1、Task-Based Language Learning-A reviewWeak and strong CLTo Weak versionLearners first acquire language as a structural system and then learn how to use it in communicationo Strong versionLanguage is acquired through communicationRod Ellis(1990)six criteria for communicative activities 1.Communicative
2、 purpose;(information gap)2.Communicative desire;(real need)3.(Focus on)Content,not form;(message)4.Variety of language;(not just one language form,free to improvise/create)5.No teacher intervention;(done by Ss;no correcting/evaluating how Ss do it;assessment is based on the product or on communicat
3、ive purpose rather than on the language.)6.No material control.TBLT as a Strand of CLT o Nunan(2004)places TBLT firmly within the tradition of CLTo A new strand within CLT.Strong CLT(Richards and Rogers)o Wills(2007,p.11)task based learning and teaching is a development on CLT.o Is sometimes portray
4、ed as real CLTo Focus on meaning,rather than formo Ls acquire language by using it in a natural way The components of a task一个任务应该包含哪些要素？Taska purpose:(目的)making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task 教师应该事先向学生介绍该任务的目的Input data：（输入数据）Input data can be verbal,e.g.a dialogue,reading
5、 passage,etc.or non-verbal,e.g.a picture,a diagram,etc.包含言语（对话、短文等）或非言语（图片、图表等）信息o a context:（语境）this can be real,simulated or imaginary,and involves sociolinguistic issues such as the location,the participants and their relationship,the time,and other important factors.任务应该在特定的语境下被实施，应当包含特定场所、时间、参与
6、者间的关系等社会语言因素。a process:（过程）getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving,reasoning,inquiring,conceptualising and communicating.在此过程中应激励学生运用推理、询问、交际等学习策略达成任务a product:（产出）there will be some form of outcome,either visible(a written plan,a play,a letter,etc.)or invisible(enjoy
7、ing a story,learning about another country,etc.)任务产生的结果：可视（如书面计划、信件等）或非可视（欣赏故事、了解异国风情等）形式不是任务，是什么？Exercises,exercise-tasks and tasksoTask One:Consider the following sets of instructions and tell their differences.oSet A Evaluate a set of statements by deciding whether they are“true”or“false”.Study a
8、 written passage and correct the grammatical mistakes.Put some questions and answers into the correct sequence to make a conversation.o Set B Ask someone what time the next train leaves for the city.Order a bowl of noodles.Invite a classmate to the movies.The essential difference between task and ex
9、erciseo Task A Task has a nonlinguistic outcomeo Exercise An exercise has a linguistic outcome oExercise:Activities we use to focus Ss attention on individual aspects of language,such as vocabulary,grammar or individual skills.oExercise-task:Consists of contextualised practice of language items(ofte
10、n a particular grammar point).For instance,it could be an activity that helps the Ss to master the present continuous tense by getting them to describe what is happening in a picture.（e.g.What were you doing when the UFO landed?）oTask:Focuses on complete act of communication.o The relationship betwe
11、en exercises,exercise-tasks and tasks is shown in the following figure.Features of a Language Learning Task ContextContextProductProductPurposePurposeProcessProcessof doing/thinking in EnglishSkills&Skills&knowledgeknowledge情景情景成果成果目的目的过程过程语言知识语言知识语言能力语言能力Describe an animal in Describe an animal in
12、a passage a passage Choose a petChoose a petRead an article about the Read an article about the benefit of keeping petsbenefit of keeping petsWrite a leaflet for Write a leaflet for a zooa zooCompare animalsCompare animalsGive advice on how to Give advice on how to take care of petstake care of pets
13、Identify the body Identify the body parts of animalsparts of animalsWriting Writing animal riddlesanimal riddlesLearn the vocabulary about Learn the vocabulary about animals:appearance,habitat,animals:appearance,habitat,nature,sounds,movements nature,sounds,movements Discuss if dogs should Discuss i
14、f dogs should be allowed on public be allowed on public housing estates housing estates AnimalsAnimalsWhich of these are exercises?Which of these are exercises?Choose a petChoose a petWrite a leaflet for Write a leaflet for a zooa zooGive advice on how to Give advice on how to take care of petstake
15、care of petsWritWrite e animal riddlesanimal riddlesDiscuss if dogs should Discuss if dogs should be allowed on public be allowed on public housing estates housing estates AnimalsAnimalsWhat are they?Tasks?Activities?ActivitiesTransforming Exercises Activities Activities TasksDescribing an animalFro
16、m Exercises to ActivitiesIdentifying the body part of animalsExplaining how to take care of a petWriting animal riddlesWriting a leaflet to describe animalsChoosing a petDebating:Keeping pets is a good hobby for childrenGiving advice on how to take care of petsReading about the pros&cons of keeping
17、petsDiscussing if dogs should be banned from public housing estatesComparing animalsWriting an essay to discuss the issue of banning dogs from housing estatesFrom activities to tasksWrite an animal riddleWrite an animal riddleWrite a leaflet about Write a leaflet about animalsanimalsChoose a petChoo
18、se a petGive advice on how to Give advice on how to take care of petstake care of petsWrite an essay to Write an essay to discuss the issue of discuss the issue of banning dogs from banning dogs from housing estateshousing estatesDebate:Keeping pets Debate:Keeping pets is goodis goodWrite a Lost&Fou
