1、優雅的優雅的老老年年678位修女揭開大腦健康之鑰大衛斯諾登博士著李淑珺譯張老師文化事業股份有限公司,2012年6月Aging with GraceWhat the Nun Study Teaches Us About Leading Longer,Healthier,and More Meaningful LivesDavid Snowdon,PH.D.A Bantam Book,May 20011234AboutAbout thethe AuthorAuthor -DavidDavid SnowdonSnowdonvBorn and raised in CaliforniavReceived
2、 Ph.D.in epidemiology in 1981 from University of MinnesotavAccepted a position in University of Kentucky Medical Centre,Saunders-Brown Center on Aging in 1990 vProfessor of Neurology and Director of the Nun StudyvHis ability to intertwine human stories with the excitement of scientific discovery has
3、 made him a popular speakervHalf of his proceeds from Aging with Grace will be donated to the School Sisters of Notre Damev2008 退休,Nun Study 回 University of Minnesota5 DavidDavid SnowdonSnowdonv少年時,得父親鼓勵支持,繼承父親年輕時的嗜好:養雞,賣蛋。比派報紙的同學賺錢更多v從兩隻母雞、一隻公雞開始,繁殖至近百v學會照顧雞,預防生病之道v漸體驗 epidemiology 及 gerontology 的精
4、粹v於University of Minnesota 念 PhD,參與Lutheran Brotherhood 研究:whether cancer and heart disease had any links to alcohol use(18000人)v在 California Loma Linda Medical College,研究Seventh-day Adventists:impact of diet on health 蛋奶素食者與非素食者之健康25000人6Epidemiology Epidemiology 流行病學流行病學v研究關係的科學v因果關係causal relatio
5、nshipv相關聯 association:可以是偶然,或間接關係v應用統計學及大數據data來分析v變素variable,偏差bias,樣本samplev追蹤研究 longitudinal studyv研究組群內愈少差異,個別因素引致的不同結果愈明顯7生活方式與疾病生活方式與疾病v不同群組的發病率,如職業(Jeremy Morris:巴士司機與售票員之心臟病發病率)v移民後代的發病率改變(MG Marmot:加州與夏威夷日本裔移民與日本之心臟病發病率)v雙胞胎的研究v信徒的發病率v修士與修女的研究,如子宮頸癌v從研究病因到研究保護因素89關於修女研究關於修女研究A Aboutbout the
6、the NunNun StudyStudyv持續性研究計劃 ongoing research programv針對678位聖母學校修會成員:修女v始自1986 之 pilot studyv1990 獲National Institute of Aging(NIA)資助,成為大型研究項目v參加者74-106歲,提供醫療記錄、修院記錄,及每年參與健康檢查與測試,死後捐出腦子作病理化驗10關於聖母學校修女會關於聖母學校修女會(SSND)About the School Sisters of Notre Damev1833年成立於德國,致力教育貧窮女孩v1874 應邀到美國,教育德國移民小孩v傳道與教
7、育工作於三十多個國家,數千間學校v1986年時有7000多位修女v工作擴展至醫療及社會服務、倡導和平公義、靈性指引、堂區工作等Mission.to make Christ visible by our very being,by sharing our love,faith,and hope http:/www.ssnd.org/about-us/our-mission11推薦序推薦序鄭玉英:作者是說故事的好手,以高妙引人入勝的敘事手法帶領讀者走進修道院,走進年長修女的生命故事,卻也嚴肅地提出了精密科學研究的歷程,甚至研究倫理。趙可式:本書的最特殊點:1做為深具意義的醫學科學研究之範本2做為醫
8、療專業人員與一般民眾都有興趣閱讀的醫學知識書範本3善生、善老與善終優雅的老年需要從年輕時就做準備1213回目回目PrologueOther Worlds作者序不同的世界1.The Road to Good Counsel Hill通往忠告丘之路2.The Last Nun Standing最後一位屹立不搖的修女3.Gray Matters 灰質4.The Greatest Gift最棒的禮物5.A Tale of Two Sisters兩位修女的禮物6.Amazing Brains驚人的大腦7.One with the Words 能言善道的人8.Family Ties家庭連接14回目回目9.
