1、英语中的句法 -周慧娟 第1页，共49页。陈述句 一般疑问句 按用途分-疑问句-特殊疑问句 祈使句 反义疑问句 感叹句 选择疑问句句子的分类-主语从句 宾语从句 名词性从句-表语从句 简单句 同位语从句 并列句 定语从句-限定性定语从句 按结构分-非限定性定语从从句 复合句-让步状语从句 目的状语从句 地点状语从句 状语从句-时间状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句 方式状语从句 条件状语从句 比较状语从句第2页，共49页。简单句定义：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫简单句。E.g.I get up at six in the morning.My mother a
2、nd I often go shopping.We help and learn from each other.第3页，共49页。简单句的基本句型简单句共有六个基本句型。主语+连系动词+表语（S+V+P）Im a teacher.He looks angry.The weather gets warmer and warmer.The trees turns green.(连系动词：带表语表示主语的身份、状态、性质或特征的动词叫系动词。Be动词/感官系动词/保持状态系动词keep,remain,etc./渐变状态系动词become,get,turn,grow,etc.)第4页，共49页。主语
3、+谓语（S+V）The baby smiled.She dances well.主语+单宾及物动词+宾语（S+V+O）You must finish your homework on time.The children are watering the flowers.主语+双宾及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（S+V+O+O）My mother gave me a dictionary.My mother gave a dictionary to me.(to:给)My mother bought me a dictionary.My mother bought a dictionary for
4、 me.(for:为)第5页，共49页。主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 （S+V+O+C）They call him little Tom.(名词作宾补)We found the room empty.(形容词作宾补)I saw the children playing in the garden.(现在分词作宾补)I saw the man knocked down by a car.(过去分词作宾补)There be句型第6页，共49页。并列句 定义：由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子叫做并列句。（有时也可以用分号连接）表示并列关系的连词：and,so(也),neith
5、er/nor(也不),besides(而且),etc.Mary can swim,so can I.She doesnt like math,neither/nor do I.It is late,besides,Im too tired to go out.第7页，共49页。表示转折关系的连词：but,however,yet,while(表示对比),etc.She worked hard,yet she still failed.Tom likes coffee,while I prefer tea.表示选择关系的连词：or,otherwise,or else,etc.Hurry up,or
6、 else youll miss the train.第8页，共49页。复合句名词性从句定语从句状语从句第9页，共49页。名词性从句第10页，共49页。定义：起名词作用，作主句的主语、宾语、表语或同位语的句子叫名词性从句。引导名词性从句的连词：从属连词：that,if/whether,as if/though,because,etc.连接代词：who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whomever,whichevr,whatever,etc.连接副词：when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however,etc.第11页，共49
7、页。主语从句定义：在主句中作主语的句子叫主语从句。从属连词that引导 That she will go is certain.为了平衡句子，用it作形式主语，将真正的主语that从句放在主句后构成“It is/was that”句型,共有以下几种句型。（that不能省略）It is+形容词+that主语从句 It is necessary/important that we should help each other.It is+名词+that 主语从句 It is a pity that you missed a good changce.It is+过去分词+that主语从句 It i
8、s reported/said/believed/thought/etc.+that主语从句It seems/appears/happens/turns out+that主语从句第12页，共49页。从属连词whether引导 Whether he will come or not is still unknown.连接代词引导 What is happening outside doesnt concern me.Who will go makes no difference.连接副词引导 When he will come back is not decided yet.Why he did
9、nt go to school is not quite clear.第13页，共49页。宾语从句定义：做主句宾语的句子叫宾语从句。I believe that we will win the game.注意：有些动词后面的that宾语从句是否定时，否定要转移到主句的谓语动词上，这种语言现象叫否定转移。（think,believe,expect,consider,etc.）That宾语从句之后有形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，用it作形式宾语，将that宾语从句置于句尾。I think it important that we learn English well.I consider it a
10、pity that we missed the party.第14页，共49页。表语从句定义：作主句表语的句子叫表语从句。The trouble is that I have forgotten her address.He is hungry.That is why he ate so much.第15页，共49页。同位语从句定义：跟在表示事实或抽象的名词之后，对前面的名词加以解释说明的句子叫同位语从句。The thought that he might fail in the exam worries him.They asked me the question whether the w
11、ork was worth doing.I have no idea what has happened to him.第16页，共49页。定语从句第17页，共49页。定义定义:在复合句中用来用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。先行词：先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。关系词关系词：引导定语从句的词引导定语从句的词 关系代词：关系代词：Who,whom,whose,which,that,as等等 关系副词：关系副词：When,where,why等等第18页，共49页。关系代词和关系副词的作用：1、引导作用、引导作用 2、替代作用、替代作用 3、在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用、在定语
12、从句中担当某个成分的作用 Those who want to go please sign your names here.This is the house where he was born.Bill,who was here yesterday,asked me a a lot of questions.第19页，共49页。指指 代代所作成分所作成分是否可省略是否可省略ThatWhichWhoWhomwhose人；物人；物物物人人人人人、物人、物主语；宾语主语；宾语主语；宾语主语；宾语主语；宾语主语；宾语宾语宾语定语定语作宾语可省作宾语可省作宾语可省作宾语可省作宾语可省作宾语可省可省可省
13、不可省不可省第20页，共49页。指代指代所作成分所作成分是否可省是否可省略略WhenWherewhy时间时间状语状语否否地点地点状语状语否否原因原因状语状语否否第21页，共49页。判断下列引导词在句中的用法判断下列引导词在句中的用法 Eg:1.He is such a man who never tells a lie.2.He is the model worker whom/who we should learn from.3.A dictionary is a book which often helps us to know the meanings of the words.4.Th
