1、页岩气开发流程页岩气开发流程2 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.提纲提纲 哈里伯顿简介 页岩气开发流程3 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.哈里伯顿哈里伯顿 石油天然开采一体化服务，1919年成立，世界500强之一 70,000+雇员，80个国家，2011年收入$250亿，北美58%，国家42%4 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.压裂作业压裂作业 8,000 个压裂作业/月 完井完井 提供了超过33.5万个桥塞 钻井钻井远超过1万口水平井 盆地评价盆地评价 超过36个国家
2、的60个以上的盆地 物流物流 在北美，哈里伯顿每7分钟卸载一火车皮支撑剂哈里伯顿非常规能力哈里伯顿非常规能力在北美，哪里有页岩气和油，哪里就有哈里伯顿5%6%3%2%39%15%28%Halliburton TechnologyDrill Bits and ServicesVariousWireline and PerforatingLandmark Testing and SubseaCompletion ToolsStimulationSperry DrillingStrength(5300 patents)5 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Be
3、ijing Office10/F West Tower,World Financial Centre,No.1 East 3rd Ring Mid Rd,Chaoyang Dist,Beijing北京办公室北京办公室 北京朝阳区东三环中路北京朝阳区东三环中路 1号号 环球金融中心西塔环球金融中心西塔10层层Tanggu Office Building B,No.160,Dongting Rd,Tianjin塘沽办公室塘沽办公室天津洞庭路天津洞庭路160号号B座座Xinjiang DBS Bit and Tool Company LTD.新疆钻头和工具厂新疆钻头和工具厂No.80 Hong Ya
4、n Road，Karamay，Xinjiang 新疆克拉玛依鸿雁路新疆克拉玛依鸿雁路80号号Chengdu Office Room 405,Crown Plaza Hotel,#31 Zongfu Str.Chengdu成都办公室成都办公室四川成都总府路四川成都总府路31号皇冠假日饭店号皇冠假日饭店405房间房间Shekou Office15F/G,Times Plaza,Shekou,Shenzhen蛇口办公室蛇口办公室深圳蛇口时代广场深圳蛇口时代广场15/GTanggu TEDA Workshop塘沽塘沽TEDA工厂工厂Sichuan Xindu Workshop 四川新都车间四川新都车间
5、 Chiwan Shekou Workshop(coming in 2012)蛇口赤湾车间蛇口赤湾车间(2012年投入使用）年投入使用）Shekou Workshop蛇口车间蛇口车间 Tanggu Bohai Workshop塘沽渤海工厂塘沽渤海工厂Luntai(Tarim)塔里木轮台基地塔里木轮台基地 27 Expats27 Commuters557 Locals 6 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.哈里伯顿在中国的页岩气案例哈里伯顿在中国的页岩气案例 在四川和重庆地区提供了四口页岩气水平井的泥浆服务 在四川和重庆地区提供了三口页岩气水平井的钻井服务
6、 在四川和重庆地区提供了三口页岩气水平井的压裂服务 中国的第一口高产的页岩气水平井是哈里伯顿压裂的 非常规技术组7 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.页岩气区块开发流程页岩气区块开发流程整体体系评估区块价值初步评价地震采集储层模拟井位选择物流保障钻井录井测井解释完井设计压裂压裂监测产量测试一体化数据集成分析区块的整体方案8 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.目的目的关键要素关键要素储层评价储层评价Production Sustainability现场作业现场作业Reservoir ContinuityMineral
7、ogy HeterogeneityPermeabilityTotal Organic Carbon Analogous Fields Geomechanic Understanding最大化产量最大化产量Well Trajectory Hyd.Fracture PropertiesPost Frac Clean UPWell Architecture Number of Hydraulic Fractures Effective Fracture Half-Length Multiple ZonesConductivity EnduranceFluid SamplingCore/Cutting
8、sNatural FracturesWell Spacing优化压裂优化压裂Stress BarriersStress DirectionPost Fracture EvaluationPre-Frac EvaluationFrac Fluid DesignConductivity EnduranceMechanical Rock PropertiesStress AnisotropyHyd.Fracture GeometryFrac Staging Techniques Zone Selection优化钻井优化钻井Well Bore IsolationGeomechanic Understa
9、ndingWell PlacementMinimize NPTReservoir DamageHole InstabilityCasing DesignWell Bore IntegrityWell ControlDrilling Fluid Properties优化完井优化完井Number of WellsType of WellsField Target RateSurface FacilitiesProcurementLogisticsEconomic EstimatesThermal Maturity Porosity Complex Fracture NetworkInterval
