1、Myers Myers PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Chapter 11Intelligence Origins of Intelligence Testing Intelligence Test a method of assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others,using numerical scoresOrigins of Intelligence Testing Mental Age a measure of intelligence test perfor
2、mance devised by Binet chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8Origins of Intelligence Testing Stanford-Binet the widely used American revision of Binets original intelligence
3、testrevised by Terman at Stanford UniversityOrigins of Intelligence Testing Intelligence Quotient(IQ)defined originally the ratio of mental age(ma)to chronological age(ca)multiplied by 100 IQ=ma/ca x 100)on contemporary tests,the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100What is
4、Intelligence?Intelligenceability to learn from experience,solve problems,and use knowledge to adapt to new situationsWhat is Intelligence?Factor Analysis statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items(called factors)on a test used to identify different dimensions of performance that
5、 underlie ones total score General Intelligence(g)factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities measured by every task on an intelligence testAre There Multiple Intelligences?Savant Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an excepti
6、onal specific skill computation drawingAre There Multiple Intelligences?Social Intelligence the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive,express,understand,and regulate emotionsIntelligence and Creativity Creati
7、vity the ability to produce novel and valuable ideasexpertiseimaginative thinking skillsventuresome personalityintrinsic motivationcreative environmentBrain Function and Intelligence People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence testsStimulusMaskQues
8、tion:Long side on left or right?Assessing Intelligence Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a persons future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a person has learnedAssessing Intelligence Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(WAIS)most widely
9、 used intelligence test subtests verbal performance(nonverbal)Assessing Intelligence:Sample Items from the WAISFrom Thorndike and Hagen,1977VERBALGeneral Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit SpanPERFORMANCEPicture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject
10、AssemblyDigit-Symbol SubstitutionAssessing Intelligence Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested“standardization group”Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes most
11、 scores fall near the average,and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremesThe Normal CurveGetting Smarter?Assessing Intelligence Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on:two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting Vali
12、dity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed toAssessing Intelligence Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks Criterion behavior(such as college grades)that a test(such as the SAT)is desi
13、gned to predict the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validityAssessing Intelligence Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior also called c
14、riterion-related validityAssessing Intelligence As the range of data under consideration narrows,its predictive power diminishesGreater correlationover broad rangeof body weights109876543210Little corre-lation withinrestricted rangeFootball linemens successBody weight in pounds180 250 290 The Dynami
15、cs of Intelligence Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below 70 produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life varies from mild to profound Down Syndrome retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one
16、s genetic makeupThe Dynamics of IntelligenceGenetic Influences The most genetically similar people have the most similar scoresGenetic Influences Heritability the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes variability depends on range of populations and environments stu
17、diedGenetic InfluencesEnvironmental Influences The Schooling EffectGroup Differences Group differences and environmental impactVariation within groupVariation within groupDifference within groupPoor soilFertile soilSeedsGroup Differences The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocksidentical to the one in the circle at the left?StandardResponsesGroup Differences Stereotype ThreatA self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