9、The Heart of the Matter事物的核心10.Our Daily Bread 我們每日的飲食11.Up and Grateful 樂觀而優雅12.The Hundred-Year Marathon百年馬拉松Recommended ReadingAcknowledgments謝辭IndexAbout the Nun Study關於修女研究About the School Sisters of Notre Dame 關於聖母學校修女會About the Author1516Other Worlds Other Worlds 不同的世界不同的世界 v5歲時與 5 位修女同車,翌年入讀
10、聖心學校 Sacred Heartv近四十年後做了醫學偵探,選擇研究修女v阿茲海默症Alzheimers Disease 的可怕:1991年認識 Sister Maria,成為好朋友1995 年往探訪,在病床上閉目“I just wanted to say goodbye”反應:微笑,點頭,不語“I really like you.Youre one of my favorite sisters”“I love you too”坐起,細看:“Who are you?”輕輕握手,反應:再微笑17修女研究修女研究 Sister Mariav1991年認識作者,雖已記憶力衰退,仍幽默可親v常與他說童
11、年在德國的生活v為他準備足夠啤酒v曾透露最大恐懼:擔心天主忘記我修女研究的目標:如何完成老年帶來的許諾how to achieve the promise of old age你可以將人生過到最充實That You May Have Life to the Full1819認知障礙症認知障礙症(老年癡呆症老年癡呆症)Dementia)Dementiav因大腦神經細胞病變導致功能衰退v不是老化過程的必經階段v認知能力衰退,包括記憶、學習、計算、判斷、語言、理解等 cognitive declinev部分患者或有情緒和行為轉變v自我照顧能力漸失,難以獨立生活20認知障礙症(老年癡呆症)Dement
12、ia1.阿茲海默症 Alzheimers Disease:佔73.5,退化性疾病,腦細胞病變及萎縮,異常物質在腦內積聚,形成斑塊plaque2.血管性癡呆症 Vascular dementia:佔22.4%,多次中風引致 3.路易氏體型癡呆症 Dementia with Lewy bodies:約佔3.9%,有類似柏金遜症(Parkinsons disease)的病徵,如行動障礙,亦常有幻覺 4.繼發性癡呆症(90一半患病v只要求死後捐出腦部組織“brain tissue”vSister Clarissa:“Well,of course he can have my brain.What go
13、od is it going to do me when Im six feet under?”vSister Borgia(95歲):“He is asking for our help.How can we say no?”v如釋重負。符合要求(75歲)者,90%同意參加v同意書由院長同簽,確保符合參與研究之倫理要求65Sister Borgia,centenarian66四、最棒的禮物四、最棒的禮物4.The4.The GreatestGreatest GiftGiftv得到修女的協助,到其他修院徵召參加者vSister Gabriel,省 province 領導層,介紹往 Elm Gr
14、ovev團隊先與修女熟習,一起望彌撒、聊天、送情人咭vSister Rita:“As sisters,we made the hard choice not to have children.Through brain donation,we can help unravel the mysteries of Alzheimers Disease and give the gift of life in a new way to future generations.”v曾提供協助的 Sister Marlene 及 Sister Gabriel 加入團隊,成為field gerontolog
15、istv走遍六省 Baltimore,St Louis,Mississippi,Connecticut,Texas,Chicago67四、最棒的禮物四、最棒的禮物4.The4.The GreatestGreatest GiftGiftv1027名符合要求之修女中,678 參加(66%)v媒體報道帶來正面與負面影響v家人反對帶來的壓力,部分退出vSnowdon 安慰沒參加者:可以為研究祈禱v1991第一位參加研究的修女逝世(89歲),取出腦子vMankato 修女紛紛瞻仰遺體:“My,does she look nice”,“She looks so natural”vUKMC 收到腦時,Wek
16、stein:“Dont get so excited.Remember,somebody died.”68兩位修女的禮物69五、兩位修女的禮物五、兩位修女的禮物5.A5.A T Taleale ofof TwoTwo SistersSistersv1930年代,納粹政府打壓宗教機構v美國SSND願意收容德國的修女v1937年,兩位 Munich 初學修女經紐約抵達Milwaukee:Maria,Dolores:the German novices,路程艱苦v1938年於 Milwaukee 發初願,當時美國社會有反德情緒vMaria:雙胞胎(另女首天夭折),幼年活躍好動,13歲閱 St The
