1、法律英语翻译法律英语翻译Teaching Contents:Translation of legal materialsTeaching Aims:To know more about legal materials and the corresponding translation skillsTeaching Focus:Features of legal materials Requirements on translating legal materials Translation methodsTeaching Methods:Student-centered(group work,
2、then class work).Teaching PlanFeatures of legal materials 广义而言,法律文体通常包括广义而言,法律文体通常包括宪法、法律、行政法规、宪法、法律、行政法规、条令、条例、条约、合同书、协议书、契约、遗嘱、文凭、条令、条例、条约、合同书、协议书、契约、遗嘱、文凭、各类证书、规程各类证书、规程等。这些内容都以法律文书的形式固定下来,等。这些内容都以法律文书的形式固定下来,即以文字的形式固定下来。这类专用于法律文书的语言,具即以文字的形式固定下来。这类专用于法律文书的语言,具有一定的特点,所以称为法律语言。有一定的特点,所以称为法律语言。法律语言
3、具有权威性,它排斥多义与歧义。一些日常生法律语言具有权威性,它排斥多义与歧义。一些日常生活中使用的普通用语在法律文体中有了更为明确的概念含义。活中使用的普通用语在法律文体中有了更为明确的概念含义。Infant:在法律上是指在法律上是指21岁或岁或18岁以下的人岁以下的人Demise:在日常英语中有许多意思,如死亡、终止、失败、在日常英语中有许多意思,如死亡、终止、失败、职位的丧失等职位的丧失等在法律上,它专指财产的转让,或称让渡,或遗赠,在法律上,它专指财产的转让,或称让渡,或遗赠,如指死亡亦是专指引起财产或权力转让的死亡如指死亡亦是专指引起财产或权力转让的死亡 每一个法律术语只能表达一个特定
4、的每一个法律术语只能表达一个特定的法律概念。法律术语的词义必须法律概念。法律术语的词义必须单一而固单一而固定定。任何人在任何情况下必须对其有同一。任何人在任何情况下必须对其有同一的解释。不仅法律专门术语要求词义单一,的解释。不仅法律专门术语要求词义单一,由民族共同语转化而来的法律词汇也必须由民族共同语转化而来的法律词汇也必须表达单一的法律概念。有些民族共同语属表达单一的法律概念。有些民族共同语属于多义词,但是其中一个义项在法律语境于多义词,但是其中一个义项在法律语境中有特定的法律含义,这种法律词汇也被中有特定的法律含义,这种法律词汇也被称为人工法律术语。例如称为人工法律术语。例如“assign
5、ment”在法在法律语境下表示律语境下表示“权利或财产的转让权利或财产的转让”,而不,而不表示在日常用语中的表示在日常用语中的“任务任务”的含义,的含义,“deed”不是日常所说的不是日常所说的“行为行为”而是指法律中的而是指法律中的“契契约约”。Features of legal materialsu 日常用语词汇日常用语词汇 MakeWant,needSubject,topic,matterHomeLive Imagine,pictureBegin WishWork RenderRequire Question ResidenceReside Visualize Commence Desi
6、re Function u 日常用语词汇日常用语词汇 Features of legal materialsuVocabularyuSyntax uStructure 遣词造句准确明了,不含混晦涩;还有一些词是专遣词造句准确明了,不含混晦涩;还有一些词是专门的法律术语;门的法律术语;用词庄重,多用大词用词庄重,多用大词严谨、规范、紧凑、连贯性强、不松散严谨、规范、紧凑、连贯性强、不松散文章有其自身的程式,不求标新立异,各国法律文文章有其自身的程式,不求标新立异,各国法律文件的格式统一,行文笔调一致,篇章结构有统一要件的格式统一,行文笔调一致,篇章结构有统一要求,尤其是同类文本的开头结尾部分几乎
7、是一致的求,尤其是同类文本的开头结尾部分几乎是一致的日常用语词汇日常用语词汇 法律文体词汇法律文体词汇 place locality tell acquaint refer advert work function(v.)by itself in isolation consideration factor show evince give denote think consider begin commence Features of legal materials 为了加强法律文体的庄重性与严肃性,在英语中为了加强法律文体的庄重性与严肃性,在英语中还将平时极少见的古词语使用其中,一般这些词
8、语还将平时极少见的古词语使用其中,一般这些词语多为副词,而且多以复合型副词为主。例如:多为副词,而且多以复合型副词为主。例如:以以here开头的词有:开头的词有:hereupon 于是于是 hereunder 下文下文 hereto 至此至此 hereof 在本文中在本文中 herewith 与此一道与此一道 herein 于此于此 hereafter 今后今后 hereat 由此由此 以以there开头的词有:开头的词有:thereupon 在其上在其上 thereunder 在其下在其下 thereto 此外此外 thereof 由此由此 therewith 随即随即 therein 在那
9、里在那里 Features of legal materials 为了加强法律文体的庄重性与严肃性,在英语中还将为了加强法律文体的庄重性与严肃性,在英语中还将平时极少见的古词语使用其中,一般这些词语多为副词,平时极少见的古词语使用其中,一般这些词语多为副词,而且多以复合型副词为主。例如:而且多以复合型副词为主。例如:此外还有一些以此外还有一些以where开头的关系副词型的复合词,如:开头的关系副词型的复合词,如:whereupon 据此据此 whereby 藉以藉以 wherefore 为此为此 wherewith 用以用以 wherein 在那种情况下在那种情况下 whereof 关于那人(
10、事,关于那人(事,物)物)这些词用来确指法律文本中的某一方或合同双方,使行文准确,从而这些词用来确指法律文本中的某一方或合同双方,使行文准确,从而提高法律文书的正式性。提高法律文书的正式性。Rules in translating legal materialsu语言明确,语言明确,u条理清晰,条理清晰,u行文严谨,行文严谨,u符合规范格式。符合规范格式。法律文书的语言是强调指称功能的,即法律文书的语言是强调指称功能的,即强调其外延性意义。强调其外延性意义。由于英汉两种语言的结构方式和表达方由于英汉两种语言的结构方式和表达方式上的差别,在翻译时既要注意保持原式上的差别,在翻译时既要注意保持原意
