1、中考英语语法专项复习 动词的分类及动词短语【中考解读】【考点分布】1.实义动词 2.连系动词 3.助动词4.情态动词【考点内容】掌握实义动词中及物动词和不及物动词的语法作用 和延续性动词的用法， 牢记连系动词和助动词基本用法及情态动词的辨析与运用。【命题趋势】1.考察在特殊语境中动词、连系动词、助动词及情态动词的运用 2.实义动词的词义辨析【动词定义】：表示动作和状态的词【动词分类】：动词按照其词义和在句中的作用可分为： 实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词一、系动词 系动词有一定的词义，不但不完整，不能单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语， 说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。具体分类见下表类别
2、功能例词表示状态的be动词表示主语所处的状态am,is,are,was,were表示持续的系动词表示主语继续或保持某种身份或状态keep,remain,stay,stand,lie表示感官的系动词表示人体感官的系动词look,feel,smell,taste,sound表示状态的系动词表示主语从一种状态变换到另一种状态become,get,go,grow,turnShe is a friendly girl and always gets on well with others.她很友好，总是能和别人友好相处。She becomes more beautiful than three year
3、s ago.她比三年前漂亮多了。The window remained open all the night.这扇窗子整夜开着。The food in that restaurant looks delicious, but it tastes bad. 那家餐馆的食物看起来不错，但尝起来难吃。【注意】：（1）一般情况下，系动词没有被动语态形式。 （2）表示状态的系动词一般不用于进行时（feel除外）；变化系动词表示“渐渐”， 可用于进行时。Its getting warmer and warmer.天气渐渐变得暖和。同步练习The oranges _sweet.Of course. They
4、 are from Yongxing, Chenzhou.taste B. eat C. drink Why do you _ so upset?Because I didnt get the first place in the English competition. look B.sound C.smell D. feelKey:A,A二 、 助动词助动词：本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语，以表示时态、语态、语气、人称和数，构成否定、疑问、强调、省略等。主要的助动词有be, do, does did have, has shall, will等。1.助动词
5、be助动词功能例句be现在进行时：am/is/are+现在分词Iamreadingabook.我正在看书。过去进行时：was/were+过去分词Iwascookingwhenmymomcameback.当我妈妈回来的时候我正在煮饭。被动语态：be+过去分词Theclockwasbroken.那个钟表坏了。2.助动词do助动词功能例句do构成疑问句、否定句（形式有do,does,did）DoyoucomefromJapan?你来自日本吗？加强语气Dobecareful!一定要小心点！代替主要动词Hecoulddanceaswellashedidbefore.他舞跳得和从前一样好。构成否定祈使Do
6、ntsmokehere!不要在这里吸烟！3.助动词have/will/shall助动词功能例句have构成现在完成时IhavebeeninHongKongfortwodays.我在香港呆了两天。will/shall构成一般将来时HewillgotoAmericatomorrow.他明天将要去美国。Wesaidweshouldfinishtheworksoon.我们说过会很快完成那份工作的。同步练习 Hello, Lisa. Whats the matter? I _find my mobile phone. _ you seen it? A.couldnt; Did B. cant; Have
7、 C. need ; Had D. must; AreWho _ the first paper in the world? Cai Lun_ A.invented;did B.was invented;was C.did invented ;was D.invented;was.“重要的事情说三遍” can be translated into “Important things must be again and again and again.” A.spoken B. repeated C. described D. introducedKey:B,A,B三 实义动词实义动词含有实在的
8、意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。 实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词1.及物动词之后要跟名词或代词等作宾语意思才完整及物动词+宾语 Could I use your computer?及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 Vegetables help you to keep in good health.【拓展】带省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有： make sb do sth let sb do sth have sb do sth see sb. do sth watch sb. do sth hear sb.do sth notice sb. do sth及物动词+间接宾语
9、+直接宾语 Tom lent me a book yesterday.【常见带双宾语的动词】： give /bring/buy/lend/get/leave/make/offer/pass/teach/tell/write/show等【拓展】 具有类似用法的还有：give sb.sth.= give sth.to sb. pass sb.sth.= pass sth.to sb.post sb.sth.= post sth.to sb. lend give sb.sth.= lend sth.to sb.offer sb.sth.= offer sth.to sb. buy sb.sth.=
10、buy sth.for sb.2.不及物动词不及物动词不能接宾语。Tom arrived last Sunday.He talks in a loud voice.【注】有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。She can sing English songs.(及物)She sings well.(不及物)2.不及物动词后不能直接跟宾语，但不及物动词后往往跟一个介词，构成短语动词之后才能 跟宾语。 I often listen to music on weekends.(1).有些动词既可以作及物动词，也可以作不及物动词She can sing English songs.(及物)She