14、is is the film which I like best.5.The boy whose father is a professor is one of my best friends.指代指代、所作成分所作成分、是否可省略是否可省略第22页，共49页。6.The house whose roof was blown away by the storm will be rebuilt soon.7.It was 11 oclock when the accident happened last night.8.This is the village where I was brough
15、t up.第23页，共49页。关系代词必须用that的情形1)先行词被先行词被序数词或形容词最高级序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。所修饰时。2）先行词被）先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时。修饰时。3)先行词是先行词是不定代词不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等等.4）先行词被）先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。等修饰。5）先行词既有）先行词既有人人又有又有物物时。时。6)主句是以主句是以who/which引导的特殊疑问句引导
16、的特殊疑问句第24页，共49页。This is the best film that I have ever seen.The first man arrived at the class was our headteacher.This is the only ticket that I got yesterday.This is the very book that Im looking for.Is there anything that I can do for you?All that you have to do is to press the button.There is no
17、 time that we can waste.The car and its driver that knocked down the old lady have been taken to the police station.Who is the man that is standing under the tree?第25页，共49页。B.指物时，作介词的宾语，关系代词只能用which This is the question about which weve had so much discussion.第26页，共49页。关系副词when,where,why的用法1.Do you
18、still remember the day when we went to visit the museum together?Do you still remember the day on which we went to visit the museum together?2.This is the factory where my father once worked.This is the factory in which my father once worked.3.This is the reason why he was late.This is the reason fo
19、r which he was late.第27页，共49页。Summarize:在定语从句中关系副词都等于一个适当的介词加上在定语从句中关系副词都等于一个适当的介词加上which，在从句中作，在从句中作状语状语When=in/at/on/+which;Where=in/at/on/+which;Why=for/+which第28页，共49页。注意：如果表示时间、地点、原因的先行词注意：如果表示时间、地点、原因的先行词在从句中不是作状语而是作在从句中不是作状语而是作主语或宾语主语或宾语时，时，则要用关系代词则要用关系代词which/that来引导定语从句。来引导定语从句。This is the
20、park which/that we visited last year.This is the park where we held a birthday party.Thats the date which/that she wont forget for ever.Thats the date when we went to the college.The reason which/that he gave us was unacceptable.The reason why he was late was still unknown.第29页，共49页。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
21、定义：定义：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的修饰成分，否则主句的意思不完整或不成立。非限制性定语从句只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后主句的意思照样完整。Compare the following sentences:A man who does not try to learn from others cant achieve much.Therere many plays(that)Id like to see.This note was left by Xiao Wu,who was just here.第30页，共49页。Yesterday Mr Brown paid a visi
22、t to Hangzhou,which is famous for its West Lake.They have invited me to visit their country,which is very kind of them.Summarize:1.限制性定语从句常和先行词紧密相连；非限制限制性定语从句常和先行词紧密相连；非限制 性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开。性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开。2.非限制性定语从句不能用非限制性定语从句不能用that来引导。来引导。3.非限制性定语从句有时可以用来修饰整个句子。非限制性定语从句有时可以用来修饰整个句子。第31页，共49页。状语
23、从句第32页，共49页。定义：在复合句中作主句状语的句子叫做状语从句。状语从句有9种：时间、目的、地点、让步条件、比较、结果、方式和原因状语从句。状语从句位于主句前时后面加逗号，位于主句后时不加逗号。第33页，共49页。1.时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连词有：When,while,as（当时）when/as 即可指“点”时间又可指“段”时间；while 只指“段”时间 (“点”时间只用瞬间动词；“段”时间用延续性动词)When/while/as Sam was reading,his father was listening to the redio.When/as the clock st
24、ruck twelve,all the lights went out.第34页，共49页。once(一旦就)Once you begin,you must continue.as soon as,the moment,the instant,the minute,instantly,immediately（一就）The thief ran away as soon as he saw the policeman.no soonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen/before(一就)主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时 He had no sooner seen me than
25、 he ran away.No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.They had hardly/scarcely reached home when/before it rained.Hardly had they reached home when it rained.第35页，共49页。until/till（到时为止；直到时才）两者可以互换，但若在强调句中或句首，只用untill.延续性动词+untill/till从句：直到止否定的瞬间动词+untill/till从句：直到才 We waited here untill/till the str
26、eet lights turned on.We didnt leave here untill/till the street lights turned on.第36页，共49页。before/after I must finish the composition before the teacher come.He joined the army after he left school.since/ever since 自从.主句多用现在完成时，从句用瞬间动词的一般过去时 He has worked in this school since he graduated from the c
