1、Unit OneWriting Up a Research ProposalTask objectiveIn this unit you will learn how to produce a research proposal.开题报告大致包括以下几方面的内容开题报告大致包括以下几方面的内容：Task Objective1.论文题目（research title）2.研究本论题的动机（research motivation）3.论文拟解决的问题以及作者的假设（statement of problem and hypotheses）4.研究本论题意义及价值(significance of th
2、e research)5.国内外同行业对该论题的研究现状（literature review）6.论题研究步骤和手段（research approach or methodology）7.研究中存在的局限性（research limitations）8.撰写论文工作的计划与安排(research planning)9.参考文献(references)10.图表及附录(tables and appendix)Task Preparation 1 Fill out the table briefly after reading Sample 1 Higher Education Faculty:S
3、atisfaction with Online Teaching.Purpose of the studyResearch questionsSignificance of the studyLimitations of the studyTask Preparation 1Purpose of the studyResearch QuestionsSignificance of the StudyLimitations of the StudyKeys:The main purpose of this study is to conduct exploratory qualitative r
4、esearch to investigate online faculty members teaching philosophies and what contributes to or inhibits their satisfaction with online teaching.1.What elements contribute to or inhibit satisfaction with online teaching for faculty members?2.What are the relationships among the elements that contribu
5、te to or inhibit online faculty members satisfaction with online teaching?This study will contribute to an understanding of the factors that contribute to the job satisfaction of higher education faculty members pioneering as teachers in the rapidly expanding and changing Web-based educational envir
6、onments.The phenomenon of faculty job satisfaction needs to be studied as it naturally occurs without manipulation or control of variables.The data gathered in each setting are very dependent on these contexts.Therefore,the generalizability of the findings will be limited.2.Answer the questions as b
7、riefly as possible after reading Sample 2 Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria:THE Microfinance ApproachTask Preparation 21.Whats the significance of the research?2.What are the research questions mentioned in this proposal?3.What are the objectives of this research?4.Who will benefit from the research?5.
8、Who will be sampled by researchers to collect data for this research?1.Whats the significance of the research?2.What are the research questions mentioned in this proposal?3.What are the objectives of this research?Keys:This study is significant to deciphering microfinance institutions roles in allev
9、iating poverty within Sagamu Local Government Area in Nigeria.Two research questions will be treated in this study.The first one is about how microfinance schemes alleviate poverty in Nigeria.And the second one is about how microfinance institutions understand the concept of microfinance in Nigeria.
10、Two objectives are proposed in this research.The first one is to examine the role of microfinance schemes in poverty alleviation in Nigeria.The second one is to clarify the concept of microfinance for a better understanding by institutions and beneficiaries.4.Who will benefit from the research?5.Who
11、 will be sampled by researchers to collect data for this research?The study will be useful to the micro and medium scale enterprises that require or use microfinance banks,the poor in Nigeria(especially Sagamu settlers)who may not be aware of the microfinance options available to them and have misse
12、d out on several opportunities to lift themselves out of the poverty rot,and by extension the microfinance institutions which serves this fundamental purpose.The researcher will sample officials of microfinance institutions,local government officials and beneficiaries(expected and current)of poverty
13、 alleviation programmes.Decide the following statements are true or false after reading Sample 3 Effects of Internal Control Systems on Financial Performance in an Institution of Higher Learning in UgandaTask Preparation 31.The purpose of this research is to establish the relationship between intern
14、al control systems and financial performance in an Institution of Higher Learning in Uganda.2.The research will focus on both the center and affiliated institutions in Uganda Martyrs University.3.The significance of the study is that it will help find out problems within the systems of internal cont
15、rol in Institutions of Higher Learning in Uganda.4.One of the researchers hypotheses is that an internal audit function is positively related with the financial performance of Institutions of Higher Learning in Uganda.5.The financial performance of Uganda Martyrs University has always been in great
16、shape since its inception.T T F F F Databank Practice these patterns and expressions often used in writing a proposal.1.1研究目的、问题及假设研究目的、问题及假设:一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时，如：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时，如：1)The following research questions and objectives will be treated in this study.2)The main purpose of this study is to
17、 conduct exploratory qualitative research to investigate online faculty members teaching philosophies and what contributes to or inhibits their satisfaction with online teaching.3)The intent of this study is to design and develop a computer-based learning environment in the form of a digital game.4)
18、One of the key questions guiding this inquiry is what elements contribute to or inhibit satisfaction with online teaching for faculty members?5)The focus of the research is on how a problem-based learning(PBL)digital game may be able to promote continuing motivation to learn science.Thus,there are t