17、rese自傳,志願到非洲當老師,於SSND師範唸書及教學,赴美時已是孤兒vDolores:7歲就想做老師,見傳教士以黑人孩子小箱子募捐,想去非洲。7年級時,神父建議入SSND的師範,告別父母赴美70SisterSister MariaMariav赴美時 knew very little English and spoke with heavy accentvDolores:“Maria was very sedate.She was controlled and private”v1938 教小學,nervous breakdown,休養 4 個月v1943 牙患,休息半年v1948 肺結核,
18、休養 4 年v1952 教書,nervous breakdown,轉做縫紉v二次肺部手術,1982退休v1991認識作者,雖已記憶力衰退,仍幽默可親,說童年德國生活,為他準備足夠啤酒v1996逝世,死前不再認得作者71Sister DoloresSister Doloresv赴美時:曾學過英文,每年只收家書兩次,後母逝v20年間,當老師、校長,9 個月教書,夏天唸書v1945(29歲)學士,1960(44歲)碩士v1962(47歲)professor of elementary educationv1973(51歲)MA in geography,1977(55歲)PhDv1983(66歲)於
19、羅馬靈修時聽完非洲工作之介紹,向走過的general superior Sister Mary Margaret 衝口而出:“Thats my continent!”v1984 派去 Kenya,研究South Nyanza 之饑荒,發現是過度砍伐與氣候變化所導致72Sister DoloresSister Doloresv在肯亞成立Community Mobilization Against Desertificationv往 Nairobi 之Ford Foundation,兩年後成功募捐v1992(76歲)回美,sabbatical year,學電腦,參加修女研究,測試高分v1994 缺
20、席(在Kenya 跟進project),特准留在研究中v1996(80歲),測試結果:near-perfectv同年,Sister Maria 嚴重Alzheimers Disease,因肺炎逝世(82歲)73討論致病因素討論致病因素v年齡:80歲以後v頭部創傷(Mortimer 之研究):二人都沒有v遺傳:不知道v教育水平vFamily upbringingvEnvironmentv性格?74Maria Maria a andnd DoloresDolores 之異同之異同v智力:二人均優秀,學習英文成績:80-90分v教育懸殊:Dolores 有1 bachelor,2 master,1
21、PhDvMaria:a hard childhood,harsh father,母親曾表示:“her own liveliness had taken too much life from her sister”vDolores:溫暖的大家庭vDepression 抑鬱症:增加患 Alzheimers Disease 之風險,1.8 higher riskvDepression:亦是心臟病與其他慢性疾病的致病因素75驚人的大腦 76Alzheimers Disease 阿茲海默症77六、六、驚人的大腦驚人的大腦 6.6.Amazing BrainsAmazing BrainsvAlzheime
22、rs Disease的病徵及進程v癡呆症 Dementia:“out of ones mind”v缺失 Impairment:short term memory 短期記憶 another area of cognition(eg language),social or daily functioningvMental,physical and social deterioationvRecognition of faces,reading and writing,language use,orientationvActivities of daily living:dress,bathe,to
23、ilet,feedvIncontinent,bedridden,pneumonia vDiagnosis:by clinical judgment 臨床診斷,tests 78AlzheimersAlzheimers DiseaseDisease腦病理變化腦病理變化v斑塊 plaque,糾結 tanglev大腦萎縮(1000gm),正常女性腦子:1100-1400gmvMarkesbery 的檢驗:檢視坑紋、拍照、切片、染色、顯微鏡找斑塊與糾結。報告時不知道臨床症狀vPlaque:beta-amyloid,異常Tau蛋白糾結 microtubules(tangle),妨礙 nutrient tr
24、ansfer and communication v1991 Heiko&Eva Braak:解剖800腦,從糾結的位置與密度可決定嚴重程度:6個階段,50年間進展v6 stages of Alzheimers Disease:從底部(entorhinal cortex 內鼻層 I,II)到海馬體 hippocampus 到最上層(neocortex 新皮質層V,VI)7980SisterSister MariaMariav8282歲逝世歲逝世v腦子:1160gmvMarked atherosclerosis 動脈粥樣硬化vMild atrophy of frontal lobe 輕微額葉萎縮
