1、跨国企业管理跨国企业管理McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.Globalization全球化全球化1-31.IntroductionIn the world economy today,we seea shift away from self-contained 自给自足自给自足 national economies with high barriers to cross-border trade and investmenta move toward a m
2、ore integrated global economic system with lower barriers to trade and investmentabout$3 billion in foreign exchange 外汇交易外汇交易 transactions taking place everydayover$12 trillion of goods and some$3 trillion of services being sold across national bordersthe establishment of international institutions1
3、-41.IntroductionThe effects of this trend can be seenin the cars people drivein the food people eatin the jobs where people work in the clothes people wearin many other ways1-5 2.What Is Globalization?Question:What is globalization?Globalization refers to the trend towards a more integrated global e
4、conomic systemTwo key facets of globalization are:the globalization of markets 市场全球化市场全球化the globalization of production 生产全球化生产全球化1-6Classroom Performance SystemThe trend away from distinct national economic units and toward one huge global market is known asa)Internationalizationb)Economic integra
5、tionc)Globalizationd)Privatization1-72.1 The Globalization of MarketsThe globalization of markets refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace In many markets today,the tastes and preferences of consumers in different nations are conve
6、rging upon（靠拢靠拢）some global normExamples of this trend include Coca Cola,Starbucks,Sony PlayStation（索尼索尼PS游戏机游戏机）,and McDonalds hamburgers1-8 2.2 The Globalization of ProductionThe globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advant
7、age of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production(生产要素生产要素 labor energy,land,and capital)The goal for companies is to lower their overall cost structure or improve the quality or functionality of their product and gain competitive advantageExamples of companies doing this
8、include Boeing and Vizio（瑞轩瑞轩）1-93.The Emergence of Global InstitutionsSeveral global institutions have emerged tohelp manage,regulate,and police the global market placepromote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system1-103.The Emergence of Global InstitutionsN
9、otable global institutions includethe World Trade Organization(WTO)which is responsible for policing the world trading system and ensuring that nations adhere to the rules established in WTO treatiesIn 2008,151 nations accounting for 97%of world trade were members of the WTOthe International Monetar
10、y Fund(国际货国际货币基金组织币基金组织，IMF)which maintains order in the international monetary system 1-113.The Emergence of Global Institutionsthe World Bank which promotes economic development the United Nations(UN)which maintains international peace and security,develops friendly relations among nations,coopera
11、tes in solving international problems and promotes respect for human rights,and is a center for harmonizing the actions of nations1-12Classroom Performance SystemWhich of the following is not an example of a global institution?a)The Federal Reserve （美国联邦储备委员会，美联储美国联邦储备委员会，美联储）b)The International Mon
12、etary Fundc)The World Bankd)The World Trade Organization1-134.Drivers of Globalization Question:What is driving the move toward greater globalization?There are two macro factors underlying the trend toward greater globalization1.declining trade and investment barriers2.technological change 1-14Class
13、room Performance SystemCoca-Cola,Sony PlayStations,and McDonalds hamburgers are all examples ofa)American productsb)Global productsc)Industrial productsd)National products1-154.1 Declining Trade and Investment BarriersInternational trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in a
14、nother countryForeign direct investment(FDI)occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home country During the 1920s and 1930s,many nations erected barriers to international trade and FDI to protect domestic industries from foreign competition1-164.1 Declining Trade and
15、Investment BarriersAfter WWII,advanced Western countries began removing trade and investment barriers Under GATT(关贸总协定关贸总协定，the forerunner of the WTO),over 100 nations negotiated further decreases in tariffs and made significant progress on a number of non-tariff issues Under the WTO,a mechanism now
16、 exists for dispute resolution and the enforcement of trade laws,and there is a push to cut tariffs on industrial goods,services,and agricultural products1-174.1 Declining Trade and Investment BarriersLower trade barriers enable companies to view the world as a single market and establish production
17、 activities in optimal locations around the globeThis has led to an acceleration in the volume of world trade and investment since the early 1980s1-184.1 Declining Trade and Investment BarriersGrowth in World Merchandise Trade and Production,1950-2006 1-19Classroom Performance SystemWhich organizati