11、sings well.(不及物)(2)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成动词短语，它相当于一个及物动词。1)动词+介词Tom is looking for his lost pen.What are you talking about?【注】此类动词后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词后面，不能放在动词和介词之间。2)动词+副词When I grow up,Ill be a policeman to catch thieves.She dressed herself up before the party started.【注】代词作宾语时必须放在动词后、副词前，当宾语是名词时，
12、放在副词前后均可。（动副短语代夹）3)动词+副词+介词Keep away from the dangerous building.Lets keep in touch with each other.。4)动词+名词+介词You should pay attention to your English speaking.Please help yourself to some fish.【注】这类词组的名词前可以加形容词作定语，宾语只能放在介词之后。5)be+形容词+介词He is interested in science.Im surprised at the news.常考动词辨析1.p
13、ay, spend, cost与take易混词主语常用结构例句spend人sbspendtime/moneyonsth某人在某事上花费时间/金钱sbspendtime/money(in)doingsth某人花费时间/金钱做某事Hespendsmuchmoneyonbooks.他将很多钱花在买书上。pay人sbpaysomemoneyforsth某人为某物而付款；sbpayforsth某人为某物付钱，赔偿He has paid the doctor 50 pounds for the medicine. 他买药付给医生50英镑cost事或物coststh cost (sb) some money
14、某物花费(某人)多少钱It costs you 12 pounds to go to London by ship.乘船到伦敦要花费你12英镑。takeitit takes sb some time to do sth 某人花费多长时间做某事It took me ten minutes to go to the post office. 我去邮局花了十分钟时间。同步练习What will the phone _？The same as you said, eight hundred dollars each.A. spend B. cost C. pay D. afford Before st
15、amps, people didnt _ for the letters they sent, but for the letters they received.A. pay B. cost C. spend D. take Im sorry, Mr Hu. I _ my English exercise book at home. It doesnt matter. Please remember _ it here this afternoon. A. forgot; to bringB.left; to takeC.forgot; to takeD.left; to bring How
16、 much does the TV _? Not too much. Its just a second-handed one?cost B. spend C. take D. pay forKey:BADAspeak, tell, talk与say(1)say强调说话的内容或“(某处)写有”。 Say sth to sb I can say it in English. 我能用英语把它说出来。(2)speak 作不及物动词时，强调说话的动作；作及物动词时，后面加语言。Speak to sb The baby cant speak.这个婴儿不会说话。 speak English说英语(3)ta
17、lk强调两人之间的谈话。 常见搭配：talk with/to sb 和某人交谈；talk about sth 谈论某事。(4)tell意为“告诉；讲述”，后面常接双宾语。Did you tell her the news?你把这个消息告诉她了吗？She is talking with Lucy in English.她正在用英语和露茜交谈。常考搭配tell sb a story 给某人讲故事 Tell sb sth 告诉某人某事Tell a lie 撒谎 tell the truth 说实话Tell sb (not) to do sth 告诉某人（不要）做某事Do you know why h
18、e didnt _ a word when he_to?Because he was to nervous. A. speak ; speaks B. say ; was spoken C . say ；spoke D. speak ; is spokenKey:Cbring, take, carry, get, fetch同步练习Sam,my iPhone is in my bedroom. Could you _it for me ? -No problem. A bring B fetch C take D carryIve left my keys in the meeting roo
19、m. Please _them for me. All right. A. buy B. paint C. wash D. fetchIm sorry I left my homework at home.Shall I go and _ it? No,you neednt.Bring it here tomorrow.get B.send C.take D.passKey:BDA4.borrow, lend, keep单词意义常见搭配例句borrow借(进)borrowsthfromsb向某人借某物You can borrow this book from the library.你可以从图
20、书馆借这本书lend借(出)lendsbsthlendsthtosb借给某人某物You mustnt lend this book to others.你不能把这本书借给别人。keep保留，引申为“借用”“sbkeepsth时间段”表示“某人借某多长时间”，也可与howlong连用You can keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两个星期同步练习Excuse me,can I_ your pen?Sorry,I have _ it to Bob.A.borrow;lent B.borrow;borrowed C.lend;borrowed D.lend;le