11、又不使译文过分艰涩难懂,让译文明意又不使译文过分艰涩难懂,让译文明确,又合乎法律文本的规范,严谨而不确,又合乎法律文本的规范,严谨而不死板。死板。在句法方面在句法方面,法律文体长句多,几十个字、上,法律文体长句多,几十个字、上百个字的长句司空见惯。为了使话语严谨,使用百个字的长句司空见惯。为了使话语严谨,使用各种附加语、修饰语、说明语,以至句法成分前各种附加语、修饰语、说明语,以至句法成分前后编插、枝杈横生,句子结构膨胀,语法关系复后编插、枝杈横生,句子结构膨胀,语法关系复杂化,又是读起来不畅。行文中少用代词,宁可杂化,又是读起来不畅。行文中少用代词,宁可重复名词。重复名词。由于法律文件主要是
12、下命令及做出规定,因此法律由于法律文件主要是下命令及做出规定,因此法律文件的文件的谓语动词结构比较简单谓语动词结构比较简单,最常见的是,最常见的是“应应该该”,“可以可以”,“必须必须”,一般采用英一般采用英文中与之对应的,也是英文法律英语常用的谓语文中与之对应的,也是英文法律英语常用的谓语动词结构动词结构“should/shall/may+do/have done/be done”对代词严格限制对代词严格限制 法律英语中,指人或物的词往往重复,而不使法律英语中,指人或物的词往往重复,而不使用代词,以避免代词指代不明而引起不同的理用代词,以避免代词指代不明而引起不同的理解与解释。解与解释。Th
13、e Author should bear the cost of any necessary fees for textual and illustrative permissions but the Publishers agree to pay such fees on the Authors behalf up to an agreed maximum amount and may deduct the same from my sums that may become due to the Author under this Agreement.shall的使用的使用 在法律文体中,在
14、法律文体中,shall具有特殊含义,表示具有特殊含义,表示“应当承担的责任和义务应当承担的责任和义务”,带有指令性和强制性,带有指令性和强制性,充分体现了法律文件的权威性和约束性。可以充分体现了法律文件的权威性和约束性。可以用于各种时态。用于各种时态。Should在法律问题中,不表示在法律问题中,不表示法律义务,只表示一般义务或道义上的义务,法律义务,只表示一般义务或道义上的义务,一般译为一般译为应该应该或或应应当,当,Examples2.如在解释上遇在分歧,应以英文本为准。如在解释上遇在分歧,应以英文本为准。In case of any divergence of interpretatio
15、n,the English text shall prevail.2.如在解释上遇如在解释上遇到到分歧,应以英文本为准。分歧,应以英文本为准。All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws,decrees and pertinent regulations of the Peoples Republic of China.3.合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。法令和有关条例规定。Examples1.Unl
16、ess it is legally or physically impossible,the contractor shall execute and complete the works and remedy the defects therein in strict accordance with the contract to the satisfaction of the engineer.除法律或外界条件不允许的情况之除法律或外界条件不允许的情况之外,承包商应严格按合同施工和竣外,承包商应严格按合同施工和竣工,并改正工作中的任何缺陷,达工,并改正工作中的任何缺陷,达到工程师满意的程度
17、。到工程师满意的程度。译一译一:Export products manufactured by foreign invested enterprises in the New Area,except those under other existing regulations by the State,shall be exempted from Customs duty.4.本新区内外商投资企业生产的出口产品,除国本新区内外商投资企业生产的出口产品,除国家另有规定的产品之外,免征关税。家另有规定的产品之外,免征关税。译二译二:Exports manufactured by foreign-i
18、nvested enterprises in the New Area are duty-free,unless otherwise regulated by the State.Examples u有失简练有失简练u译意失真译意失真u滥用滥用“shall”Existing problems u有失简练有失简练Existing problems 1.出让合同中规定必须拆除的技术设备,受让人应出让合同中规定必须拆除的技术设备,受让人应按时拆除。按时拆除。译一:译一:The transferee shall demolish and remove such technological equipm
19、ent in time as required to be demolished and removed by the grant contract.译二:译二:The grantee shall demolish and remove in time such technological equipment as so required by the grant contract.u译意失真译意失真Existing problems 1.在下述情况下,在下述情况下,ABC公司将保护买方不受损失。公司将保护买方不受损失。译一:译一:Subject to the conditions herei
20、nafter set forth,ABC company will indemnify and protect the Purchaser against any losses or damage.译二:译二:Subject to the following conditions,ABC company will and protect the Purchaser against any losses or damage.u滥用滥用“shall”Existing problems “shall”can be used to indicate that something is to be do