10、Contribution Perforating StrategyMaterial SelectionRe-entry wellsPad/PlatformHSEKerogen Type Well Bore RugosityD&C Fluid CompatibilityCompletions DesignFrac Staging TechniquesPerforatingZonal IsolationProduction MonitoringMechanical Strengths/LoadsTemperature MonitoringPressure MonitoringWell Bore C
11、lean OutFluid/Pressure Samples页岩气开发需要用到的参数页岩气开发需要用到的参数9 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.多方面的合作多方面的合作地质和地质力学地质和地质力学岩石物理岩石物理储层工程储层工程现场：钻井，完井，压裂现场：钻井，完井，压裂核心成员项目经理安全监督物流后勤 岩石物理家 岩石力学家油藏工程师钻井工程师 完井工程师压裂工程师经验经验10 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.总体区块分析和勘探方案总体区块分析和勘探方案 三维地震和露头为主要输入 目的层厚度，深度，延展范围
12、主要地质结构 目的-储量-井位11 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.岩石物理评价岩石物理评价有没有储存条件？储层物性 孔隙度 渗透率 流体性质有没有成气条件？岩石化学 有机质 油母岩质 热成熟度能不能有效改造地层?岩石力学 岩性 机械性质 应力场 通过探井收集数据-录井-取岩心-岩心评价-测井-测井解释-建模12 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.数据采集直井数据采集直井SPE 153681 Pitcher,Buller and Mullen,2012测井用途电阻率油母岩质的饱和度和体积密度和光电总孔隙度，油母岩
13、质和岩性描述中子补偿总孔隙度和气体含量校正伽马能谱放射性元素含量，粘土含量，有机质元素分析矿物组成偶极子声波应力方向，杨氏模量，泊松比，三维应力的值核磁共振孔隙度，油母岩质含量，水饱和度，渗透率，碳氢种类电介孔隙度含水的孔隙度水基泥浆成像裂隙表征，应力方向，砂岩层油基泥浆成像诱导裂缝和张性缝，应力方向，砂岩层岩心分析用途s1，s2油母岩质类型总有机质油母岩质含量GRI孔隙度总孔隙度GRI页岩渗透率渗透率GRI气饱和度GRI含气量X光衍射矿物组成X荧光谱矿物组成电感耦合等离子体元素分析毛细力时间水敏性分析布氏硬度岩石硬度三轴应力测试两个方向上的杨氏模量和泊松比静态杨氏模量和泊松比测井校正镜质体反
14、射热成熟度13 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.挤注测试挤注测试（DFIT）目的-渗透率-地层破裂压力-闭合压力-地层压力 优点-储层的在线性质 过程过程 用少量液体破裂地层 关井监测压力降 对压降数据解释Minifrac-G Function10203040G(Time)1005010100101501020010250103001035010400A01002003004005006007008009001000D (18.41,57.27)(m=11.53)(41.43,322.6)(Y=368.3)Bottom Hole Calc Pressu
15、re(psi)Corrected Pressure(psi)1st Derivative(psi)G*dP/dG(psi)AADD11ClosureTime41.64BHCP10135CP10121DP191.8FE95.68StimWin v4.8.227-Jul-08 16:2414 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.ShaleXpertTM 数据分析工具数据分析工具输入：测井曲线岩心分析录井数据DFITShaleXpertTM输出：总有机质矿物组成有效孔隙度气含量地应力脆性渗透率15 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESE
16、RVED.数据的应用数据的应用 寻找甜点寻找甜点 高有机质和成熟度-气含量高-孔隙度高 高脆性-容易增加改造体积-裂缝不易愈合 低闭合应力-裂缝不易愈合-压裂压力低 低粘土含量-储层不易损伤-脆性高 孔隙度发育16 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.数据的应用数据的应用 选择定向钻井工具选择定向钻井工具 Azmuthal Deep Resistivity17 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.数据的应用数据的应用-寻找类比储层寻找类比储层18 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
17、.数据的应用数据的应用 压裂设计压裂设计SPE 115258BrittlenessFluid SystemFracture GeometryFracture Width Closure Profile70%Slick Water60%Slick Water50%Hybrid40%Hybrid30%X-Linked20%X-Linked10%X-LinkedBrittlenessProppant ConcentrationFluid VolumeProppant Volume70%60%50%40%30%20%10%Liquid ProductionLowHighHighLowLowHighYo