21、nt I _ 300 for the bike. A. took B. spent C. cost D. paid It only _ me half an hour_ to school every day last term.A. takes; riding B. spent; to ride C. cost; walk D. took; to walk Where are you going? To the library. Ive finished reading this book, so Im going to _it. A. buy B. throw C. return D. b
22、orrow How long may I _ your dictionary? For one week. But it mustnt _ to others. A. keep, be lent B. borrow, lend C. lend, be borrowed D. have, borrowKey:ADDCAwatch, look, see，read同步练习I prefer _TV to _books. A. watching；reading B. Reading；watching C .seeing； watching D .watching；looking I _ an artic
23、le about first aid.Its useful when I have an accident.read B.saw C.looked D.watched Key:AA6.look for, find, look up， find outlook for意为“寻找”，强调找的动作和过程。find意为“找到，发现”，强调找的结果。find out意为“查出，获知”，强调经过研究、调查而得。(4)look up “向上看，查字典”，跟代词作宾语时，代词放中间。 She looked up and she saw many birds in the sky. 她抬头仰望，看见天空中有许多
24、鸟儿。同步练习What is Amy doing?Shes _ her English book. A.looking B.looking for C.looking outWe need to do some research to _ the answer.A. find out B. look out C. hand out D. take out Could you tell me some information about the hotels in your country? Why not _ on the Internet?A. look for it B. to look
25、for it C. look it up D. to look it upMy mother is ill in hospital. I have to my grandparents at home.look for B. look at C. look up D. look afterKey:BACD7. wear/put on/dress词性及用法含义宾语其他wearv.表示状态穿着，戴着衣服、鞋、帽、围巾、领带、眼镜等puton的反义短语是takeoff；puton还可表示“上演”，takeoff也可表示“(飞机)起飞”。4.bedressedinbeinbewearing穿着；5.g
26、etdressed穿戴好；dressup(as)装扮成留着胡须Putonv.表示动作穿上，带上衣服、鞋、帽等dressv.表示动作给某人 穿衣服某人（或自己）同步练习She hurriedly_the child and took him down stair. A. put on B. wore C. dressed D. had onAlthough Lucy is only three years old,she is able to _ herself. A.put B.make C.wear D.dress Why are you a T-shirt? Youll probably
27、catch a cold in this cold weather .A.wearing B. recycling C. pulling D. sellingKey:CDA8.attend， join， join in与take part in attend指参加会议、婚礼、葬礼、典礼、去上课、上学、听报告等。如： join有两个用法：指加入某个党派、团体组织等，成为其成员之一，意为“参军、入团、入党”等。 参加到某个人群中去，其结构为：join sb. in (doing） sth.，根据上下文，in (doing） sth.中doing也可以省去。 join in多指参加小规模的活动，如“
28、球赛、游戏”等，常用于日常口语。如： take part in 指参加某项临时性的活动。如： (1)join表示加入某一党派或社会团体等组织而成为其中的一员。join in 意为“加入；参加(某种活动)”，表示“参加某人的某种活动”时， 可用join sb in (doing) sth。Will you join us in playing basketball?你愿意和我们一起打篮球吗？take part in指参加会议或群众性活动， 重在说明句子主语参加该项活动并在其中发挥作用。同步练习He _an English club last year and has improved his E
29、nglish a lot.A protected B produced C joined D receivedKey:Creach ，arrive 与get to词汇词性用法例句arrive不及物动词arrivein+大地方arriveat+小地方 He arrived in Shanghai yesterday. 他昨天到了上海。reach及物动词reach+地方When did you reach New York? 你什么时候到纽约的？getto动词词组getto+地方We got to the top of the mountain at noon. 我们在中午到达了山顶。同步练习Wh
30、o was the first to _ school yesterday? Tom was.reach B.get C.arriveKey:Ahear from，hear of 与 hear词汇释义+用法例句hearfrom“收到的来信”,后加sb.Iheardfrommyfatherlastweek.hear of“听说”，后面加sth./sb.Have you ever heard of the Great Wall? 你听说过长城吗？hear“听到”+宾语+宾补I hear a girl singing. 我听到一个女孩在唱歌。“听说”+宾语从句I heard that you can