21、ne if or when something else“shall”happen in the future.In drafting legal documents the use of“shall”in this way should be avoided.u滥用滥用“shall”Existing problems u如乙方有违反本合同的行为,如乙方有违反本合同的行为,译一:译一:If Party B shall commit any material breach of this Contract,译二:译二:If Party B commits any breach of this c
22、ontract,Existing problems 自自9月月20日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。据。Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to accept any orders or to collect any account after September 20.改译改译:Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order or to accept any orders or to collect any account on and
23、after September 20.注:原文中所指时间应该包括注:原文中所指时间应该包括9月月20日这一天。但是原译忽略了这一点,改译日这一天。但是原译忽略了这一点,改译后的译文补上一个介词后的译文补上一个介词on,使译文的意思,使译文的意思与原文达到完全的一致,避免有人在这一与原文达到完全的一致,避免有人在这一英汉法律用语上钻时间的空子。英汉法律用语上钻时间的空子。Exercises1.如在解释上遇有分歧,应以英文文本为准。如在解释上遇有分歧,应以英文文本为准。2.合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关规定。律、法令和有关规定。3.通
24、过协商无法解决的争议应由争议方提交缔约通过协商无法解决的争议应由争议方提交缔约各方,按本公约第五十五条的规定召开会议,各方,按本公约第五十五条的规定召开会议,该会审议并提出解决争议的建议。该会审议并提出解决争议的建议。In case of any divergence of interpretation,the English text shall prevail.All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provision of the laws,decrees and pertinent regulations
25、of the PRC.Any dispute which is not settled by negotiation shall be referred by the Contracting Parties in dispute to the Contracting Parties,meeting in conformity with Article 55 of this Convention,which shall thereupon consider the dispute and make recommendations for its settlements.4.付款人对于背书支票的付
26、款,应负有识付款人对于背书支票的付款,应负有识别背书连续之责,但对于背书签名,不别背书连续之责,但对于背书签名,不负识别真伪之负识别真伪之责责。The drawee who pays an endorsable check is bound to verify the regularity of the series of endorsement,but not the signature of the endorsers.在任一缔约国提出的保护发明的申请都可在任一缔约国提出的保护发明的申请都可以按照本条约规定提出国际申请。以按照本条约规定提出国际申请。Applications for the
27、 protection of inventions in any of the Contracting States may be filed as international applications under this Treaty.(1)任何缔约国(2)都可以适用本国法,(3)要求(4)集体商标或证明商标的(5)所有人(6)向其国家主管机关提出(7)一些证明或其他证明,(8)特别要包括(9)持有这种商标的协会或其他团体的章程(10)和有关监督这种商标的使用的规则。(1)Any Contracting State(2)may apply its national law(3)requir
28、ing(4)that where the mark is a collective mark or a certificate mark(5)the owner thereof(6)must adduce(举出证据举出证据/理由等理由等)before its national Office(7)certain supporting documents and other evidence,(8)including in particular(9)the bylaws(社团规章制度社团规章制度)of the association or other entity owning such mark
29、(10)and the rules concerning the control exercises over the use of such mark.如果合同被宣告无效,而在宣告无效后一段合理时间内,买方已以合理的方式购买替代物,或者卖方已以合理方式把货物转卖,则要求损害赔偿的一方可以取得合同价格和替代货物交易价格之间的差额以及按照第七十四条规定可以取得的任何其他损害赔偿。If the contract is voided and if,in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after voidance,the buyer
30、has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the goods,the party claiming damages may recover the difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction as well as any further damages recoverable under article 74.合同编号 签订日期:_ 签订地点:_ 买方:地址:电话:_传真:电子邮箱:卖方:地址:电话:_传