18、ungs Modulus7 E 66 E 65 E 64 E 63 E 62 E 61 E 6LowHigh19 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.WoodfordBarnettHaynesvilleMarcellusEaglefordBakkenMinerologyQuartz,wt%Quartz,wt%25-5440-6025-5210-4013015-70Plagioclase Plagioclase feldspar,wt%feldspar,wt%7-132-58-170 100-171-3Calcite,wt%Calcite,wt%7-205-
19、3013-445 2025-9515-65Illite/Smectite,wt Illite/Smectite,wt%2-81-5-20-232-6Illite,wt%Illite,wt%17-465-2512-2025-601-501-13Kaolin,wt%Kaolin,wt%00-20-140-2Chlorite,wt%Chlorite,wt%104-70 100-71-3Hydrocarbon TypeOil/GasOil/GasGasGasOil/GasOilKerogen%3-15Ro(Maturity of Shale)0.75 1.450.6-1.61 1.20.8 3.0+0
20、.75 2.160.45 0.60Silica Content(%)25 5440 60 100 ft.Well bounded.Contains fracture energy.Maturation in the gas window:Ro=1.1 to 1.4.Good gas content 100 scf/ton.High Total Organic Carbon(TOC)3%.Low hydrogen content.Moderate clay content 40%.Brittle shale as indicated by a low Poissons Ratio and a h
21、igh Youngs Modulus.20 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.数据的应用数据的应用 完井方式的选择完井方式的选择Clusterlength方法优点缺点桥塞/射孔联作1.技术成熟2.风险低3 可用于高温高压大流量1.等待时间长2.需连续油管待命3.需过顶替滑套/封隔器1.快2.不固井3.井壁自然裂缝不受破坏1.不能精确控制裂缝位置2.不能验做封3.不能用于不稳定井眼4.砂堵时难处理21 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.21现场作业实施现场作业实施1/11/201019:0019:3020:0020:
22、3021:0021:3022:001/11/201022:30Time0100020003000400050006000700080009000100001100012000A01020304050607080B012345678CTreating Pressure(psi)Backside Pressure(psi)Slurry Rate(bpm)Slurry Proppant Conc(lb/gal)BH Proppant Conc(lb/gal)AABCCCustomer:ENDURING RESOURCES LLC-EBUSJob Date:0000000000Ticket#:7108
23、847Well Desc:Escondido CreekUWI:GU 1-1IFS:Enduring Escondido Creek GU 1-1 Stg#2StimWin v4.8.211-Jan-10 22:3210/12/200903:0003:3004:0004:3005:0005:3010/12/200906:00Time0100020003000400050006000700080009000100001100012000A0123456B0102030405060708090100110120CTreating Pressure(psi)Backside Pressure(psi
24、)Wellhead Proppant Conc(lb/gal)BH Proppant Conc(lb/gal)Wellhead Rate(bpm)AABBCCustomer:ST MARY LAND&EXPLORATION CO EBUSJob Date:11-Oct-2009Ticket#:6931321Well Desc:Well#Galvan Ranch#4HUWI:StimWin v4.8.214-Jan-10 18:4122 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.复杂裂缝监测和模拟复杂裂缝监测和模拟23 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL R
25、IGHTS RESERVED.整体数据库和数据可视化整体数据库和数据可视化24 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.截止目前，我们在中国开发页岩气所观察到的问题截止目前，我们在中国开发页岩气所观察到的问题地质风险影响产量，提高成本-地层压力不足，页岩气有合适的生成条件，但是没有合适的保存条件-异常地层应力导致井眼坍塌，井漏，不理想的裂缝形态，井筒变形，压裂压裂异常钻井周期长-泥浆质量-经验-钻井工具设备-某些设备没有，而替代设备增加额外的成本-有的设备因路况原因不能到达井场-有的设备的质量不达标-有的设备没有针对页岩气开发而优化谢谢谢谢26 2011 HA
26、LLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.References 参考文献参考文献SPE 153681 Shale Exploration Methodology and Workflow,J.Pitcher,D.Buller,M.Mullen,2012SPE 133874-A Completions Guide Book to Shale-Play Development:A Review of Successful Approaches Towards Shale-Play Stimulation in the Last Two Decades,K.K.Chong,W.V.