31、 cure cancer with this medicine. 我听说你可以用这药来治癌症11.turn on, turn off, turn up与turn down【拓展】：turn短语小结turn around转身，调头 turn back 返回，折回turn in上交，告发 turn into成为，翻译turn out结果是，出席 turn over翻身，翻转turn to翻到，转向 in turn依次地，轮流地Its ones turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了. Would you like to attend the farewell party next wee
32、k, Mr. Huang? Sure, Id love to. I have no reason to _your invitation. A. turn downB.turn offC.turn upD.turn onWould you please _ your MP3 a little? Your baby sister is sleeping.turn up B. turn down C. turn on D. turn inKey:A.B12.provide，offer, give与supplyprovide 指“供给，提供，装备，准备”，provide sb with sthoff
33、er强调“主动提供”,offer sb sth =offer sth to sb give意为“供给,给出”，give sb sth =give sth to sb Hows Bob now? I heard the company_ him a very good job,but he turned it down. A.donated B.served C.offered D.introducedParents often their children some good advice.offer: with B. offer; C. provide; with D. both B and
34、 C Key:CD一、短语动词分类：1.动词+介词 ask for 请求 belong to 属于 look at 看 look after 照顾 learn from 向学习 remind of 提醒 take after 与相像arriveinat到达 askfor要，请求dowellin在方面做得好goon继续hearfrom收到来信hearof听说Help sb. withsth.帮助做laughat嘲笑learnfrom向学习leavefor离开一地去另一地talkto与谈话goinfor从事，致力于putup穿上，挂上takedown拿下，取了lookat（有意识地）看speakt
35、o对某人说sendfor派人去请shoutat大声叫喊，吼叫takeaway拿走，带走thinkof考虑，关心Turn into把变成 waitfor等候，等待takeoff脱下，起飞turnonoff打开（关上）listento听lookafter照顾，照看lookfor寻找looklike看上去像getto到达pointto指着fillwith充满，装满beginwith以开始dealdowith处置，对待meetwith偶尔遇见，遭遇passon传递belongto属于writeto写信给callon号召，访问，邀请dieof死于dependon依靠，依赖smileat向微笑believ
36、ein信任2.动词+ 副词 take away 拿走 wake up 醒来 put off 推迟 give out 分发 think over 考虑 end up 结束3.动词+ 副词+ 介词come up with 提出，想出 run out of 用完get along with 与相处 do well in 擅长 look forward to 期望4.动词+ 名词+ 介词take part in 参加 make use of 利用pay attention to 注意 take care of 照顾5.系动词+ 形容词+ 介词 be strict with 对要求严格 be mad a
37、t 对.恼火 be full of 充满 be different from 与不同二、 短语动词的用法：1.以介词结尾的短语动词，后面接名词，代词，动名词作其宾语，该名词，代词或动名词必须放在介词的后面。 think of 想起 look after 照顾 look for 寻找 agree with 同意 ask for 请求2.“动词+副词” 结构的短语动词后可解名词，代词或动名词作宾语。 （1） 接名词时，可以放在短语中间，或短语之后（2） 接代词时，代词只能放在动词或副词之间put on 穿上 put off 脱下 put up 挂起give up 放弃 give away 捐赠 h
38、and out 分发 wake up 叫醒 1. 相同动词+不同介词 look短语 191 look after照顾;照看2. look at看;朝看3. look down upon看不起;轻视4. look forward to盼望;期待5. look for寻找;寻求6. look into 向里面看去;调查7.look like看起来像8. look out of.往外看9. look out当心;留神10.look over检查11. look through浏览12. look up to钦佩;仰慕13. look up（在词典、参考书等中）查阅;查找 turn短语）turn on
39、打开, turn off关闭，turn up调高；调大，turn down调小；调低 turn.into把变成 put短语） put up举手；张贴， put on穿上， put off推迟， put down写下；记下， put away把收起来放好， put out熄灭，出版 2. 不同动词+相同介词 up短语 give up放弃，fix up修理，cheer up使高兴，get up起床， set up建立， wake up使醒来，take up占据，从事with短语 come up with想出， catch up with赶上， begin with以开始， start with以开
40、始，end up with以结束。:keep out阻止进入，help out分发，泄露，take away带走；拿走，give away帮助中考必须掌握的动词短语记忆归纳】动词短语1. aim at瞄准；针对；致力于；旨在2. arrive at(in) a place到达某地3. begin with.以开始4. believe in信任；信赖5. belong to属于6. blow out 吹来7. break down 停止运转；出故障8. break off 突然中止；中断9. break out(战争、火灾等)突然发生；爆发10. bring back 恢复；使想起；归还11. bring good luck to.给带来好运12. bring out 使显现；使表现出13. bring up教育；培养14. call(sb.) back （给某人）回电话15. care about 关心；在意16. care for关心；关怀；照顾17. catch up with 赶上（或超过）18. change into转换成；把变成19. check in 报到；登记 20. check out查明；结账21. cheer up使振奋；使高兴起来22. clean out清除；把打扫干净23. clean
