1、 英语医学科研论文写作英语医学科研论文写作Writing English Medical Papers Elements of a good scientific paperl Good quality sciencelRobust to peer reviewlWell designed and executed original researchlFindings of interest to the journals readershiplWork in an active research area(=citations!)lWork that advances the field i
2、n some waylCompliance with ethical regulationslClear,concise writingJournal selectionWhat should you consider?p Publishing frequencyp Impact factorp Target audiencep Aims and scopep Rejection ratep Lead timesp Access(open or subscriber)p Prior publicationsp Publication feesp Publication typesHow do
3、these relate to your publication needs?My target journal formatting the manuscript lRead Instructions For Authors Normally this is available on the website of your chosen journal.Read it carefully,or there can be consequences.lScope of the journallFollow PRECISELY the instructions elements that you
4、should attend to include:Materials that should be submitted along with the manuscriptGeneral layout.Font,size,space.Tables and figures(use them sparingly!)Spelling(American vs British English)Expression of quantities and unitsReferences(list format,manner of citation in text)Refine your language:lNo
5、 misspelling is tolerated.Grammatical errors will enrage the reviewers.lAlways use English punctuations.A punctuation mark in English takes up the space of only one English letter,instead of two in Chinese.lIssues with capitalization.lNever use“、”or“。”use“,”and“.”instead.lTry not to invent words.All
6、 the words you need have been in dictionaries.lThe matter of Chinglish:at lexical,syntactic,and textual levels.This is a real problem.Useful resources of writing:dictionaries,books,guidelines,and peopleDictionaries Authoritative dictionaries(Oxford,Longman,Merriam-Webster,etc.)provide standards and
7、valuable references for checking the correct spelling,collocations,and idiomatic use of words.Online or electronic resourcesIt is easy to use,but you need to be very,very careful with what you find there.Like many other Chinese-English dictionaries,this dictionary contains numerous errors in so many
8、 of its entries.Cross-checking the entries against PubMed database(for instance)will be wise.This encyclopedia can be very useful in checking out the definitions of newly emerged terms,which you normally can not find in conventional dictionaries.The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors
9、(ICMJE)Recommendations for the Conduct,Reporting,Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals(http:/www.icmje.org).nICMJE developed the recommendations to review best practice and ethical standards in conducting and reporting research in medical journals.nTo help authors,editors,and
10、 others create and distribute accurate,clear,reproducible,unbiased medical journal articles.Guidelines for writingThis a freely accessible database of English abstracts from an immense number of medical journals published worldwide.Besides checking out the newest findings in a specific field of biom
11、edicine,we can also use this database for linguistic purposes,e.g.checking a newly emerged terminology and comparing the frequencies of two or more candidate expressions for an entity.Always choosing the most frequently used terms.传说中最长的单词？传说中最长的单词？Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis（45个英文
12、字母）肺尘病个英文字母）肺尘病,矽肺病矽肺病 肺尘埃沉着病肺尘埃沉着病lithicosis;pneumokoniosis;pneumonoconiosis;pneumonokoniosis 肺尘埃沉着病肺尘埃沉着病汉英医学名词 3 pneumoconiosis，又称“尘肺”。肺尘埃沉着病肺尘埃沉着病pneumokoniosislThe CONSORT Statement CONSORT:Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (www.consort-statement.org)lSTrengthening the Reporting of OBs
13、ervational studies in Epidemiology http:/www.strobe-statement.org/英文科技论文的英文科技论文的语言特点语言特点写作要点写作要点l正式(Very formal language)l简洁(Brevity:no unnecessary words)l清楚(Clarity:nothing comes before clarity;failure to be clear,you fail the purpose of writing at all)l规范(Standard terminologies)使用正式的语体（书面语）l避免口语化表
