1、1Musculoskeletal system Professional english of medicine讲授内容、章节讲授内容、章节骨骼肌肉系统骨骼肌肉系统肿瘤（肿瘤（cancer）干细胞干细胞血液与免疫系统血液与免疫系统凋亡凋亡心血管系统心血管系统泌尿系统泌尿系统DNA克隆克隆内分泌系统内分泌系统神经系统神经系统23The musculoskeletal system(also known as the locomotor system)consists of the bones,joints,cartilage,muscles,ligaments,and tendons.be co
2、mposed ofWater is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.Roots for musculoskeletal system ROOT MEANING oste/o bone myel/o bone marrowchondr/o cartilage ten/o,tendin/o tendon my/o muscle arthr/o joint EXAMPLE DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE Osteolyticdestroying or dissolving bone myeloblast immature bone marrow cell
3、chondromalacia softening of cartilage tenorrhaphy suture of a tendon myositis*inflammation of muscle arthrosis joint;condition affecting a joint 56Primary functions of the musculoskeletal system include support of the body,provision of motion,and protection of vital organs.A body organ that is essen
4、tial for lifeSynonyms:vitalsvi tality n.活力,生命力vitalize vt.给与.生命力vitalization n.赋予生命7The musculoskeletal system refers to the system having its muscles attached to an internal skeletal system and is necessary for humans to move to a more favorable position.internal：内部的：内部的external：外部的：外部的8The bones p
5、rovide the stability to a body.Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in movement of the bones.To allow motion,different bones are connected by joints.9Cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly on to each other.Muscles contract(bunch up)to move the bone attached at the joint.C
6、ontract：收缩：收缩Relax：舒张：舒张diastole：心脏舒张：心脏舒张Systole：心脏收缩：心脏收缩10The Skeletal SystemHumans are born with about 300 to 350 bones,however,many bones fuse together between birth and maturity.As a result an average adult skeleton consists of 206 bones.11The human skeleton is composed of both fused and indiv
7、idual bones supported by ligaments,tendons,muscles and cartilage.It is a complex structure with two distinct divisions.These are the axial skeleton and the appen dicular skeleton.Appendix：阑尾；附录：阑尾；附录【pl.】appendicesAppendiceal：阑尾的：阑尾的Appendage：附属物：附属物Appendicle：小附属物：小附属物Appendicular：附属物的，四肢的附属物的，四肢的
8、FIGURE 1.The skeleton.The axial skeleton is shown in yellow;the appendicular skeleton is shown in blue.13The type of boneThere are five general classifications of bones.These are long bones,short bones,flat bones,irregular bones,and sesamoid bones.14a.Long bones are longer than they are wide.b.Short
9、 bones are cube shaped;their lengths and widths are about equal.c.Flat bones are platelike and have broad surfaces.d.Irregular bones have varied shapes with many places for connections with other bones.e.sesamoid bones are circular.15Long bonesLong bones are slightly curved for strength.A curved bon
10、e is structurally designed to absorb the stress of the body weight at several different points so the stress is evenly distributed,16if such bones were straight,the weight of the body would be unevenly distributed and the bone would easily fracture.Examples of long bones include bones of the thighs,
11、legs,toes,arms,forearms,and fingers.指骨指骨趾骨趾骨胫骨胫骨腓骨腓骨股骨股骨桡骨桡骨肱骨肱骨humerus Ulna 尺骨尺骨radius phalanges femur fibula Tibia 18Short bonesShort bones are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width.Their texture is spongy except at the surface,where there is a thin layer of compact bone.Exampl
12、es of short bones are the wrist and ankle bones.腕骨腕骨跗骨跗骨carpals tarsals 20Flat bonesFlat bones are generally thin and composed of two more or less parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone.21Flat bones afford considerable protection and provide extensive areas for muscle attac
13、hment.Examples of flat bones include the cranial bones(which protect the brain),the sternum and ribs(which protect organs in the thorax),and the scapulae.肩胛骨肩胛骨胸骨胸骨cranium sternum scapula 颅骨颅骨23Irregular bones have complex shapes.They also vary in the amount of spongy and compact bone present.Such b
14、ones include the vertebrae and certain facial bones.Vertebra：椎骨：椎骨Vertebrae：复数：复数Vertebral：椎骨的，脊椎的：椎骨的，脊椎的24Sesamoid bones are small bones in tendons where considerable pressure develops,for instance,in the wrist.These,like sutural bones,are also variable in number.Two sesamoid bones,the patellas(kn
15、ee caps)are present in all individuals.25The Skeletal System serves many important functions.Support:The skeleton provides the shape and form for the body and,as such,it supports soft tissues and provides a point of attachment for many muscles.26Protection:The Skeletal System serves as a framework f