25、v斑塊 plaques 及糾結 tangles 不算多:Stage IIv海馬體內之糾結:屬 25th percentilev臨床測試結果:體能、心理、溝通能力均差v?抑鬱症的影響?令海馬體萎縮v單一個案只供參考81分析病理與分析病理與AlzheimersAlzheimers DiseaseDisease之關係之關係vStage I or II:22%有症狀vStage III and IV:43%有症狀vStage V and VI:70%有症狀v早期病變已可以有症狀v晚期病變可以没有症狀Alzheimers Disease is a continuum82Sister MargaretSi
26、ster Margaretv9191歲逝世歲逝世v50年教小學經驗v參與6年測試v85歲時,自我照顧能力良好,辨認日常物品和繪幾何圖形沒困難,隨口說出動物名字,但短期記憶(Delayed Word Recall)零分v語言於認知能力逐漸退步,88歲不能寫字v腦子970gm,額葉與新皮質層萎縮vTangle 充斥海馬體(90 percentile)與新皮質層(70th percentile):Stage V83Sister BernadetteSister Bernadettev85歲死於心臟病v腦子:1020gm,表面有中風痕跡v顯微鏡:極多plaque&tangle:Stage VIv生前完
27、全正常:81,83,84歲時測試全部正常v能不看時鐘,十分準確地說出時間(差異50 yearsv腦子:1280gm,看來完全正常v顯微鏡:only a couple of tangles:Stage 0vMarkesbery:“An Amazing Brain”85腦病理與Alzheimers Disease修女,壽命腦病理 臨床表現啓示Maria,82Stage II嚴重症狀比腦病理嚴重Margaret,91Stage V嚴重症狀與腦病理相符Bernadette,85Stage IV無症狀症狀遠比腦病理輕微Rose,100Stage 0無症狀可以老而無此病約三分一Stage V 及 VI 的
28、修女屬 escapee86能言善道的人 87七、七、能言善道的人能言善道的人 7.7.One with the WordsOne with the Wordsv1994,與三位修女上電視(NBC)Donahue節目“Did Some Old Milwaukee Nuns Discover the Answer to Alzheimers?”v之前已由Life Magazine 報道:Markesbery(與腦子的照片),及作者與Mortimer敘述研究結果vSister Vincetta(81歲),退休中學老師:“peaceful”lifestyles might be a factorvSi
29、ster Annina(77歲),小學與中學校長,退休後間中做電話接線生:持續學習重要,她74歲開始學彈鋼琴vSister Dorothy(86歲),language professor and author:講述已成立40年的 language lab,曾翻譯 SSND 修會始祖 St Peter Fourier 之信件8889七、七、能言善道的人能言善道的人 7.7.One with the WordsOne with the WordsvSt Peter Fourier(1565-1640),在法國設立修女會。SSND創會時採納其規則vSister Dorothy將Fourier之手稿翻
30、譯為英文v須解讀筆跡,而且是古法文,19C revised spelling systemvDonahue:“Are people with higher intelligence less likely to get Alzheimers?”“Is there any evidence that.(those)who did menial tasks.not intellectually challengingwere more likely to contract Alzheimers?”v作者避而不答。This was not a road I want to go downvI kne
31、w where it would lead:too much consternation and little clarity90發願前寫的自傳發願前寫的自傳AutobiographyAutobiography onon takingtaking vowsvowsv1930年,美國 SSND superior Mother Mary Stanislaus Kostka 規定每位修女在發願前先要寫自傳,200字,包括出生、父母、童年、學校、為何入修院、宗教生活、突出事件v三位上鏡修女之自傳:屬於“those who had the richest vocabulary,the most comp
32、lex sentences,the most ideas in their sentences”vSister Dorothy的自傳:“In these visits I prayed for martyrdom.I think these daily visits and my devotion to the Sacred Heart disposed the Heart of Jesus to regard my petition favorably,for we are told that religious life is a species of martyrdom”91文字分析研究
33、文字分析研究vLydia Greiner,a nurse with graduate training in physical and medical anthropologyv自傳:只要手寫的,疑似代寫的不要v共分析 93份 1931-1939之修女自傳vVocabulary:multisyllabic(eg particularly,privileged)vs monosyllabic(eg boy,sick)vRarely used words:a database of 10000 words used in 1921(from 4 million words from 41 sour