31、真:电子邮箱:Contract No:_ Date:_ Signed at:_ The Buyer:Address:Tel:_Fax:E-mail:The Seller:Address:Tel:_Fax:E-mail:买卖双方同意按照下列条款签订本合同:1.货物名称、规格和质量:2.数量:允许的溢短装 3.单价:4.总值:5.交货条件FOB/CFR/CIF 6.原产地国与制造商:7.包装及标准:货物应具有防潮、防锈蚀、防震并适合于远洋运输的包装,由于货物包装不良而造成的货物残损、灭失应由卖方负责。卖方应在每个包装箱上用不褪色的颜色标明尺码、包装箱号码、毛重、净重及“此端向上”、“防潮”、“小心
32、轻放”等标记。The Seller and the Buyer agree to conclude this Contract subject to the terms and conditions stated below:1.Name,Specifications and Quality of Commodity:2.Quantity:%more or less allowed 3.Unit Price:4.Total Amount:5.Terms of Delivery FOB/CFR/CIF 6.Country of Origin and Manufacturers:7.Packing
33、:The packing of the goods shall be preventive from dampness,rust,moisture,erosion and shock,and shall be suitable for ocean transportation/multiple transportation.The Seller shall be liable for any damage and loss of the goods attributable to the inadequate or improper packing.The measurement,gross
34、weight,net weight and the cautions such as Do not stack up side down,Keep away from moisture,Handle with care shall be stenciled on the surface of each package with fadeless pigment.8.唛头:9.装运期限:10.装运口岸:11.目的口岸:12.保险:由按发票金额110%投保险和附加险。13.付款条件:(1)信用证方式:买方应在装运期前/合同生效后日,开出以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的议付信用证,信用证在装船完毕后日内到
35、期。(2)付款交单:货物发运后,卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票,按即期付款交单(D/P)方式,通过卖方银行及银行向买方转交单证,换取货物。(3)承兑交单:货物发运后,卖方出具以买方为付款人的付款跟单汇票,付款期限为后日,按即期承兑交单(D/A日)方式,通过卖方银行及银行,经买方承兑后,向买方转交单证,买方在汇票期限到期时支付货款。(4)货到付款:买方在收到货物后天内将全部货款支付卖方(不适用于FOB、CRF、CIF术语)。8.Shipping Marks:9.Time of Shipment:10.Port of Loading:11.Port of Destination:12.Ins
36、urance:Insurance shall be covered by the _ for 110%of the invoice value against _ Risks and _ Additional Risks.13.Terms of Payment:(1)Letter of Credit:The Buyer shall,_ days prior to the time of shipment/after this Contract comes into effect,open an irrevocable Letter of Credit in favor of the Selle
37、r.The Letter of Credit shall expire _ days after the completion of loading of the shipment as stipulated.(2)Documents against payment:After shipment,the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange on the Buyer and deliver the documents through Sellers bank and _ Bank to the Buyer against payment,i.e
38、D/P.The Buyer shall effect the payment immediately upon the first presentation of the bill(s)of exchange.(3)Documents against Acceptance:After shipment,the Seller shall draw a sight bill of exchange,payable_ days after the Buyers delivers the document through Sellers bank and _Bank to the Buyer agai
39、nst acceptance(D/A _ days).The Buyer shall make the payment on date of the bill of exchange.(4)Cash on delivery(COD):The Buyer shall pay to the Seller total amount within _ days after the receipt of the goods(This clause is not applied to the Terms of FOB,CFR,CIF).14.单据:卖方应将下列单据提交银行议付/托收:(1)标明通知收货人/
40、受货代理人的全套清洁的、已装船的、空白抬头、空白背书并注明运费已付/到付的海运/联运/陆运提单。(2)标有合同编号、信用证号(信用证支付条件下)及装运唛头的商业发票一式份;(3)由出具的装箱或重量单一式份;(4)由出具的质量证明书一式份;(5)由出具的数量证明书一式份;(6)保险单正本一式份(CIF交货条件);(7)签发的产地证一式份;14.Documents Required:The Seller shall present the following documents required to the bank for negotiation/collection:(1)Full set
