1、Paragonimuswesternaniwas first described from two Bengal tiger that had died in zoos in Europe in 1878.During the next 2 years,infections by this worm in humans were found in Furmosa.It was very quickly found in the lungs,brain,and viscera of humans in Japan,Korea,and the Philippines.The life cycle
2、was worked out by Kobayashi and Yokagawa.The major focus of infection today remains in the Orient,including India and the Philippines.It also appears to be endemic throughout the East Indies,New Guinea,the Solomon Islands,Samoa,western Africa,Peru,Colombia,and Venezuela.The taxonomy of the genus is
3、difficult,and some of these reports may be of other,closely related species.Paragonimiasis is an excellent example of zoonosis.卵巢卵巢子子宫宫睾丸睾丸卵卵 黄黄 腺腺子子宫宫毛蚴毛蚴胞蚴胞蚴川卷螺川卷螺成虫成虫（肺）（肺）人、犬、人、犬、猫、虎等猫、虎等 囊蚴囊蚴入水入水（痰、粪便）（痰、粪便）溪蟹溪蟹（野猪、野鼠）（野猪、野鼠）卵卵 The early,invasion stages of paragonimiasis cause few or no symptom
4、atic pathological conditions.Once in a lung or an ectopic site,the worm stimulates connective tissue proliferation that eventually will enshroud it in a brownish or bluish capsule.Such capsules often ulcerate and heal slowly.Eggs in surrounding tissues will themselves become centers of pseudotubercl
5、es.Worms in the spinal cord are known to cause paralysis,which sometimes is total.Fatal cases of Paragonimus in the heart have been recorded.Cerebral cases have the same results as those of cerebral cysticercosis.Pulmonary cases usually cause chest symptoms,with breathing difficulties,chronic cough,
6、and sputum containing blood or brownish streaks.Fatal cases are common.毛蚴毛蚴胞蚴胞蚴川卷螺川卷螺成虫成虫（肺）（肺）人、犬、人、犬、猫、虎等猫、虎等 囊蚴囊蚴入水入水（痰、粪便）（痰、粪便）溪蟹溪蟹（野猪、野鼠）（野猪、野鼠）卵卵123传染源卵巢卵巢子子宫宫睾丸睾丸卵卵 黄黄 腺腺卫氏并殖吸虫卫氏并殖吸虫第一中间宿主第一中间宿主斯氏狸殖吸虫斯氏狸殖吸虫终宿主终宿主P131 About 60-100 centimeter About 100 proglottidsbothrium(钩球蚴钩球蚴随粪入水随粪入水成虫成虫（小肠
7、）（小肠）猫、犬、猫、犬、人人卵卵 人人、蛇、鸟、猪食入、蛇、鸟、猪食入（蛙）（蛙）剑水蚤剑水蚤蝌蚪、蝌蚪、人人Adult worms occasionally reside in humans.猪带绦虫猪带绦虫牛带绦虫牛带绦虫p132六钩蚴六钩蚴成虫成虫（小肠）（小肠）人人孕节孕节(卵卵)随血流随血流囊尾蚴囊尾蚴（肌肉）（肌肉）经经口口六钩蚴六钩蚴囊尾蚴囊尾蚴六钩蚴六钩蚴成虫成虫（小肠）（小肠）人人孕节孕节(卵卵)随血流随血流囊尾蚴囊尾蚴（肌肉）（肌肉）经经口口Infective stageDiagnostic stageOncospheres hatch,penetrate intesti
8、nal wall,and circulate to musculatureOncospheres develop into cysticerci in muscle Humans infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meatEggs or gravid proglottids in feces and passed into environmentScolex attaches to intestineAdults in small intestineT.saginata T.solium Cattle and pigs beco
9、me infected by ingesting vegetation contaminated by eggs or gravid proglottids细粒棘球绦虫（包生绦虫）细粒棘球绦虫（包生绦虫）Echinococcus granulosusMorphology成成 虫虫头节头节幼节幼节成节成节孕节孕节棘棘 球球 蚴蚴棘棘 球球 蚴蚴 实实 物物棘棘 球球 蚴蚴虫卵：虫卵：与猪带、牛带绦虫卵基本相同与猪带、牛带绦虫卵基本相同Life cycle虫卵虫卵棘球蚴棘球蚴 成虫成虫（犬、食肉动物）（犬、食肉动物）血循环血循环（羊、牛等动物内脏）（羊、牛等动物内脏）六钩蚴六钩蚴犬食入犬食入人、羊
10、、牛人、羊、牛生活史特点：生活史特点：1 1、终宿主终宿主：犬、狼、豺等；犬、狼、豺等；2 2、中间宿主中间宿主：羊、牛、骆驼、猪、鹿等，偶有马羊、牛、骆驼、猪、鹿等，偶有马、人人；3 3、感染方式感染方式：误食入了孕节或虫卵；误食入了孕节或虫卵；4 4、棘球蚴在人体内主要寄生部位：、棘球蚴在人体内主要寄生部位：肝肝、肺、腹腔、脑等、肺、腹腔、脑等致致 病病1 1、局部压迫和刺激症状：肝、肺等、局部压迫和刺激症状：肝、肺等2 2、中毒和过敏症状、中毒和过敏症状诊诊 断断1 1、询问病史、询问病史2 2、X X线、线、CTCT、MRIMRI等等3 3、手术活检、手术活检4 4、免疫学试验：皮试、血清学检查、免疫学试验：皮试、血清学检查流行防治流行防治绵羊绵羊 犬犬牦牛牦牛 犬犬治疗：阿苯达唑、手术治疗：阿苯达唑、手术预防为主预防为主世界性分布，我国分布于西北、华北等农牧区世界性分布，我国分布于西北、华北等农牧区