27、ollege/since 2005.every time,each time 每次.都.Every/each time he comes to Beijing,he will see me.Whenever 无论什么时候 Whenever he comes to Beijing,he will see me.第37页，共49页。2.地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词有：where/wherever Where there is a will,there is a way.He is welcome wherever he goes.第38页，共49页。3.目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的连词有：
28、so that,in order that 为了.They get up early so that/in order that they can catch the first bus.lest,for fear(that),in case 以防、以免 从句通常用虚拟语气 Take an umbrella with you in case it(should)rain.They spoke in whisper for fear that they should wake the baby.第39页，共49页。4.原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的连词：because since as for(
29、由左向右语气渐弱)because:语气最强，用来表示别人不知道的原因，强调原因。（注意：回答why的问句，必须用because;在强调句型中强调原因的时候必须用because）The swimming pool wont be open today because they are making repairs.Why do you move to Paris?Because my father work in Paris.It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam.Since“既然”（表示对方已知的事实或理由，侧重
30、主句。）Since he cant answer the question,lets ask someone else.第40页，共49页。as“由于”（表示明显的原因，主从句并重）As it is late today,lets talk about it tomorrow.for“因为”（语气最弱，表示附加或推断的理由）He must be ill,for he is absent today.(推断)It rained last night,for the ground is wet.now that,seeing that“既然”（与since/as 相当，可以互换。）Now that
31、 everybody is here,lets begin.Seeing that its raining,you should stay at home.第41页，共49页。5.结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词：so,that,so that“所以，结果”He violated the regulations,so he was punished.The mother worries about her son that she hardly sleeps these days.注意：so,that,so that 既可以引导目的状语从句又 可引导结果状语从句，可根据句子的逻辑关系来判断。
32、We started early so that we could get there on time.We started early,so that we got there on time.(情态动词，逗号也是区别两种句型的重要信息)第42页，共49页。Sothat/suchthat “如此以致于”SothatSo+形容词/副词+that 从句 Mr Brown is so busy that he cant leave his house.He left so quickly that we didnt have time to say goodbye to him.So many/m
33、uch/few/little/+名词+that 从句 I made so many mistakes that I failed in the exam.He has so much work to do that he cant go with us.so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句 He is so kind a man that everybody likes him.第43页，共49页。SuchthatSuch+形容词+复数名词/不可数名词+that从句 They are such lovely boys that we all like them.Such+a/an+形
34、容词+单数名词+that（=so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句)It is such a hot day that I cant sleep.It is so hot a day that I cant sleep.Such+名词+that从句 The child had such a fever that he nearly died.第44页，共49页。6.条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的连词和连词词组：If “如果”If we start at six,well be there on time.(真实条件句：主将从现)If you had put on more cloth,
35、you wouldnt have caught a cold.(非真实条件句：虚拟语气)Oncondition/provided/providing/suppose/supposing+that从句（suppose/supposing只在疑问句使用）Ill lend you the room provided that you keep it tidy.Suppose that it rains,what shall we do?Unless“除非”You wont succeed unless you work hard.第45页，共49页。in case 假设，万一（作“以免，以防”讲时，
36、引导目的状语从句。）You may call this number in case Im not at home.Take an umbrella with you in case it(should)rain.as long as/so long as“只要就”As/so long as you keep trying,you will surely succeed.Only if“只有才”(用倒装句)Only if the teacher gives permission,can we go home.注意：if only“但愿/要是就好了”(用虚拟语气)If only I had wo
37、n that prize.第46页，共49页。7.让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词although/though；even though/if“虽然/尽管”Though he is rich,he never waste money.疑问词(what/when/where/who,etc.)+ever“无论”Whatever you do,you should try your best.Wherever you go,Ill be with you.no matter+疑问词“无论”No matter what you do,you should try your best.No matt
38、er where you go,Ill be with you.as“尽管、虽然”Young as he is,he knows a lot.Child as he is,he can speak two foreign languages.第47页，共49页。8.方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的连词或词组：as/just as/like/the way 像那样；按照的方式 He writes as his teacher does.He did the exercises as he was told.I will help you the way you did it to me.as if
39、/as though 好像 He looks as if he is ill.He looks as if he were ill.第48页，共49页。9.比较状语从句 引导比较状语从句的词或词组有：as；than；the more the more ；just as；A is to B what/as X is to Y；She is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The house is three times bigger than ours.The more you exercise,the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine.第49页，共49页。
