1、课程主题： 长难句解析 + 主题类阅读 + 综合（4）授课时间：学习目标1. 掌握句子成分分析2. 考纲话题18：人与自然3. 综合能力提升教学内容(来自复旦附中翻译句子练习)51. 尽管鸡蛋富有营养，但你不能用两只鸡蛋代替一顿营养均衡的早餐。(be rich in)Although eggs are rich in nutrition，you cant substitute two eggs for a balanced breakfast52. 如果你们沿着这条路走，至少20分钟才能到达山脚下的房子。(at least)If you walk along this path，it will
2、 take at least twenty minutes to reach the house at the foot of the mountain.53. 请尽快地把所有必须出席会议的人的名单列出来。(list)Please list all the people who must attend the meeting as soon as possible54. 你比我高出一个头，你每天除了三顿饭还吃些什么。(What else)You are taller than I(或me)by a head. What else do you have besidesin addition t
3、o three meals every (或a)day?55. 派谁去参加东京的时装比赛至今还未决定。(take part in)Who will be sent to take part in the fashion competition to be held in Tokyo hasnt been decided yet.56. 使我担心的是，这孩子除了电脑，似乎对什麽都不感兴趣。(What makes me)What makes me worried is that this child seems to be interested in nothing except computer
4、s.57. 我清楚地记得曾经见过这个人，但讲不清麽什么时间什么地方。( tell)I really remember meeting this man，but I can“t tell when and where。58. 你每顿饭都吃甜食，这对你的牙齿极其有害。(do harm to)You have sweet food at every meal，、which does great harm to your teeth59. 你知道用英语礼貌地拒绝别人的邀请吗？(refuse)Do you know how to refuse an invitation of other people
5、in a friendly way in English?60.这座纪念碑是为纪念在解放战争中牺牲的士兵建立的。(in honour of)This monument was set up in honour of the soldiers who died during the Liberation War.（改编自金融时报）Nov 7 is lidong, one of the 24 solar terms, marking the beginning of winter. Descriptions of winter are normally quite downbeat for obv
6、ious reasons. Winter means strong winds and snow an environment 1_ _ it is uncomfortable to be.This unpleasant and even frightening aspect of winter is evident in literature. In Shakespeares King Lear (1606), the king has given away his kingdom and been rejected by two ungrateful daughters. He is ou
7、t in the winter cold, _2_ (suffer) things that are usually reserved for the poorest and most wretched human beings.The winter is bad enough for Lear, but _3_ (abandon) by his family is worse. A song from _4_ Shakespeare play, As You Like It (1599), is fitting for this poor old mans situation: “Blow,
8、 blow, thou winter wind, / Thou art not so unkind / As mans ingratitude”. Here, winter is used to bring out the ugliness of inhumanity. There arent many things that are worse than winter, according to Shakespeare.Once winter became _5_ (little) of a threat to human beings, literary works featuring i
9、t became more positive. _6_ Charles Dickens, the representation of the season in literature has often featured happy Christmas celebrations.The cold and bleak mood of the winter weather provides a contrast to the fun and feasting _7_ (go) on indoors.Dickens A Christmas Carol (1843) was the start of
10、this, but Christmas is still a common, cheery element in stories that feature winter scenes today. _8_ (consider) the joy felt by Harry Potter and his friends in J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone (1997) _9_ they sit down for their festive meal:“Harry had never in all his life had
11、 such a Christmas dinner. A hundred fat, roast turkeys; mountains of roast and boiled potatoes; platters of chipolatas; tureens of buttered peas, silver boats of thick, rich gravy and cranberry sauce”.It is almost as much a pleasure to read about the meal as it might have been to eat it._10_ winter
12、still isnt the most cheerful season in novels and poems, its safe to say that writers have certainly “warmed up” since Shakespeares days.Key: 1. in which 2. suffering 3. being abandoned 4. another 5. less 6. Since 7. going 8. Consider 9. as 10. Although知识精讲：长难句解析（一）In a countercurrent exchange syste
13、m, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. 【难点解析】
14、本句的难点在于复杂的后置定语干扰了阅读，给我们理解句子带来了影响。在这个句子中就是现在分词短语 carrying cooled blood做了后置定语，造成了主语 the blood vessels 和谓语 run被分割，后面接着出现了另一个the blood vessels carrying warm blood，进一步加大了理解难度，让我们一时无法理清句子结构。找到这种后置定语，划分句子主干的时候直接忽视这种修饰性成分，句子的主要信息就变得非常清晰：In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled
15、blood from the flippers定语 run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body定语 to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. 完成了句子主干划分之后，根据汉语的表述顺序，将后置定语往前放，这样整个句子的意
16、思就出来了。【参考翻译】在逆流交换系统中，携带来自鳍部的冷血的血管非常接近携带来自身体的温血的血管以便从带有温血的血管中获取热量;因此，在到达鳍部前，热量通过由流出的血管到流进的血管完成了热量转移。【成分划分】并列句一In a countercurrent exchange system, 状语 the blood vessels 主语 carrying cooled blood from the flippers 定语 run 谓语 close enough to the blood vessels 状语 carrying warm blood from the body 定语 to pic
