1、第20课 清朝君主专制的强化,清朝为巩固对全国的统治，采取各种措施，进一步强化封建君主专制，并极力禁锢人们的思想言论。君主专制在清朝时达到什么样的程度？清朝统治者是怎样实行文化专制统治的？清朝走向衰败有哪些表现？,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
2、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状
3、元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,一、军机处的设立,清朝初期，还保留着由满族贵族组成的议政王大臣会议，一切军国大事都要经过议政王大臣会议讨论，一经决定，连皇帝也不能改变。,背景：,目的：,加强君主专制。,康熙时，设立南书房，直接为皇帝草拟谕旨和处理奏章，从而绕开议政王大臣会议。,设立：,雍正年间，朝
4、廷临时设立军机房，处理西北军务，不久改名军机处，成为常设机构，由皇帝选派亲信大臣组成。,军机处是辅助助皇帝处理政事的最重要的中枢机构，军政大事完全由皇帝裁决，军机大臣照皇帝的旨意拟成写文，经皇帝审阅同意后传达给中央各部和地方机构去执行。 军机处设立后，议政王大臣会议名存实亡，到乾隆时期被撤销。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
5、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
6、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,军机处的设立，便于皇帝独掌朝政，使皇帝具有至高无上的权威，一切都要服从皇帝的意志，使君主专制进一步强化。,意义：,二、文字狱与文化专制政策,加强君主专制，从思想领域严密控制知识分子。,
7、大兴文字狱目的：,文字狱概况：,康熙、雍正和乾隆三朝，经常从知识分子的文章、诗词中摘取只言片语，加以歪曲解释，再借题发挥，罗织罪状，制造了大批冤狱，很多人因此被处死，连亲属、师友都受到迫害。人们把这种做法称为“文字狱”。,文字狱的危害：,文字狱造成了社会恐怖，摧残了许多人才，致使知识分子从此再不敢过问政治，也不敢表露个人的思想，从而禁锢了人们的思想言论，严重阻碍了思想、学术的发展和进步。,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
8、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
9、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,从秦始皇建立秦朝到清朝，我国的封建统治者在加强思想统治方面，先后采取了哪些措施?,焚书坑
10、儒,罢黜百家，独尊儒术,八股取士,文字狱,禁锢了思想，摧残了文化，严重阻碍了中国社会的发展和进步。,除文字狱外，为了维护集权统治，清朝统治者在文化上还实行专制政策。,大力提倡尊孔读经，组织人力大规模整理文献和编纂书籍的活动。 对全国书籍进行全面检查，把认为对清朝统治不利的书籍列为禁书，收缴并销毁。,三、不断加剧的社会矛盾,具体表现：,官僚机构臃肿，官吏结党营私，官场贪污腐败。 军风军纪败坏，贪污兵饷现象普遍，军备废弛。 出现了财政危机。 土地兼并严重，民众生活困苦，社会危机重重。,经济衰退，国力越来越虚弱。,后果：,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
11、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
12、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成
13、才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,四、闭关锁国政策,思考：什么是“闭关锁国”？,“闭关锁国”是清朝封建政府实行对外交通、贸易的严格限制的外交政策。,实行“闭关锁国”的原因：,自给自足的封建经济稳定，清朝统治者认为天朝物产丰富，无所不有，无需同外国进行经济交流。 害怕沿海人民同外国人交往，危及自己的统治。 西方殖民者正向东方扩展势力，清朝统治者担心国家领土主权受到侵犯。,“闭关锁国”的表现：,颁布“禁海令”，严厉限制海上贸易。 强迫山东至广东沿海居民内迁数十里，不许“片帆出海”。 在台湾设立行政建制后，开放宁波、漳州等地，作为对外通商口岸，严格限制出口的商品种类和出海船只的载重量。,状元
14、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
15、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
16、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,“闭关锁国”的影响：,积极影响：对西方殖民者的侵略活动，曾起到过一定的自卫作用。 消极影响：清政府故步自封，闭关自守，导致国家的闭塞，使中国错失了向西方学习先进的科学知识和生产技术的机会，中国逐渐落伍于世界历史的发展进程。,社会矛盾加剧,闭关锁国政策,清朝君主专制的强化,设立军机处,文化：专制政策大兴“文字狱”,课堂小结,（2018江苏无锡）中国历史十五讲指出：自清中叶开始，清朝实行限制贸易政策，在海上只有广州一口对外通商使中国失去对外贸易的主动权和机遇。由此可见，清朝实行的政策是（ ） A.闭关锁国 B.休养生息 C.轻徭薄赋 D.重文轻武,1.,A,课堂练习,（2018黑龙江大庆）清朝皇帝继承明朝制度，继续加强皇权。以下清朝皇帝在位时期，在中央开始设立军机处的是（ ） A.顺治帝 B.康熙帝 C.雍正帝 D.乾隆帝,2.,C,