14、达：避免口语化表达：Avoid using such little words:get,let,fine,lots of,allright,isnt,etc.We got a cell line stably expressing the gene we wanted.We established/obtained a cell line stably expressing the target gene.l句子结构完整、严谨，符合严格的语法要求；句子结构完整、严谨，符合严格的语法要求；口语中常被省略的口语中常被省略的“that”that”不能省；尽量不用祈使句不能省；尽量不用祈使句。We f
15、ound the cells turned red after staining.We found that the cells were stained red after application of the dye.人称、语态问题人称、语态问题l科技语体大量使用第三人称和被动语态，科技语体大量使用第三人称和被动语态，描述客观事实。这是科技语言的一个共同描述客观事实。这是科技语言的一个共同特点。国际上提倡在科技论文中多用主动特点。国际上提倡在科技论文中多用主动语态，但这恰好说明被动语态使用的广泛，语态，但这恰好说明被动语态使用的广泛，虽然有时可能会被滥用。多用主动语态并虽然有时可能会被滥用
16、。多用主动语态并非要完全抛弃被动语态，某些场合（如方非要完全抛弃被动语态，某些场合（如方法部分）还是必须用被动语态。法部分）还是必须用被动语态。简洁（Brevity）l极简主义极简主义用最直接的方式，最少的文字，描述最简单用最直接的方式，最少的文字，描述最简单的事实的事实 To be brief,you need to forget the rhetorically pompous and beautiful words in your dictionary,and speak the truth directly with plain but effective words as few a
17、s possible.Do not try showing off your vocabulary of big words.尽量避免用左边的表达方式尽量避免用左边的表达方式lby means of bylby using using/bylin order to tola number of many,severallthe fact that simply drop this!lfor the reason that becauselin spite of/despite the fact that althoughlon account of becauseltwo kinds of c
18、ell/model two cells/modelslpatients who suffered from patients with 。例句分析例句分析原文原文：To establish a stable and feasible rabbit model of CPB(cardiopulmonary bypass)in acute cerebral embolism phase,in order to provide an experimental tool for the study of the influences exerted on the brain by CPB and ch
19、oice of timing of surgery in acute cerebral embolism phase.修改修改：To establish a rabbit model of cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)in acute cerebral embolism phase for studying the effects of CPB on brain tissues and the timing of surgical intervention(of acute cerebral embolism).清楚（Clarity）最基本的要求IVF-ET周期中周期
20、中glycodelin与子宫内膜容受性及妊娠关系的初与子宫内膜容受性及妊娠关系的初步研究步研究lCorrelation between glycodelin and endometrial receptivity and its prognostic value for pregnancy in IVF-ET cyclesl改为：Glycodelin in IVF-ET cycles:its association with endometrial receptivity and impact on pregnancy outcome肾上腺髓质素对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏微小动脉的影响肾上腺髓质素
21、对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏微小动脉的影响lEffect of adrenomedullin on renal arteriole of spontaneous hypertension rats l改为：Effect of adrenomedullin on renal arteriole remodeling in rats with spontaneous hypertensionl怎样才算清楚？怎样才算清楚？没有歧义，足够具体，细节清楚Who,What,When,How都明确l保证表达清楚：不要让读者猜谜，大家都很忙保证表达清楚：不要让读者猜谜，大家都很忙用简单的语法。该有的限定语不能省。用
22、简单的词。合理使用代词。用短句。少用缩写；不用或少用自定或非公知公认的缩写。不用错综复杂的连词。控制句子长度，尽量少用长句。规范（Standard Follow the Rules）使用规范的语言、名词术语、量和单位使用规范的语言、名词术语、量和单位l术语的规范（术语的规范（TerminologyTerminology）Type 2 diabetes,NOT Type II diabetesAlzheimers disease vs Alzheimer disease and senile dementia正斜体、大小写正斜体、大小写：bcl-2 gene vs Bcl-2 protein;限
23、制性内切酶：Bam HI和Mlu不要迷信中英医学词典，编者自造词太多l语言的规范语言的规范l根据期刊的习惯选择英式或美式拼写l在英文中不使用中文的标点符号，尤其不能用顿号l符合严谨的语法要求l符合英文书写习惯（空格与否）l缩写的规范缩写的规范 不要滥用缩写，过多使用缩写影响阅读，打断思路不要滥用缩写，过多使用缩写影响阅读，打断思路 例：The sensitivity and consistency of VUS and VCUG in detecting VUR were compared.VUS:Voiding urosonography VUR:Esicoureteral reflux;V
24、CUG:Voiding cystourethrography)DNA,RNA,PCR,AIDS缩写的规范What does ICAD stand for?linternal carotid artery disease(ICAD)lintracranial atherosclerotic disease(ICAD)lintracranial cerebral artery disease(ICAD)limportant coronary artery disease(iCAD)lintracranial atheromatous disease(ICAD)linsignificant coro
25、nary artery disease(ICAD)量和单位的规范：使用国际单位制量和单位的规范：使用国际单位制 一般建议使用国际单位制，但是某些常用单位可用非国际一般建议使用国际单位制，但是某些常用单位可用非国际单位制，如表示血压的单位制，如表示血压的mmHg仍普遍使用仍普遍使用 Seven base quantities assumed to be mutually independentA few non-SI units widely used 关于中式英语(Chinglish)Common causes include:lDictionary translation:translati
