1、Chapter 13 Decision-making Overview of Managerial Decision-makingImplementation EvaluationIdentification Analysis Selection of an alternativeDecision-making ProcessDecision Makers StyleContentsCondition for Decision-making1Types of Decisions2Cultural Difference3Reading Comprehension41.Conditions for
2、 Decision-makingCertaintyRiskUn-certainty2.Types of Problems and Decisions(contd)vRoutine Problems Happen regularly Be solved by standard proceduresvProgrammed Decision Regular decision of dealing with problems2.Types of Problems and Decisions(contd)vNonroutine Problems Problems that are new No stan
3、dard procedures for solutionvNonprogrammed Decisions Decisions that are unique and time-demanding Decisions that generate unique responses2.Types of Problems and DecisionsCharacteristicsProgrammed DecisionsNonprogrammedDecisionsType of problemRoutineNonroutineManagerial levelLowerUpper/SeniorFrequen
4、cyRepetitive,routineNew,unusualInformationReadily available Ambiguous or incompleteGoalsClear,specificVagueTime for solutionShortRelatively longSolution relies onStandard proceduresJudgment and creativity3.Cultural Difference in Making DecisionsLatin AmericansDecision-makerJapaneseDecision-makerAmer
5、icanDecision-makerIntuition/feelingCollectiveIndividual-orientedWho is Involved?Decisions can be made:vby individualsvin consultation with othersvby groupsWho is Involved?Group decision-makingthe whole group makes the final decision.Consultative decision-making decision-maker get information from ot
6、hers,and makes the final decision himself.Comparison4.Reading#1Decision-making analysis for country investments:vStrategyvPerformancevContext 4.Reading ComprehensionEconomyPoliticsSocietyStrategyPolicesFiscal policiesMonetary policiesIncomes policiesTrade policesSector policesGoalsEconomic goalsPoli
7、tical goalsSocial goalsPerformanceEconomic indicators -inflation -GNP changes -unemploymentPolitical indicators -Gov.form&change -human rights -political unrestSocial indicators -literacy -life expectancy -housing qualityDecision-making AnalysisDomestic&International ContextKey to Exercise#1v 1.inve
8、sting in research on a new cancer drugU.v 2.investing in US government treasury bonds.C.v 3.doing a merger with another company.R.v 4.adopting ISO 9000 standards for your productsC.v 5.selling your local company to a multinational.R.v 6.joining an economic bloc.R.v 7.developing a telecommuting polic
9、y for certain employees.R.v 8.giving subordinates more freedom to make decisions.R.v 9.reducing the number of levels of management in a(your)company R.Key to Exercise#2v 1.reordering inventory when stock falls below a certain amount R.v 2.deciding where to locate a new plantN.v 3.issuing a written c
10、riticism to a worker who has violated a company policyN.v 4.choosing members of a team to design a new productN.v 5.deciding on a new computer system for the firmN.v 6.deciding how many workers to hire for a new projectR.v 7.deciding whether or not to replace an old machineN.v 8.deciding which optio
11、ns to include in a flexible benefit packageNKey to Exercise#3Individual Consultative GroupColombians SwedesJapaneseAmericans Germans IsraelisBritish Chinese Saudi ArabiansFrench EgyptiansItaliansIndiansMexicansKey to Exercise#4EconomicPolitical Social Strategy Growth of GNPPrice stabilityFull employ
12、mentPolitical independence,Political stability,Maintaining sameForm of government Improving education,Health&housing Performance Inflation,Changes in GNP,UnemploymentlevelsHuman rights,Political unrest,How often governmentchanges Literacy level,Life expectancy,Quality of housingContext:Domestic Natu
13、ral resources,Skills of workforceRelationship between institutions Ethnic composition,Religious differencesContext:International Trade patterns,Relations withMNsKey to Exercise#4The article provides a framework for analyzing a country for investment purposes.This approach has three major components:
14、strategy,performance,and context.Eachcomponent,or part,has several elements.The performance dimension,for example,has various social,economic,and political indicators.The contextfactor has both domestic and international aspects .All governments develop a national strategythat includes certain goals
15、 they want to achieve.In order to achieve those goals,they must develop specific policies.It is sometimes hard to know what a governments strategy is.One way to do this is analyzing its goals .Then decide which goals have the highest priorities.WORDS&MEANINGS 1.prbable(adj),imprbable(adj),probablity
16、(n),prbably(adv)It is highly probable that Central Asia will increase its production of oil and gas in the next few years.Production in the US and the North Sea will probablydecrease.There is a probability of discovering new oil deposits in the South China Sea and in the western parts of China itsel
17、f,in the region of Xinjiang.It is improbable that there will be many other major new discoveries in the next few years.There is also aprobability that other forms of energy such as ethanol(oil from corn)will become commercially available.WORDS&MEANINGS2.predct(v),predction(n),predictablity(n),predct
18、able(adj)It is hard to predict what direction the world economy will take in the next decade(10-year period).There have been predictions of food and energy shortages,but these have been incorrect.Economists have predicted great economic development in the countries of Southeast Asia,but there have b
19、een problems with some of these predictions as well.Clearly,some things are more predictable than others.Demographic change,for example,has a greater degree ofpredictability than economic or political events.WORDS&MEANINGS3.create,creative(adj),creatvity(n),creation(n)Earlier in our text,we saw how
20、Central America and Southern Africa have been trying to create groups for regional economic cooperation.We have also examined some of the problems that other countries face in the creation of regional economic organizations.One definition of creativity is:developing new ways of looking at things.In order to be really creative,we have to find new ways of looking at old problems.Being creative means putting aside old values and old ways of solving those problems.For most of us,this is simply too much work.谢谢你的阅读v知识就是财富v丰富你的人生