16、or tissues and organs to attach themselves to.This system acts as a protective structure for vital organs.For example,the brain is protected by the cranial bones,the spinal cord by the vertebrae,the heart and lungs by the rib cage,and internal reproductive organs by the pelvic bones.27Movement:Bones
17、 serve as levers to which muscles are attached.When the muscles contract,the bones act as levers produce movement.28Mineral storage:Bones store several minerals that can be distributed to other parts of the body on demand.The principal stored minerals are calcium and phosphorus.Sodium 钠Potassium钾Mag
18、nesium镁Ferri 铁Zinc锌Sulfur硫Chlorine氯29Blood cell production:Red marrow in certain bones is capable of producing blood cells,a process called hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis.hem/o,hemat/oMeaning bloodEg：hemorrhage hemoglobin，hemolysis hematuria30Red marrow consists of blood cells in immature stages,fat c
19、ells,and macrophages.Red marrow produces red blood cells,some white blood cells,and platelets.31Muscular systemThe human body has more than 600 major muscles.About 240 of them have specific names.In general,muscles are classified into three typescardiac,skeletal,and smooth.32Only skeletal and smooth
20、 muscles are part of the musculoskeletal system and only the skeletal muscles can move the body.33Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and arranged in opposing groups around joints.They make up a large part of the legs,arms,abdomen,chest,neck,and face.Skeletal muscles3435When a person stands erect
21、,many skeletal muscles contract to make the body rigid.Skeletal muscles also can make one part of the body move while another part stays stiff.Skeletal muscles36Skeletal muscles act both ways because they work in pairs.One muscle of each pair is called the flexor.It bends a joint and brings a limb c
22、loser to the body.The other muscle,the extensor,does the opposite.Skeletal muscles37For example,the biceps muscle in the front of the upper arm is a flexor.When this muscle contracts,the elbow bends and the forearm and hand move toward the shoulder.Skeletal muscles38The triceps muscle in the back of
23、 the upper arm is an extensor.When it contracts,the elbow straightens and the forearm and hand move away from the shoulder.At the same time,the biceps relaxes so the triceps can pull it back to its original length.Skeletal muscles3940Skeletal Muscles are innervated,to communicate nervous energy to,b
24、y nerves,which conduct electrical currents from the central nervous system and cause the muscles to contract,so skeletal muscles are also called voluntary muscles.Skeletal muscles41A voluntary muscle consists of a fleshy part or belly and ends in a cod-like sinew or tendon,the fleshy belly is attach
25、ed to one bone while the tendon passes over a joint to become firmly attached to the adjoining bone.Skeletal muscles42Shortening of the fleshy part of the muscle produces movement at the joint by pulling on the tendon.The tendon itself does not change in length 43Skeletal muscle is also termed volun
26、tary striated muscles.The name striated comes from the characteristic cross striations of the muscle fibers when viewed under a microscope.Skeletal muscles44These striations are caused by the arrangement of the protein molecules within the fibers that produce shortening or contraction of the fiber.4
27、5Anatomy of a muscle fiber.A muscle fiber contains many myofibrils with the components shown.A myofibril has many sarcomeres that contain myosin and actin filaments whose arrangement gives rise to the striations so characteristic of skeletal muscle.Muscle contraction occurs when sarcomeres contract
28、and actin filaments slide past myosin filaments.46Smooth muscles Smooth muscles are used to control the flow of substances within the lumens of hollow organs,for examples,blood vessels and the alimentary canal,and are not consciously controlled.47Smooth muscles It is usually found as a sheath of mus
29、cle fibers surrounding a tube-like structure.When viewed from a microscope,there is no striation presented in the muscle,and moreover,since it is not controlled by our will power,so it is called involuntary nonstriated muscle.48Cardiac muscles Cardiac muscles are found in the heart and are used only
30、 to circulate blood.They have some characteristics of both skeletal and smooth muscles.Like skeletal muscle fibers,cardiac muscle cells have striations.49 Like smooth muscle fibers,each cardiac muscle cell has only one nucleus and its contraction and relaxation are not under conscious control.Theref
31、ore,it is also called involuntary striated muscle.50Table 151Nerves and blood Supply Muscle tissue consists of very small fibers.The nerve fibers separate within a muscle with a terminal branch of the nerve going to each muscle fiber.If the nerve supply to a muscle is cut,a gradual change takes plac