19、nd notice Write a Lost&Found notice about a dog found in the parkabout a dog found in the parkPrepare some animal fact Prepare some animal fact sheets for a pet shop or zoosheets for a pet shop or zooWrite an email to advise a lonely Write an email to advise a lonely child to keep pets for child to
20、keep pets for companioncompanionWrite an advice column for the Write an advice column for the class magazine to give advice class magazine to give advice on pet careon pet careWrite an judging comments on Write an judging comments on dogs in a pet contest dogs in a pet contest Write a letter in resp
21、onse to an Write a letter in response to an order banning animals from order banning animals from ones housing estateones housing estateA Continuum of Exercises&TasksnDrawing&labelling an animalnDescribing&comparing animalsnReading about the pros&cons of keeping petsnDiscussing if dogs should be ban
22、ned from public housing estatesnWriting animal riddlesnWriting a leaflet about animals/petsnSpeaking about the benefits of keeping petsnChoosing a petnGiving advice how to take care of petsnDebating if dogs should be allowed on public housing estates nWriting a Lost&Found notice about an astray dog
23、in the parknPreparing some fact sheets for animals in a pet shop/zoonWriting an adjudicators comment sheet comparing the finalists in a beauty pageant for dogsnWriting an advice column for the class magazine advising readers how to take care of pets nWriting a letter in response to an order banning
24、animals from ones housing estate Skills-getting exercisesSkills-using activitiesLanguage TasksNowadays many people like to keep dogs as Nowadays many people like to keep dogs as pet.You can see them walking their dogs in pet.You can see them walking their dogs in the park,on the streets and even in
25、the the park,on the streets and even in the corridor of the building where they live.The corridor of the building where they live.The dogs often cause a lot of problem and dogs often cause a lot of problem and inconvenience to the neighbours.So some inconvenience to the neighbours.So some housing es
26、tates put out a ban on dogs.housing estates put out a ban on dogs.Write a one-sided argumentative essay to Write a one-sided argumentative essay to express your view about this.express your view about this.Is this a writing task?Is this a writing task?You live in a housing estate where dogs are bann
27、ed.Recently your sister has got a lovely Pekinese as a gift.This morning,however,you received a letter from the Management Company reminding you of the estate ban against dogs.Decide what you would do and write a response to the Management letter.You live in a housing estate that allows no dogs.Howe
28、ver you find lately that many residents have violated the ban and yesterday,your young brother was badly scared by a vicious looking dog in the elevator.You are angry and worried about the situation.Write a letter to the management company to express your feeling and concern and suggest what actions
29、 should be taken.Are these tasks?You live in a housing estate where dogs are banned.Recently your sister has got a lovely Pekinese as a gift.This morning,however,you received a letter from the Management Company reminding you of the estate ban against dogs.Decide what you would do and write a respon
30、se to the Management letter.contextcontextpurposepurposeproductproductprocess of process of thinking&thinking&doingdoingknowledge knowledge&skills&skillsThinking:Thinking:Whats the decision?Whats the decision?Reasons?Reasons?How will you present your How will you present your situation&decision in t
31、he situation&decision in the letter?letter?Language for Language for arguing/reasoningarguing/reasoningasking for special favourasking for special favourapologisingapologising+Could be a two-sided Could be a two-sided argument within the letterargument within the letter?Tasks:What and WhyoAuthentic
32、contextoApplication of language skills and knowledge,values and attitudes,etc.in an integrated manneroUse tasks to bring real life into the classroomoHelp students to imagine themselves as the characters in the situation&get things done(find the missing information,solve a problem,etc)A Task or an E
33、xercise?There are two restaurants closeby.Compare them in terms of their menus,prices,service and environment.Discuss and decide which is a better place to have dinner.Tony and Jenny are going out for dinner,but they cant decide which restaurant to go to.They are standing outside two restaurants com
34、paring the menus,prices,service and environment.Discuss and make a choice for them.综合语言综合语言运用能力运用能力学习学习策略策略Language Language development development strategiesstrategies文化文化意识意识Cultural Cultural awarenessawareness语言语言知识知识Language Language KnowledgeKnowledge语言语言技能技能Language Language SkillsSkillsInteg
35、rative Integrative language uselanguage use情感情感态度态度Values&attitudesValues&attitudesPPP VS.TBLT第一阶段为Presentation(教师讲解)：帮助学生了解某一语法规则，并将该语法规则套用在教材中。第二阶段为Practice(学生练)：让学生有机会练习使用该语法规则和形式。第三阶段为Production(学生用)：学生依照前面所学知识，随后运用在不同情境中，也就是学生的最后学习成果的呈现。第一阶段为Pre-task：教师先讲解课程内容及意义，并配合活动讲授预备知识。第二阶段为Task cycle：在Task cycle部分又分为TaskTask，PlanningPlanning，ReportReport。教师将学生分成若干组进行小组谈论，学生可尽情讨论任务内容，无需担心犯错；教师扮演协助者的角色。第三阶段为Language focus：在language focus阶段又可分为analysisanalysis、practicepractice。学生能够反思所学内容和知识。