41、of clean on board Ocean/Combined Transportation/Land Bills of Lading and blank endorsed marked freight prepaid/to collect;(2)Signed commercial invoice in _copies indicating Contract No.,L/C No.(Terms of L/C)and shipping marks;(3)Packing list/weight memo in _ copies issued by;(4)Certificate of Qualit
42、y in _ copies issued by;(5)Certificate of Quantity in _ copies issued by;(6)Insurance policy/certificate in _ copies(Terms of CIF);(7)Certificate of Origin in _ copies issued by;(8)The Seller shall,within _ hours after shipment effected,send by courier each copy of the above-mentioned documents No.装
43、运通知:卖方应在交运后_小时内以特快专递方式邮寄给买方上述第项单据副本一式一套。15.装运条款:(1)FOB交货方式 卖方应在合同规定的装运日期前30天,以方式通知买方合同号、品名、数量、金额、包装件、毛重、尺码及装运港可装日期,以便买方安排租船/订舱。装运船只按期到达装运港后,如卖方不能按时装船,发生的空船费或滞期费由卖方负担。在货物越过船弦并脱离吊钩以前一切费用和风险由卖方负担。(2)CIF或CFR 交货方式 卖方须按时在装运期限内将货物由装运港装船至目的港。在CFR术语下,卖方应在装船前2天以方式通知买方合同号、品名、发票价值及开船日期,以便买方安排保险。15.Terms of Ship
44、ment:(1)FOB The Seller shall,30 days before the shipment date specified in the Contract,advise the Buyer by _ of the Contract No.,commodity,quantity,amount,packages,gross weight,measurement,and the date of shipment in order that the Buyer can charter a vessel/book shipping space.In the event of the
45、Sellers failure to effect loading when the vessel arrives duly at the loading port,all expenses including dead freight and/or demurrage charges thus incurred shall be for the Sellers account.(2)CIF、CFR The Seller shall ship the goods duly within the shipping duration from the port of loading to the
46、port of destination.Under CFR terms,the Seller shall advise the Buyer by _ of the Contract No.,commodity,invoice value and the date of dispatch two days before the shipment for the Buyer to arrange insurance in time.16.装运通知:一俟装载完毕,卖方应在小时内以方式通知买方合同编号、品名、已发运数量、发票总金额、毛重、船名/车/机号及启程日期等。17.质量保证:货物品质规格必须符合
47、本合同及质量保证书之规定,品质保证期为货到目的港个月内。在保证期限内,因制造厂商在设计制造过程中的缺陷造成的货物损害应由卖方负责赔偿。16.Shipping Advice:The Seller shall,immediately upon the completion of the loading of the goods,advise the Buyer of the Contract No.,names of commodity,loading quantity,invoice values,gross weight,name of vessel and shipment date by
48、_ within _hours.17.Quality Guarantee:The Seller shall guarantee that the commodity must be in conformity with the quatity,specifications and quantity specified in this Contract and Letter of Quality Guarantee.The guarantee period shall be _ months after the arrival of the goods at the port of destin
49、ation,and during the period the Seller shall be responsible for the damage due to the defects in designing and manufacturing of the manufacturer.18.检验(以下两项任选一项):(1)卖方须在装运前日委托检验机构对本合同之货物进行检验并出具检验证书,货到目的港后,由买方委托检验机构进行检验。(2)发货前,制造厂应对货物的质量、规格、性能和数量/重量作精密全面的检验,出具检验证明书,并说明检验的技术数据和结论。货到目的港后,买方将申请中国商品检验局(以下
50、简称商检局)对货物的规格和数量/重量进行检验,如发现货物残损或规格、数量与合同规定不符,除保险公司或轮船公司的责任外,买方得在货物到达目的港后日内凭商检局出具的检验证书向卖方索赔或拒收该货。在保证期内,如货物由于设计或制造上的缺陷而发生损坏或品质和性能与合同规定不符时,买方将委托中国商检局进行检验。18.Inspection:(1)The Seller shall have the goods inspected by _ days before the shipment and have the Inspection Certificate issued by_.The Buyer may