34、ces eg Bible,textbook,newspaper)by psychologist Edward Thorndike eg religious 常用,grandeur 少用vNIA 建議請語言專家參與92語言專家語言專家vDr Susan Kemper,psycholinguist with specialised knowledge:impact of aging on language skillsv語言分析工具:morphemes,left-and right-branching sentences,embedded clauses,verb phrase infinitiv
35、e complexes,conceptual propositions,lexical repetition,anaphorav建議用:idea density 及 grammatical complexityvIdea density 概念密度:individual ideas per 10 words,反映教育程度,general knowledge,reading comprehensionvGrammatical complexity 文法複雜度:scale of 0(1 clause)-7(many embedding 內嵌詞,subordination 附屬子句),反映workin
36、g memory capacity工作記憶容量93自傳例子自傳例子vSister Helen:“I was born in Eau Claire,Wis.,on May 24,1913 and was baptized in St James Church”vSister Emma:“It was about a half hour before midnight between February twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth of the leap year nineteen-hundred-twelve when I began to live and di
37、e as the third child of my mother,whose maiden name is Hilda Hoffman,and of my father,Otto Schmitt”vSister Helen:“My father.was born in.and is now a.in”vSister Emma:“My father is an all around man of trades,but his principal occupation is carpentry which trade he had already begun before his marriag
38、e with my mother”94SisterSister HelenHelen andand SisterSister EmmaEmmav“I prefer teaching music to any other profession”v“Now I am wandering about in“Doves Lane”waiting,yet only three more weeks,to follow in the footprints of my Spouse,bound to Him by the Holy Vows of Poverty,Chastity,and Obedience
39、”v二人之 idea density 及 grammatical complexity 天淵之別v寫自傳時,二人均已唸書12年,後來皆有學士學位,Sister Helen 且有碩士學位v1992 MMSE 測試:Sister Helen 0 分,翌年(80歲)去世,腦病理相符Alzheimers Disease,Sister Emma 正常95概念密度概念密度IdeaIdea DensityDensityv比 grammatical complexity 更能預測60年後的認知能力(85-90%準確度)vIdea density 低(bottom third):35%MMSE 差(24分)vI
40、dea density 高(top two-third):2%MMSE 差v教育水平與職業相近:85/93 大學程度,均老師vMortimer 本來以為 intellectual stimulation throughout adulthood 最重要v推測:idea density may signify other properties of the brain?those related to perception,encoding and memory retrieval?vLow density early in life 顯示 the brain is already compro
41、mised?v糾結可於20歲便出現。與語言能力的關係是因是果?96https:/ learned from IdeaLesson learned from Idea DensityDensityvMarkesbery 的 關注:“What does this mean for our children?”vSusan Kemper:“Read to themthe best way to increase vocabulary and reading comprehension is by starting early in life,by reading to your children”v