32、e in the muscle fiber.52The fibers become smaller,the total size of the muscle decreases,and the muscle is said to be atrophied.If the muscle does not receive any nerve fibers within twelve months,the muscle fibers are replaced by fibrous connective tissue,and the muscle is permanently lost.53Muscle
33、s have an extensive blood supply,and exercise is a powerful stimulus for increasing the flow of blood to a muscle.In older people blood vessels may be narrowed by disease,and muscle cramps are often the result of an insufficient blood supply.54A complete cutoff of the blood supply to a muscle will c
34、ause the death of the muscle fibers within a short period of time.55When a tourniquet is applied to limb to control arterial bleeding,it should not remain tightened for periods of more than twenty to thirty minutes because irreparable damage to the muscle fiber may occur through such a cutoff of the
35、 blood supply.Write the name of each numbered part FIGURE 1.The skeleton.The axial skeleton is shown in yellow;the appendicular skeleton is shown in blue.颅颅下颌骨下颌骨胸骨胸骨肋骨状软骨肋骨状软骨脊柱脊柱髂骨髂骨骨盆骨盆骶骨骶骨跟骨跟骨跖骨跖骨指骨指骨趾骨趾骨跗骨跗骨胫骨胫骨腓骨腓骨髌骨髌骨股骨股骨腕骨腕骨掌骨掌骨桡骨桡骨肱骨肱骨肩胛骨肩胛骨锁骨锁骨craniumsacrumMandible sternumCostal Cartilage
36、Vertebral Column pelvis Ilium clavicle Scapula Calcaneus humerus Ulna 尺骨尺骨radius carpals Meta-carpals phalanges femur patella fibula Tibia Tarsals metatarsals 58 Cranium,Facial bones，Mandible，Clavicle,Scapula,Sternum Costal cartilage,Ribs,Vertebral column，Pelvis，Sacrum，Ilium Femur,Patella,Fibula,Tib
37、ia,Calcaneus,Tarsals,Metatarsals,Phalanges Humerus,Radius,Ulna,Carpals,Metacarp-als,PhalangesFIGURE 2.Structure of a long bone.骨骺线远端骨骺Osteoepiphysis骨干骨外膜骨髓腔 medulla密质骨 cortex松质骨近端骨骺骨内膜黄骨髓Proximal epiphysisDistal epiphysisDiaphysisMedullary cavitySpongy boneGrowth linesEndosteum Compact boneYellow ma
38、rrowPeriosteumArteryMetaphysis 干骺端60 Diaphysis,Distal epiphysis,Proximal epiphysis,Growth lines,Cartilage Periosteum,Endosteum Compact bone,Spongy bone(containing red marrow),Yellow marrow,Medullary cavity,Artery FIGURE 3.Diagram of a muscle showing three attachments to bonestwo origins and one inse
39、rtion.The Structure of Joints The Structure of Joints Articular surface 关节面Joint space 关节腔Joint capsule 关节囊Synovial membrane 滑膜Synovial cell 滑膜细胞Synovial fluid 滑液NoImageJoint MovementJoint MovementNOUNVERBAbductionAbductbdkt外展AdductionAdductdkt内收PronationPronatepronet旋前SupinationSupinatesupnet旋后Flex
40、ionFlexflks 屈ExtensionExtendkstnd伸Roots for Bones and JointsROOT MEANING oste/o bone myel/o bone marrowchondr/o cartilage ten/o,tendin/o tendon my/o muscle arthr/o joint EXAMPLE DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE Osteolyticdestroying or dissolving bone myeloblast myelitisimmature bone marrow cell chondromalacia
41、softening of cartilage tenorrhaphy suture of a tendon myositis*inflammation of muscle arthrosis joint;condition affecting a joint 6667Define each of the following words:osteogenesis:The process of bone formation.chondroma:a benign tumor of cartilage cells.arthroplasty:plastic repair of a joint.myelo
42、id:pertaining to bone marrow.68Word building.1.deficiency(-penia)of bone tissue:2.inflammation of bone and bone marrow:3.any disease of a joint:4.tumor of bone marrow:5.pertaining to or resembling cartilage:6.narrowing(-stenosis)of a joint:Osteopenia;osteomyelitis;arthropathy;myeloma;chondroid;arthr
43、ostenosisWrite a word for each of the following definitions:69Roots Pertaining to MusclesROOT MEANING my/o muscle muscul/o muscle in/o fiber ten/o,tendin/o tendon kine,kinesi/o kinet/o movement 70Roots Pertaining to MusclesEXAMPLE DEFINITION OF EXAMPLE myositis*inflammation of muscle musculoskeletal
44、 pertaining to muscle and skeleton ino-epithelioma tumor of fibers and epitheliatenorrhaphy suture of a tendon dyskinesia abnormality of movement 71Define each of the following adjectives:1.muscular:pertaining to muscle 2.fascial:pertaining to fascia 3.tendinous:pertaining to a tendon4.kinetic:perta
45、ining to movement72Define each of the following terms:myalgia:pain in a muscle musculotendinous:pertaining to muscle and tendon tendinitis:inflammation of a tendon hypermyotonia:excess muscle tone73Define each of the following terms:kinesiology:study of movement myofascial:pertaining to muscle and f
46、ascia tenomyoplasty:plastic repair of tendon and muscle74Write a word that has the same meaning as each of the following definitions:inflammation of many(poly-)muscles:any disease of muscle:excision of fascia:incision of a tendon(use ten/o):inflammation of a muscle and its tendonPolymyositis;myopathyFasciectomy;tenotomy;myotenositis