18、on provides a mechanism for dispute resolution and the enforcement of trade laws?a)The UNb)The IMFc)The WTOd)The World Bank1-204.2 The Role of Technological ChangeThe lowering of trade barriers made globalization of markets and production a theoretical possibility,technological change made it a tang
19、ible realitySince World War II,there have been major advances in communication,information processing,and transportation1-214.2 The Role of Technological ChangeThe development of the microprocessor has lowered the cost of global communication and therefore the cost of coordinating and controlling a
20、global organizationWeb-based transactions have grown from virtually zero in 1994 to$250 billion in 2007 in the U.S.alone,and Internet usage is up from fewer than 1 million users in 1990 to 1.3 billion users in 2007 Commercial jet aircraft and super freighters（超级超级货轮货轮）and the introduction of contain
21、erization（集装箱化集装箱化）have greatly simplified trans-shipment from one mode of transport to another1-22*4.2 The Role of Technological Change Question:What are the implications of technological change for the globalization of production?Lower transportation costs make a geographically dispersed productio
22、n system more economical and allow firms to better respond to international customer demands1-234.2 The Role of Technological Change Question:What are the implications of technological change for the globalization of markets?Low cost communications networks have helped create electronic global marke
23、tplacesLow cost transportation have enabled firms to create global markets,and have facilitated the movement of people from country to country promoting a convergence of consumer tastes and preferences1-245.The Changing Demographics of the Global EconomyIn the 1960s:the U.S.dominated the world econo
24、my and the world trade picturethe U.S.dominated world FDI U.S.multinationals dominated the international business scene about half the world-the centrally planned economies of the communist world-was off limits（禁止进入禁止进入）to Western international businessToday,much of this has changed.1-255.1 The Chan
25、ging World Output and World Trade PictureIn the early 1960s,the U.S.was the worlds dominant industrial power accounting for about 40.3%of world manufacturing output By 2007,the U.S.accounted for only 20.7%Other developed nations experienced a similar decline1-265.1 The Changing World Output and Worl
26、d Trade PictureRapid economic growth is now being experienced by countries such as China,Thailand,and MalaysiaFurther relative decline in the U.S.share of world output and world exports seems likelyForecasts predict a rapid rise in the share of world output accounted for by developing nations such a
27、s China,India,Indonesia,Thailand,and South Korea,and a decline in the share by industrialized countries such as Britain,Japan,and the United StatesSo companies may find both new markets and new competitors in the developing regions of the world 1-275.1 The Changing World Output and World Trade Pictu
28、reThe Changing Demographics of World GDP and Trade1-285.2 The Changing Foreign Direct Investment PictureThe share of world output generated by developing countries has been steadily increasing since the 1960sThe stock of foreign direct investment(外国外国直接投资存量直接投资存量，total cumulative value of foreign in
29、vestments)generated by rich industrial countries has been on a steady declineThere has been a sustained growth in cross-border flows of foreign direct investmentThe largest recipient of FDI has been China 1-295.2 The Changing Foreign Direct Investment PicturePercentage Share of Total FDI Stock,1980-
30、20061-305.2 The Changing Foreign Direct Investment PictureFDI Inflows,1988-20071-31Classroom Performance SystemWhich of the following statements is true?a)The U.S.has been accounting for an increasing share of world trade in recent yearsb)The U.S.has been accounting for an increasing share of world
31、foreign direct investment in recent yearsc)The U.S.has been accounting for an increasing share of world output in recent yearsd)The share of world trade accounted for by China has been increasing in recent years1-325.3 The Changing Nature of the Multinational EnterpriseA multinational enterprise（跨国企
32、业）is any business that has productive activities in two or more countriesSince the 1960s,there has been a rise in non-U.S.multinationalsthere has been a rise in mini-multinationals1-335.3 The Changing Nature of the Multinational EnterpriseThe globalization of the world economy has resulted in a decl
33、ine in the dominance of U.S.firms in the global marketplaceIn 1973,48.5%of the worlds 260 largest MNEs were U.S.firms By 2006,just 24 of the worlds 100 largest non-financial MNEs were from the U.S.,13 were from France,12 from Germany,12 were from Britain,and 9 were from Japan,and 7 of the worlds lar
34、gest 100 MNEs were from developing economies1-345.3 The Changing Nature of the Multinational EnterpriseWhile most international trade and investment is conducted by large MNEs,many small and medium-size firms are expanding internationallyThe Internet has made it easier for many smaller companies to