17、k up some heat 状语 from the warmer blood vessels. 状语并列句二The heat 主语 is transferred 谓语 from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels. 状语状语从句It 主语 reaches 谓语 the flipper宾语 itself. 状语长难句解析（二）The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a groun
18、d-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiarthe device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.【难点解析】本句的难点是定语（produced by the camera obscura）放在了被修饰词（the images）的后面，与汉语表述习惯不一致，另外，出现同位语（a boxlike
19、device）修饰定语中的名词性部分（the camera obscura），而又有一个定语从句（that used a）又修饰改同位语（a boxlike device），使得主语和谓语被很多成分隔开，给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。找到那些修饰性成分，先忽略它们，再看句子主干就清楚了。The images produced by the camera obscura定语, a boxlike device同位语 that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of whit
20、e paper定语从句, were already familiarthe device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.【参考翻译】针孔照相机（一种盒状的装置）产生的影像已经为大家所熟知，它是一种使用小孔或透镜将影像投射到毛玻璃屏或一张白纸上的盒状装置这种装置已经为很多地貌风景画家所用，例如意大利画家 Canaletto 在他所创作的威尼斯精致风景画中（使用了这种装置）。【
21、成分划分】并列句The images 主语 produced by the camera obscura, 定语 a boxlike device, 同位语 were 系动词 already familiar. 表语并列句The device 主语 had been much employed 谓语 by topographical artists 状语 like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. 同位语定语从句A boxlike device 主语 used 谓语 a pinh
22、ole or lens 宾语 to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper. 宾语补足语长难句解析（三）A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for ma
23、ritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.【难点解析】本句的难点一是后置定语和定语从句分割了句子主干，造成了理解问题。主语 A maritime code 先是被过去分词短语 known as the Consulate
24、 of the Sea 修饰，而这个短语后面紧接着又出现了一个定语从句来进一步修饰 A maritime code，当我们再看到 won 时，就得费心思寻找 won 这个动词的发出者。难点二是对 when 引导的定语从句的理解。我们在阅读的时候还需要根据语义逻辑来对理解句子，这里 when ships met one another on the sea-lanes 显然不能作为时间状语从句来修饰 definedas，意思理解不通。这时我们就要考虑其他可能被修饰的成分，the rules of engagement 正好可以作为 when 从句的修饰对象，本身 when 可以引导定语从句，另外
25、从意思上也合情合理。忽略修饰性定语和定语从句，句子主要信息如下:A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea定语 which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century,定语从句 won acceptance by a majority of sea goers定语 as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of
26、a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes.定语从句另外需要注意的是，by 短语虽然经常引导方式状语，但是这里 by a majority of sea goers修饰的是 acceptance 这一名词，所以它实际上做了 acceptance 的后置定语。【参考翻译】一部在 14 世纪起源于西地中海地区的海洋法典（被称为康索拉度海法）赢得
27、了大多数航海员的认可，成为了海上管理的规范法典；它对一些事物做了界定，比如，高级船员的权利、命令的发布规范、薪资结构、海员的权利，以及当船只在航路上遇到别的船时的交战准则。【成分划分】并列句一A maritime code 主语 known as the Consulate of the Sea 定语 won 谓语 acceptance 宾语 by a majority of sea goers 定语 as the normative code for maritime conduct. 状语定语从句A maritime code 主语 originated 谓语 in the western
28、 Mediterranean region 状语 in the fourteenth century. 状语并列句二It 主语 defined 谓语 such matters 宾语 as the authority of a ships officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement. 同位语定语从句Ships 主语 met 谓语 one another 宾语 on the sea-lanes. 状语考纲话题：人与自然话题语篇分析（一） The
29、fight is on to get rid of air pollution in our cities. While the best solution in the long-term would be to ban fossil-fueled cars, that wont help the millions who are dying in the meantime, and so some high-tech solutions are now on the cards. In March 2016, 10 London pigeons became famous. These p
30、igeons took to the sky from Primrose Hill in north London, wearing backpacks monitoring air pollution. Once in the air, the backpacks sent live air-quality updates to the smartphones of the Londoners below. The pigeons and their backpacks were just the latest in a series of increasingly desperate at
31、tempts to monitor and control air pollution. Londons air pollution problem has been getting worse for years, and it often rises to more than three times the European Unions legal limit. Another promising approach can be found in Beijing, after China declared a “war against pollution” in 2014. A seve
32、n-metre-high “Smog Free Tower”, designed by a Dutch scientist, Daan Roosegaarde, opened in Beijings 751 D Park in September 2016. It is a huge, outdoor air purifier. Airborne particles（颗粒）are sucked into the tower where they receive a positive charge. The particles are then caught by a negatively ch