27、Grieser,A.Passman,C.H.Tamayo,N.Modeland,B.Burke,2010 SPE 115258 A Practical Use of Shale Petrophysics for Stimulation Design Optimization,R.Rickman,M.Mullen,B.Grieser,E.Petre 200827 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Halliburton Consulting and Project Management Services 咨询和项目管理服务咨询和项目管理服务 Provide
28、d consulting services to NOC in Tarim oilfield in the last 5 years 过去5年以来，为塔里木油田的国家油气公司提供咨询服务 Currently pursuing consulting opportunities in Tarim,Sichuan and ChangQing.目前正在寻求塔里木、四川和长庆的咨询机会28 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Halliburton Landmark Services 哈里伯顿哈里伯顿Landmark服务服务 Market leader in Sof
29、twares sales in China 在中国软件销售处于市场领先地位 Strong local support team covering different oilfield in China 强大的本地团队，覆盖中国各个油田 Prefer Exploration software supplier of customer in China 在中国是勘探软件最受客户欢饮的提供商 100%nationalise workforce.100%的本地团队2829 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Sperry Drilling Sperry钻井钻井Lo
30、ng term contracts to provide DD/MWD/LWD services to IOCs in Bohai and South China Sea(DeepWater)具有为渤海和南海(深水)作业的国际油气公司提供定向钻井/随钻测量/随钻测井的长期合同Provide DD/MWD/LWD services to different NOC subsidiary向中国几家国有油气公司提供定向钻井/随钻测量/随钻测井的服务Provide MPD services to NOC in Tarim since 2007自从2007年以来，向塔里木的国家油气公司提供精细控压钻井S
31、et the world deepest level 4 MLT junction in 2010 with an NOC in Tarim.于2010年在塔里木与一家国有油气公司完成了全球最深的4级多分支井Provide direct sales of drilling tools to local service companies in China.向中国本地公司提供钻井工具直销服务Comprehensive list of drilling tools in country to support the drilling needs of Chinese customers.在中国国内
32、拥有完备的钻井工具系列，支持中国客户的钻井需求Strong engineering support in Country(both in the office and in the field)具备在中国国内提供强大的工程支持的能力(包括办公室及现场支持)Recognise for outstanding HSE performance by an IOC in Changbei with Sperry being awarded“HSSE Outstanding Contractor Award”in 2010出色的HSE成绩得到长北作业的一家国际油气公司认可，Sperry于2010年获得该
33、公司“HSSE杰出承包商奖”30 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Halliburton Completion Tools 哈里伯顿完井工具哈里伯顿完井工具Market leader in China for Mid and high end completion equipments.中高端完井设备在中国市场处于领先地位Long term contract with IOC in Bohai and Sichuan,在渤海和四川拥有国际油气公司的长期合同Provide completion equipment to various NOC subsi
34、diary in China.为中国多家国有油气公司的下属公司提供完井设备Strong core technical support team based in Beijing,with technical engineers also located in Tanggu,Chengdu and Shekou.在北京拥有强大的核心技术支持团队，并在塘沽、成都和蛇口有工程师Establish product line with good track records.建立了有良好业绩记录的产品线95%nationalise workforce.95%的员工为中国员工3031 2011 HALLIB
35、URTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Baroid Drilling Fluids Baroid泥浆服务泥浆服务Long term contract with IOC in Bohai and Sichuan 在渤海和四川拥有国际油气公司的长期合同Provide drilling fluids services to some of the NOC business in China.为中国几家国有油气公司的业务提供钻井液服务Mud and Brine plant set up in Tanggu to support Bohai operation.在塘沽建立了泥浆和盐水厂支持
36、渤海的作业Supply OBM services to the deepest well ever drill in China by an NOC(location in Tarim).为中国一家国有油气公司(位于塔里木)在中国钻的最深的井提供油基泥浆服务Supply OBM services to most of the horizontal Shale gas wells drilled by Sinopec and PetroChina.为中国石化和中国石油大多页岩气水平井提供油基泥浆服务Experienced engineering staff(both local and expa
37、t)拥有经验丰富的工程技术人员(包括本地专家和外籍专家)32 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Cementing Services 固井服务固井服务Supply cementing services to NOC and IOC in China.为中国的国有油气公司和国际油气公司提供固井服务Long term contract to supply casing accessories to an IOC in Changbei and Sichuan拥有为在长北和四川作业的一家国际油气公司提供套管附件的长期合同Comprehensive cement
38、ing laboratory set up in Korla and Shekou.在库尔勒和蛇口建立了功能齐全的固井实验室Cemented the 2nd horizontal Shale gas well for Sinopec East.为中国石化华东公司提供了第二口页岩气水平井的固井服务Generally Halliburton will supply engineering service and cementing materials,and local service companies will provide cementing equipment(cement unit,c