35、build international sales 1-355.4 The Changing World OrderToday,many markets that had been closed to Western firms are openThe collapse of communism in Eastern Europe has created a host of export and investment opportunities Economic development in China has created huge opportunities despite contin
36、ued Communist controlFree market reforms and democracy in Latin America have created opportunities for new markets and new sources of materials and production1-365.5 The Global Economy of the Twenty-First CenturyA more integrated global economy presents new opportunities for firms,but it can also re
37、sult in political and economic disruptions that may throw plans into disarray(混乱）1-376.The Globalization Debate Question:Is the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent global economy a good thing?Many experts believe that globalization is promoting greater prosperity（繁荣繁荣）in the global eco
38、nomy,more jobs,and lower prices for goods and servicesOthers feel that globalization is not beneficial1-386.1 Antiglobalization Protests Question:What are the concerns of critics of globalization?Anti-globalization protesters now turn up(出现）at almost every major meeting of a global institutionProtes
39、ters fear that globalization is forever changing the world in a negative way1-396.2 Globalization,Jobs,and IncomeCritics of globalization worry that jobs in advanced economies are being lost to low-wage nations Supporters of globalization disagree,claiming that the benefits of free trade outweigh it
40、s costs While some jobs may be lost,the economy as a whole is better offSupporters argue that free trade will result in countries specializing in the production of those goods and services that they can produce most efficiently,while importing goods and services that they cannot produce as efficient
41、ly,and that in doing so,all countries will gain1-406.3 Globalization,Labor Policies,and the EnvironmentCritics of globalization argue that free trade encourages firms from advanced nations to move manufacturing facilities offshore to less developed countries with lax environmental and labor regulati
42、ons Supporters of free trade point out that tougher environmental regulation and stricter labor standards go hand in hand with economic progress and that as countries get richer as a result of globalization,they raise their environmental and labor standards Free trade does not lead to more pollution
43、 and labor exploitation,it leads to less1-416.4 Globalization and National SovereigntyCritics of globalization worry that economic power is shifting away from national governments and toward supranational（跨国的）organizations such as the WTO,the European Union(EU),and the UNSupporters of globalization
44、argue that the power of these organizations is limited to what nation-states collectively agree to grantThe organizations must be able to persuade members states to follow certain actionsWithout the support of members,the organizations have no power 1-426.5 Globalization and the Worlds Poor Critics
45、of globalization argue that the gap between rich and poor has gotten wider and that the benefits of globalization have not been shared equally Supporters of free trade suggest that the actions of governments have made limited economic improvement in many countriesMany of the worlds poorest nations a
46、re under totalitarian（极权主义的）regimes（政治体制）,suffer from endemic（地方特有的）corruption,have few property rights,are involved in war,and are burdened by high debt 1-437.Managing in the Global Marketplace Question:What does the shift toward a global economy mean for managers within an international business?M
47、anaging an international business(any firm that engages in international trade or investment)differs from managing a domestic business in four key ways1-447.Managing in the Global Marketplace1.Countries differences require companies to vary their practices country by country2.Managers face a greater
48、 and more complex range of problems3.International companies must work within the limits imposed by governmental intervention and the global trading system4.International transactions require converting funds and being susceptible（易受影响的）to exchange rate changes1-458.Critical Discussion Question 1.De
49、scribe the shifts in the world economy over the last 30 years.What are the implications of these shifts for international businesses based in Great Britain?North America?Hong Kong?1-468.Critical Discussion Question 2.The study of international business is fine if you are going to work in a large mul
50、tinational enterprise,but it has no relevance for individuals who are going to work in smaller firms.Evaluate this statement.1-478.Critical Discussion Question 3.How have changes in technology contributed to the globalization of markets and of production?Would the globalization of production and mar