19、hree aspects to this research that come together in a meaningful way.6)The hypotheses are as follows.7)The following research hypotheses is basically derived from the available literature but refined to suit the scenario at hand.8)In particular the researcher will focus on the following specific obj
20、ectives.1.2研究本论题意义及价值研究本论题意义及价值:一般现在时、现在完成时、一般现在时、现在完成时、将来时，如：将来时，如：1)This study is significant to deciphering their roles in alleviating poverty within the local government.2)The study will,therefore,be useful to the micro and medium scale enterprises.3)The information to be gained through this stu
21、dy has profound merit for academicians as well as basic and applied science researchers.4)It is also the researchers belief that invaluable benefits to management and those charged with governance in Institutions of Higher Learning will emerge.5)The study will also add to the existing knowledge bank
22、 regarding internal controls.6)Possible benefits of this research include contributing to a better understanding of online faculty members.7)The potential benefits to be gained by persons participating in this study are8)The studies conducted to explore the needs,desires,dreams,and frustrations of o
23、nline faculty will help us to better understand what make them satisfied with their work in Web-based learning environments.1.3该论题的研究现状该论题的研究现状(文献综述文献综述):一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时，如：成时，如：1)Proponents of microfinance agree that it has the tendency to break povertys vicious cycle.2)On the other
24、 hand are critics such as Dale Adams of Ohio State University who questioned the rationale behind the goals and expectations.3)Most studies on poverty alleviation and microfinance concentrated on women.4)Background literature related to job satisfaction and dynamics of faculty participation in Web-b
25、ased distance education is examined,to provide grounding related to the research questions of this study.5)The review of literature is divided into three sections.6)According to Shola(2008:496),“the pervasiveness and persistence of poverty in Nigeria is a massive betrayal of her rich resource base.”
26、7)Bangladesh,being the traditional home of microfinance development,has witnessed increased studies.8)The study posits that 40%of Bangladeshi citizens live below the poverty line.1.4研究方法及步骤研究方法及步骤:一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时，如：一般现在时、一般过去时、将来时，如：1)Qualitative methods will be used in this exploratory study to exp
27、lore interactions related to the common experiences of higher education faculty members2)Qualitative methods are the best choice for this research because qualitative methods allow the researcher to listen to the views of the research participants,while focusing on the natural setting or context.3)Q
28、ualitative research methods are unsurpassed for research problems where the variables are unknown and need to be explored.4)This study is situated within a constructivist paradigm.5)Design-based research(DBR)is the research paradigm used in this study.6)Many researchers in motivation recognize the b
29、enefit of using mixed methods to provide a full and in depth explanation of student motivation.7)The research design consists of both exploratory and explanatory components.8)The project will involve 12 months of fieldwork.1.5研究中存在的局限性研究中存在的局限性:一般现在时、将来时，如一般现在时、将来时，如：1)Hence,the data gathered in eac
30、h setting are very dependent on these contexts.2)Therefore,the context of each case study will limit the generalizability of the findings.3)Given the small sample size of this study,this must be taken in consideration,and may impact the validity of the findings.4)Limitations due to measuring and int
31、erpretation extend to quantitative findings and validity,as well.5)The results of this study will apply only to those individuals with great learning motivation.6)These limitations are clearly true of the results of this study.7)The major limitation of the study is that a lot of research has been do
32、ne on Financial Performance,but the Researcher wanted to deviate from the obvious.8)This area of study can provide a scientific basis for promising interventions that may yield positive outcomes and fill the currently existing gaps in knowledge.2.Read the following tips for writing a research propos
33、al.A typical research proposal will be somewhere between one and two thousand words.While we do not insist on a definite format,we should keep the following in mind:1)Begin by explaining the subject area and providing an indication of the key theoretical,policy or empirical debates.2)Present a brief
34、 literature review relating to your research proposal,and discuss the research questions you plan to address.3)Make your research proposal as specific and focused as possible.4)Indicate the research methods most suited to your area of research.5)Provide an indication of how you might collect any rel
35、evant data if your proposed research involves empirical work.6)Include a bibliography with your research proposal.COMMON PROBLEMS1)Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question.2)Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research.3)Failure to cite landmark studies.4)
36、Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers.5)Failure to stay focused on the research question.6)Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research.7)Too much detail on minor issues,but not enough detail on major issues.