26、ng Chinese to English word for wordlLinguistic differences and mother tongue interferencelDifferent thinking patterns and culturelOutdated Chinese-English dictionaries and textbook-style EnglishlMediocre English-language teaching and lack of English-language environment Features of Chinglish:at the
27、lexical level ChineseChinglishEnglish干细胞Dry cellsStem cells有效率Effective rateResponse rate椎间盘突出Intervertebral disc protrusionIntervertebral disc herniation疗效满意Satisfactory(therapeutic)effectGood(therapeutic)effect骨性关节炎Bony arthritisOsteoarthritis 胃底Stomach fundusGastric fundus血糖Blood sugarBlood gluco
28、se误诊mistake in diagnosis;mistaken diagnosis misdiagnosis肺尘病/尘肺病Pneumonoltramicro-scopicsilicovolcanoconiosispneumoconiosisFeatures of Chinglish:at the syntactic level常表现在句子结构带有明显的中文痕迹，用词生硬刻板：常表现在句子结构带有明显的中文痕迹，用词生硬刻板：lThere are some things different from the three lesions.This lesion has different(cl
29、inical)features from the other 3 lesions.lIt must be alert for the rare anatomical abnormality such as ectopic colon behind the kidney.Clinicians must be alert for such rare anatomical abnormalities as ectopic colon behind the kidney.写作者对英语语法不够熟悉，且对词汇理解不够；阅读相关英文文献数量少，不了解专业词汇l“英夫利昔单抗在IBD的治疗中已经充分显示了其优
30、越性和安全性”lInfliximab has fully demonstrated its superiority and security in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Infliximab has shown its efficacy and safety in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).分析：用词不当；“充分显示”没必要直译l 3a(注：一种新型生物素靶向显影探针)能通过生物素介导专一靶向乳腺癌细胞，成像清晰，对正常乳腺细胞毒性极低。3a ca
31、n be well oriented to breast cancer cells via biotin,the imaging performance of 3a is satisfied,and was nontoxic to normal breast cells.3a is capable of targeted delivery to breast cancer cells via biotin to achieve enhanced imaging performance without toxicity to normal breast cells.l分析：“靶向”译作orien
32、t不好，文献中普遍用target；Satisitifed一词有误；最后一个分句主语在哪？l高龄冠心病患者行非体外循环下冠脉旁路移植术是一种安全有效的手术方法，远期效果满意。lOff-pump coronary artery bypass grafting was a safe and effective operation for patients in advanced age,it has a satisfying long-term outcomes.Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is safe and effective and ca
33、n achieve favorable long-term outcomes in elderly patients with coronary artery disease.分析：老龄患者用elderly好些，简单且有尊敬之意；原译中未体现“冠心病患者”；还是satisfy的问题；第二个分句前缺少连词；时态问题：宜用一般现在时态Features of Chinglish:at the discourse levell篇章层面的中式英语主要体现在段落安排上，没有按照英文习惯的先重后轻的顺序l段落中首句不是段落的中心句l（引言中）使用中文的套话:with the development of t
34、he society/economyThis study provides a useful tool to further study of sth.This technique is worth wide clinical application.The Fundamentals of Medical Writing Anatomy of a medical paper Key elements in writing each section医学论文的基本结构lTitlelAuthors and AffiliationslAbstractlIntroductionlMaterials an
35、d MethodslResultslDiscussionlAcknowledgementlReferences TitleAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussion论文各部分写作要点TITLE:give your article a snappy titleElements of a good title 好的标题的要素好的标题的要素lEasy to understand 易懂易懂lAccurate promise of the papers content 准确反映文章内容准确反映文章内容lSpecific conce
36、rning the scope of the study 足够具体足够具体lNo unexplained abbreviations unless they are widely understood(e.g.HIV,AIDS,CD4+,DNA,RNA,IQ)少用非公知公认的缩写少用非公知公认的缩写lSimple,short,concise 要简单明了要简单明了lStates the subject of the article,but not the conclusions 反映研反映研究目的，而非结论（究目的，而非结论（这个，可以有）这个，可以有）lIndicates the study
37、design 说明研究设计（如随机试验、横断面说明研究设计（如随机试验、横断面研究）研究）lEye-catching,a“reader-grabber”能够吸引眼球能够吸引眼球lBegins with a key word 以实词开头以实词开头ExampleslLevodopa（左旋多巴）toxicity in Parkinson disease:reality or myth?Realitypractice patterns should change.lCarotid artery cavernous fistulas.（综述/文题可体现文章类型）lCytosolic triglyceri
