQ,VAS and in the VT,SF and MH domains of SF-36(P0.05).CONCLUSION:Traditional acupuncture can reliev
25、e pain intensity and improve the quality of daily life with a relative long-term clinical efficacy in patients with chronic neck pain.A free style abstract Premedical intervention before diseases is one of the principal practices in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)for tackling health problems and d
26、iseases.-Background This paper explains the preventive treatment principle in TCM regarding the subhealth condition following stress-induced pathophysiological situations,mainly oxidative and glycation stresses,in the framework of metabonomics and cell biology.-Detail Scientific interpretations for
27、various preventive treatments in TCM present the idea that disease prevention should surpass medical intervention in humans.-Result&conclusion Antistress biology is proposed for the first time as a preclinical practice or strategy for antiaging.Importance and meaningThe text of the biomedical resear
28、ch paper Introduction/Background(研究背景)Materials and Methods(材料与方法)Results(研究结果)Discussion(讨论)Acknowledgements(致谢)References(参考文献)Introduction/Background The introduction has two functions.One is to awaken the readers interest.The other is to be informative enough to prepare readers,whether or not th
29、ey are specialists in your field,to understand the paper.To awaken interest,an introduction should be direct and to the point,and it should be as short as possible consistent with clarity and informativenesss.Materials and Methods The function of the materials and methods section is to describe the
30、detail of what has been done in the study.It should includes sufficient detail and references to permit a trained scientist to evaluate your work fully or to repeat the experiments exactly as you did them.Make the methods section as long as necessary to describe what you did but do not include unnec
31、essary words or fussy detail.Use the International System of UnitsResults The function of the results section is to state the results of the experiments described in the materials and methods section The results section directs the readers to figures or tables that present supporting data Keep the r
32、esults section brief and uncluttered so that the reader can see the forest for the trees.Give actual P values both for significant and for nonsignificant differences To answer the question(s)posed in the introduction To explain how the results support the answer To explain how the answer(s)fit in wi
33、th existing knowledge Make the discussion no longer than necessary to state,support,explain,and defend the answer to the questions and present any other necessary informationDiscussion The Acknowledgment section is the general term for the list of contributions,disclosures,credits,and other informat
34、ion included at the end of the text of a manuscript but before the references.The Acknowledgment section includes:authors contributions;information on author access to data;disclosure of potential conflicts of interest;sources of funding and support;an explanation of the role of sponsor(s);names,deg
35、rees,and affiliations of participants in a large study or other group;listing of supplemental material;the contributions,names,degrees,affiliations,and indication if compensation has been received for all persons who have made substantial contributions to the work but who are not authors.Acknowledge
36、ments References give credit to the ideas and findings of others and direct readers to sources of further information.Reference must be accurate in every detail:authors names&initials,title of the paper,title of the journal,year of publication,volume number,first and the last page numbers The format
37、 of reference citation varies according to different journals requirement(it can be automatically generated by EndNote)Liang Z,Zhu X,Yang X,Fu W,Lu A.Assessment of a traditional acupuncture therapy for chronic neck pain:a pilot randomised controlled study.Complement Ther Med2011 Jan;19 Suppl 1:S26-3
38、2.（NLM）Liang Z,Zhu X,Yang X,Fu W,Lu A.Assessment of a traditional acupuncture therapy for chronic neck pain:a pilot randomised controlled study.Complement Ther Med.Jan 2011;19 Suppl 1:S26-32.（JAMA）Liang,Z.,Zhu,X.,Yang,X.,Fu,W.,and Lu,A.(2011).Assessment of a traditional acupuncture therapy for chron
39、ic neck pain:a pilot randomised controlled study.Complement Ther Med 19 Suppl 1,S26-32.（CELL）Reference CONSORT是“the Consolidated Statement of Reporting Trials”的简称，即临床试验报告统一标准，旨在制订临床试验报告（尤其是RCT）的质量，由David Moher和Drummond Rennie发起，于1996年在加拿大渥太华制订了第一版的CONSOR声明，目前最新为2010版 CONSORT声明得到了全世界400多种期刊的认可，同时也获得国
40、际医学期刊编辑委员会（ICMJE）、科学编辑理事会、世界医学编辑协会等权威医学期刊编辑组织的正式支持。The standard of clinical report CONSORT STATEMENTHow to apply CONSORT in writing The CONSORT Statement comprises a 25-item checklist and a flow diagram,along with some brief descriptive text.The checklist items focus on reporting how the trial was d
41、esigned,analyzed,and interpreted;The flow diagram displays the progress of all participants through the trial.How to use the CONSORT Checklist See an exampleA CONSORT flow diagram Tables and figures Tables Tables are usually used to present background information related to methods or to present dat
42、a Tables of data either present individual data for all subjects,or specimens studied or make a point Table should be arranged to have clear visual impact NOTE:DO NOT directly copy the tables from statistic software(e.g.SPSS)to your paper Use three horizontal lines:one above the column headings,one
43、below the column headings,and one below the dataAn example of TableFigures Figures are usually used to clarify methods or to present evidence that supports the results Design figure to have visual impactPAPER SUBMISSION&PEER REVIEWSection 3How to choose a suitable journal Criteria I:is it indexed by
44、 SCI?Criteria II:what is the current impact factor of the journal?Impact factor 影响因子 The impact factor,often abbreviated IF,is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to articles published in science and social science journals.Impact factors are calculated yearly for those journals tha
45、t are indexed in Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports.（usually publish in June）IF calculation:2008 impact factor=A/B A=the number of times articles published in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed journals during 2008 B=the total number of citable items published by that journal in 2006 and 2007
46、.(Citable items are usually articles,reviews,proceedings,or notes;NOT editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor.)The impact factor of a journalThe impact factor of a journalThe impact factor of a journalRecommendation of Journals for Chinese medical papers Complementary Therapies in Medicine,IF 2010=1.484
47、 Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,IF 2010=1.498 Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine,IF 2010=2.06 Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine,IF 2010=0.578 Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine,IF not availableHow to submit a paper Most SCI journals only accept online
48、 submission The common submission procedure:Create an account on the website Login the submission system Create an entry for a new manuscript Fill out the key information,i.e.paper type,title,abstract,keywords,author information,designate preferred/Non-preferred reviewers Cover letter Upload files S
49、ubmit Login/create an accountCreate a new manuscriptFill out informationWrite a cover letter The cover letter is to indicate the title of the paper,the name of the author/s and the main idea or contribution of your article.It will be a useful message to the journal editor from the author for selling
50、 the importance and scientific values of the submitted manuscript.ExampleUpload files The upload files include the manuscript,figures,tables,photos etc.Some journals require that figures,tables should be submitted separated from the main textPeer review Peer review is a process of self-regulation by