37、8)Too much rambling-going all over the map without a clear sense of direction.(The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.)9)Too many citation lapses and incorrect references.1.Complete the following sentences by translating Chinese into English.1)(本文主要目的是探讨数字游戏能否激发)st
38、udents to continue learning academic subjects,after instruction has ended.2)(本论文旨在研究的问题是)what the psychological dimensions of continuing motivation are.3)Design-based research(DBR)is the(本论文的研究范式).Task RealizationThe purpose of this study is to investigate whether digital games can motivateThe resea
39、rch questions for this dissertation is research paradigm used in this dissertation4)Whats more,(工具方面存在一定的局限性)used to measure the human consciousness.5)(目前存在大量的文献)on digital games,problem-based learning environments,continuing motivation,interest,attitude toward science,and design-based research.6)Th
40、e grounded theory constructivist approach will be used to analyze(定性分析所获取的数据)to address all the research questions.there is a limitation of the instrumentsThe research questions for this dissertation isThe research questions for this dissertation is2.Translate the following Chinese of problem statem
41、ents in a research proposal.本文主要探讨的问题是在课堂教学结束后，数字游戏能否具有本文主要探讨的问题是在课堂教学结束后，数字游戏能否具有激发学生继续学习的作用。调查重点为一款需要一定科学知识和技激发学生继续学习的作用。调查重点为一款需要一定科学知识和技能才能够解决问题的游戏能否激发学生的热情，从而使其在教学结能才能够解决问题的游戏能否激发学生的热情，从而使其在教学结束后仍有兴趣继续理科的学习。因此三个方面的研究被纳入此次调束后仍有兴趣继续理科的学习。因此三个方面的研究被纳入此次调查，分别是：数字游戏，基于问题的学习和学习理科的持续动力。查，分别是：数字游戏，基于问题
42、的学习和学习理科的持续动力。以下是本论文中要探讨的几个问题：以下是本论文中要探讨的几个问题：一款名为一款名为拯救外行人拯救外行人的游戏能够使学生具有持续学习理的游戏能够使学生具有持续学习理科的动力吗？在课堂教学结束后学习理科的持续动力会随时间而科的动力吗？在课堂教学结束后学习理科的持续动力会随时间而发生变化吗？发生变化吗？持续的动力会因任务不同而不同吗？持续的动力会因任务不同而不同吗？持续动力的心理学范式是什么样的？课堂已学知识和持续动力持续动力的心理学范式是什么样的？课堂已学知识和持续动力有关系吗？有关系吗？在以后的课堂学习中具有持续动力和在课外学习中具有持续动在以后的课堂学习中具有持续动力
43、和在课外学习中具有持续动力是同一回事吗？力是同一回事吗？The purpose of this study is to investigate whether digital games can motivate students to continue learning academic subjects,after instruction has ended.In particular,this is a study about motivating students to continue learning science from playing a digital game that
44、 presents a complex problem requiring scientific knowledge and skills to solve.Thus,there are three aspects to this research that come together in a meaningful way:digital games,problem-based learning,and continuing motivation to learn science.The following are the research questions for this disser
45、tation:Can playing a problem-based learning game,Alien Rescue III,promote continuing motivation to learn science?Does continuing motivation to learn science change over time after completion of instruction?Is continuing motivation task specific?What are the psychological dimensions of continuing mot
46、ivation?Is there a relationship between the knowledge gained during instruction and continuing motivation?Does continuing motivation to learn in future classroom instruction differ from continuing motivation to learn outside of the classroom?3.Read the research proposal on page 22-24 and complete th
47、e table.Purpose of the researchLiterature reviewHypothesisResearch plansignificance3.Read the research proposal on page 22-24 and complete the table.Purpose of the researchLiterature reviewThe overall objective is to understand how severe water scarcity affects reciprocal exchange relationships and
48、social relationships in a marginal urban setting.The existence and quality of intracommunity ties has long been recognized as a factor that determines how conflicts evolve over scarce resources and other threats(Simmel 1904 1955,Coser 1956,Mack 1965).HypothesisH1.Generalized reciprocal exchanges wil
49、l occur more frequently in the wet season than in the dry season.H2.Social interactions will occur more frequently in the wet season than in the dry season.H3.During the dry season,households with more water will engage in more generalized reciprocal exchanges than will households with less water.Re
50、search PlanThe research will proceed in two phases.During the first phase,I will select a 60-household purposive sample,create and test interview protocols,choose key informants,and train a research assistant.The first phase will lay the groundwork for the second,so that I will be prepared to comple