38、des and oxidative stress in central obesity:the missing link between excessive atherosclerosis,endothelial dysfunction,and beta-cell failure?lFluoxetine after weight restoration in anorexia nervosa神经性厌食:a randomized controlled trial.lPrevention of sports injuries:systematic review of randomized cont
39、rolled trials.l兔脑栓塞急性期体外循环模型的建立及临床意义 Establishment and significance of a rabbit model of cardiopulmonary bypass in acute cerebral embolism phasel凋亡细胞预处理对胰岛移植受体大鼠脾淋巴细胞功能的影响Influence of pre-treatment of donor apoptotic cells on the function of the spleen lymphocytes from the recipient rats after islet
40、 transplatationEffect of pretreatment with apoptotic donor spleen cells on recipient spleen lymphocyte function in rats receiving islet transplantationl海洛因成瘾患者眶额叶皮层功能连接的改变与成瘾患者决策能力的关系The disruption of orbitofrontal cortex functional connectivity and its relationship with the decision making deficits
41、 in heroin dependent individualsAlterations in orbitofrontal cortex functional connectivity and decision-making deficits in heroin-dependent individualsABSTRACT:informative but shortlTake the time to polish the abstract花足够的时间润色摘要花足够的时间润色摘要lKeep the abstract short摘要要短（一般不超过摘要要短（一般不超过250字）字）lFollow th
42、e style of the target journal一定要符合目标杂志的格式要求（结构式一定要符合目标杂志的格式要求（结构式vs非结构式）非结构式）lDo not shorten the abstract by excluding key information摘要要短，但不能略去重要的信息摘要要短，但不能略去重要的信息lEliminate all abbreviations and unnecessary words能不用缩写就不用；去掉所有不必要的词能不用缩写就不用；去掉所有不必要的词INTRODUCTIONlProviding adequate background informa
43、tion必须要有研究背景的介绍。必须要有研究背景的介绍。lStart with a general,yet concise,description of the problem that your paper will address.前言一开始应简要说明本研究试图解决的问题。前言一开始应简要说明本研究试图解决的问题。lPoint out the gap in the current scientific knowledge.What we have known?And what not?指出目前国内外相关研究中存在的知识断层，哪些是已知的，哪指出目前国内外相关研究中存在的知识断层，哪些是已知
44、的，哪些是未知的。些是未知的。lState your hypothesis clearly.明确说明作者的研究假设。明确说明作者的研究假设。lExplain the purpose of your study clearly.明确说明研究目的。明确说明研究目的。lDefine unfamiliar terms or abbreviations.解释所涉及到的不常用术语或缩写。解释所涉及到的不常用术语或缩写。METHODS:give enough detailslProvides sufficient details in the methods employed to ensure repro
45、ducibility方法部分对实验方法部分对实验/试验方法要有详细描述，以确保实验能够被别人重试验方法要有详细描述，以确保实验能够被别人重复。复。lOrganize the Methods with meaningful subheadings要合理使用小标题。要合理使用小标题。lGive details of the animals,reagents,and instruments used实验动物、试剂、仪器的细节信息。实验动物、试剂、仪器的细节信息。lDefine the variables(grades of conditions,criteria for disease severi
46、ties or diagnosis)对变量要做适当的定义（如疾病分级，疾病严重程度分级标准，诊断对变量要做适当的定义（如疾病分级，疾病严重程度分级标准，诊断标准等）。标准等）。lDescribe randomization and blinding仔细描述所使用的随机方法和盲法。仔细描述所使用的随机方法和盲法。METHODS:give enough detailslDescribe the source of reagents and model of instruments usedlDescribe the data collection methods in detail细致描述资料收集
47、方法。细致描述资料收集方法。lInformed consent/institutional review board/ethics committee approval知情同意，论理委员会批准实验知情同意，论理委员会批准实验/试验的情况。试验的情况。lInclusion/exclusion criterialStudy design,grouping,randomization,blinding lSpecify statistical methods used for data processing详细描述所使用的统计学方法、统计软件、统计量值（详细描述所使用的统计学方法、统计软件、统计量值
48、（F，t，P值等）的阈值。值等）的阈值。lJustify the sample size used 说明确定样本量的依据说明确定样本量的依据/方法。方法。RESULTS:the art of presenting datalSpecify the number of cases included,excluded,and dropoutslPresent the data in a natural order按照自然顺序（如实验的先后顺序）一次描述结果。按照自然顺序（如实验的先后顺序）一次描述结果。lInclude only results in Results section“结果结果”中只
49、描述结果。尽量不再重复描述方法过程或出现新中只描述结果。尽量不再重复描述方法过程或出现新的方法描述，这些都放在的方法描述，这些都放在“方法方法”中；也不要在这里急着讨论中；也不要在这里急着讨论结果的意义结果的意义这是这是“讨论讨论”的内容的内容lThe results section rarely require references结果中一般不会引用文献。结果中一般不会引用文献。Meta 分析有时会用到文献。分析有时会用到文献。lDo not repeat information in the tables and text切记，文字描述不要与表格重复。切记，文字描述不要与表格重复。lUse
50、 tables and figures sparingly 图表要尽量精简，既节省篇幅又可降低版面费。图表要尽量精简，既节省篇幅又可降低版面费。DISCUSSION:where you make a difference lStart the Discussion with your most important point在讨论一开始先描述全文最重要的观点和结果。在讨论一开始先描述全文最重要的观点和结果。lStart each paragraph with a topic sentence of that paragraph每段开头第一句话一定要是本段的中心意思。每段开头第一句话一定要是本段