39、ement head etc).通常，哈里伯顿提供工程服务和固井材料，本地公司提供固井设备(水泥车、水泥头等)33 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Wireline Perforating Services 电缆和射孔服务电缆和射孔服务 Traditional Business model has been direct sales of logging tools to various local service companies in China.传统的业务模式是，向中国本地的服务公司直销测井工具 In 2011 start venturing
40、into provision of logging services in ChangQing Oilfield(as a subcontractor to a local service company)2011年开始，(作为本地服务公司的分包商)，向长庆油田提供测井服务。Used to provide perforating services to an IOC in South China Sea till the project was return back to the NOC.曾长期为一家在南海作业的国际油气公司提供射孔服务，直至该项目交还给中国国有油气公司。34 2011 HA
41、LLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Halliburton Drill Bits Services 哈里伯顿钻头服务哈里伯顿钻头服务Supply PDC and Tri-Cone bits to a large range of NOC and IOC in China.向在中国的许多国有油气公司和国际油气公司提供PDC钻头和三牙轮钻头Consider as one of the market leader in PDC bits in China.被认为是中国市场PDC钻头的领先公司之一Provide hole enlargement service(XR Reame
42、r)to IOC in South China Sea.为中国南海作业的一家国际油气公司提供扩眼服务(XR扩眼钻头)Local drill bits manufacturing center set up in Xinjiang(JV with Xibu Drilling).This manufacturing facility is capable of producing PDC drill bits to supply the China market.在新疆(与西部钻井公司)建立了在中国本地的钻头制造中心，该制造中心可以生产PDC钻头，用于支持中国市场Strong technical
43、support team based in Beijing,100%nationalise在北京有一直强大的技术支持团队，员工100%为本地员工35 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Halliburton Testing and Subsea Services 测试和水下服务测试和水下服务 Predominantly a direct sales business with no in country support for services.主要开展直销业务，在国内没有支持和服务队伍 Direct sales of testing tools to
44、local service companies in China.向在中国的本地公司提供测试工具直销36 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Halliburton Production Enhancement Services 增产服务增产服务Market leader in Sand control services to an IOC in Bohai,Acidizing services to an IOC in Sichuan,and Surgifrac services to an independent CBM company.为渤海的一家国
45、际油气公司提供控砂服务的市场领先者，为四川的一家国际油气公司提供酸化服务，为一家煤层气公司提供分段压裂服务Provide multistage fracturing services(pinpoint technology for example)to different NOC subsidiaries in China.为中国的几家国有油气公司提供多级压裂服务(比如定点压裂技术)Provided multistage Shale gas fracturing services to three NOC horizontal shale gas wells,result of one of
46、the well is the highest flow Shale gas well in China YTD.为中国三家国有油气公司的页岩气水平井提供多级压力，其中一口井的页岩气日产量为迄今为止中国最高Generally Halliburton will supply engineering service,downhole tools,materials and supervision,and local service companies will provide pumping equipment(frac pump,water tank,sand silos etc)and per
47、sonnel to operate it.通常，哈里伯顿提供工程服务、井下工具、材料和作业监督，本地公司提供泵注设备(压裂泵、液罐、砂罐等)及作业人员Strong in country operation and technical team,90%nationalise.在中国拥有一支强大的作业和技术团队，90%为本地员工37 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Halliburton Boots&Coots Services Boots和和Coots 服务服务 Provide multistage fracturing services(pinpoin
48、t technology for example)to different NOC subsidiary in China.向中国几家国有油气公司的下属公司提供多级压裂服务(如定点压裂技术)Worked with the PE department to provide Coil Tubing services for fracturing use on the 2 NOC horizontal shale gas well,China first Shale gas horizontal wells in China.与增产部门协作，为中国页岩气水平井提供连续油管压裂服务，已经用于两口页岩气
49、水平井。Pipeline services support to come out from Singapore 管道服务支持由新加坡提供38 2011 HALLIBURTON.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Unconventional Play Challenges Structural Complex compared to other shale plays Multiple stacked source rock reservoirs with potential Subplays or Sweet Spots have yet to be identified Fluid
50、sampling for Rw,CO2 and HS2 which is in shallower reservoirs Core and Cuttings needed to build a calibrated petrophysical model Stress orientation varies and is strike slip,potentially thrust stress regime Natural Fracture trends not yet identified Still very much in Exploration Data Acquisition Mod