33、arged dust-removal plate and clean air is blown out of the other end. “Changing smog particles does not take much current.” Roosegaarde said. As for what to do with the collected PM waste, he has currently set up a business making jewellery out of the waste. Prince Charles owns a set of “smog free”
34、cufflinks(袖扣). If PM waste was collected on at a big scale, Roosegaarde believes it could even be used as a building material. Mexico City has an alternative solution. Looking to Nature to maximize the surface area of a building, Allison Dring, a Berlin-based architect, managed to catch light and wi
35、nd from all sides. She is now making a building material by burning agricultural crop by-products in the absence of oxygen. “It means that you are actually taking carbon(碳) out of the sky, transforming it into a material, and then using it to build,” says Dring. The fight against outdoor air polluti
36、on is really just starting. Even if none of the ideas take off, at least Prince Charles cufflinks, the special building surface and pigeons wearing back-packs will have brought the issue more to the publics attention.1. The 10 pigeons in London were used to _ . A. monitor air pollution B. warn Londo
37、ners C. update weather forecast D. promote backpacks2. What can we learn about the Smog Free Tower _ ? A. Its power consumption is high. B. PM waste from it can be reused. C. It is built of agricultural by-products. D. It can attract light and wind from all sides.3. Whats the best title for the pass
38、age _ ? A. When can humans get rid of smog? B. Why is technology used to fight smog? C. How are the worlds cities fighting smog? D. What makes smog a worldwide problem?4. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage _ ? 答案：ABCB【较难单词和词组】on the cards可能monitor n.显示屏，屏幕； 计显示器； 监测仪； 监控人员，班长v
39、.监控，监听； 搜集，记录； 测定； 监督purifier n.清洁者； 清洁器； 精制的； 精炼者be sucked into 被吸进current adj.现在的； 最近的； 流行的； 流传的 n.趋势； 电流； 水流； 涌流as for 至于make A out of B 用B做成Atransforminto 把转化成【长难句分析】：1.While the best solution in the long-term would be to ban fossil-fueled cars, that wont help the millions who are dying in the m
40、eantime, and so some high-tech solutions are now on the cards.【结构简析】让步状语从句，主句是一个并列句。【参考译文】尽管从长期来看，最好的解决方案应该是禁绝化石燃料汽车，但是它对此时将要死亡的数百万物种而言并无帮助，所以一些高科技策略正在尝试。2. Even if none of the ideas take off, at least Prince Charles cufflinks, the special building surface and pigeons wearing back-packs will have br
41、ought the issue more to the publics attention.【结构简析】让步状语从句，注意逐句部分的主语是一个并列短语。【参考译文】即使这些想法都不奏效，至少扎尔斯王子的袖扣表面是专门打造的，和带着背包的鸽子们会更多地把这个问题带到公众的公众的注意力范围之内。【改编语法填空】The fight is on to get rid of air pollution in our cities. While the best solution in the long-term would be to ban fossil-fueled cars, that wont
42、help the millions who are dying in the meantime, and so some high-tech solutions are now on the cards. In March 2016, 10 London pigeons became famous. These pigeons took to the sky from Primrose Hill in north London, wearing backpacks monitoring air pollution. _1_ in the air, the backpacks sent live
43、 air-quality updates to the smartphones of the Londoners below. The pigeons and their backpacks were just_2_ (late)in a series of increasingly desperate attempts to monitor and control air pollution. Londons air pollution problem _3_(get) worse for years, and it often rises to more than three times
44、the European Unions legal limit. Another promising approach _4_be found in Beijing, after China declared a “war against pollution” in 2014. A seven-metre-high “Smog Free Tower”, designed by a Dutch scientist, Daan Roosegaarde, opened in Beijings 751 D Park in September 2016. It is a huge, outdoor ai
45、r purifier. Airborne particles（颗粒）are sucked into the tower where they receive a positive charge. The particles are then caught by a negatively charged dust-removal plate and clean air is blown out of the _5_end. “Changing smog particles does not take much current.” Roosegaarde said. As for _6_to do
46、 with the collected PM waste, he has currently set up a business making jewellery out of the waste. Prince Charles owns a set of “smog free” cufflinks(袖扣). _7_ collected on at a big scale, Roosegaarde believes it could even be used as a building material. Mexico City has _8_alternative solution. _9_ (look) to Nature to maximize the surface area of a building, Allison Dring, a Berlin-based architect, managed to catch light and wind from all sides. She is now making a building material by burning agricultural crop by-products in the absenc