42、1997,到安老院探訪Sister Dorothy。膝患坐輪椅,做報紙 puzzle。透露五歲時,為要知道父母以德文討論買甚麼做聖誕禮物,偷偷學會簡單德文v同年,Sister Dorothy 因心臟病去世,89 歲。腦病理:糾結很少vI was glad to know that Sister Dorothys way with wordsand the pleasure she took from themhad remained with her until the end98語言能力的啓示vIdea density:與智力及分析能力無關。與其他科目成績(英文、拉丁文、幾何、代數)無關vS
43、ignify other properties of the brain?Perception,encoding,memory retrieval?vThe brain is capable of changing and growing,forming new neural connections,throughout life v嬰幼年期 exponential growthvBefore sexual maturity.innumerable connections between nerve cells.This development is powerfully influenced
44、 by experiencevWe can.increase and direct the brains capacityvRead to your children.Its the most important thing you can do with them.99家庭連接100 八、八、家庭連接家庭連接8.8.Family TiesFamily TiesvSister Louise 問:妹妹Sister Ann 有Alzheimers Disease 嗎?v透露Sister Ann 測試差,有APO-E4 基因(患病風險高)v說完後悔:會令Sister Louise 擔憂自己也會發病嗎
45、?v建議可多探望,說舊事,一起活動,如閱讀,唱歌,打牌v明白到一般人對Alzheimers Disease 的恐懼vSister Laura:工作壓力導致抑鬱,就醫,驗血、CTscan後,醫生說她有早期Alzheimers Disease,妹妹答應不離不棄v最大的恐懼:“That I was going to forget Jesus.I finally realized that I may not remember Him,but He will remember me”v4年後見另一neurologist,驗血CT scan及做測試,證實正常101抑鬱症及癡呆症的失憶比較 抑鬱症抑鬱症癡
46、呆症癡呆症成因情緒病退化病病情可以迅速變差通常逐漸衰退對失憶的看法強調失憶或否認失憶回答記憶題目常以不知道作答努力作答,但常錯誤答錯題目的反應不安,沮喪沒強烈反應自我評價低落沒有變化按:抑鬱症可以與癡呆症同時存在102APO-E4 基因v1992年,Duke University Medical Center(DUMC)研究發現,遺傳APO-E4基因增加Alzheimers Disease發病率,有一個近3倍,有兩個8倍v619 修女中,125(20%)有一個APO-E4 基因,2.5%有兩個,比率與其他白種人研究結果相符vAllen Roses,neurologist,DUMC 與作者打賭:
47、能找到有兩個APO-E4 基因,活到90歲,仍然認知能力正常的修女嗎?v16位修女驗出有兩個APO-E4 基因v4位活到90歲,3位MMSE40年vSister Joyce:近80歲時,MMSE 30,短期記憶(5分鐘)5/10,逐漸衰退,尤其寫作能力,85歲後感困難,至完全不能寫字vSister Bernadette:一直正常,MMSE 30,85歲心臟病去世,腦病理嚴重:escapeevSister Suzanne:已經歷6次測試,近80到85歲,一直正常v其他:9位修女已發病,4位有短期記憶困難104要知道自己有APO-E4 基因嗎?v“What difference would it
48、make if you knew?”v It gives you a certain probability of something happening down the line,but it tells you very little about your immediate futurev發病與否是先天與後天因素的交互作用vGenetic information is a double-edged sword,equally capable of illuminating the way and,if used improperly,darkening our lives105事物的核
49、心 106九、九、事物的核心事物的核心9.9.The Heart of the Matter The Heart of the Matter vSister Agnes:1900年出生,8年級後失學,23歲入修院,1927年發願。奏風琴及教音樂,28歲高中畢業,工作50多年後退休v1955年已有心臟病,1983年曾心臟病發。80歲後多次在暈眩後跌倒,相信可能是小中風 transient ischemic attack(TIA),須用助行器,87歲開始間中糊塗,跌倒後斷髖骨,認知能力急劇下降。1988年需日常生活照顧,記憶差,再跌。1989年初尚能緩慢走動,閱報,中風後半身不遂(左邊),須坐輪椅
50、。v患有三種病:心臟病、中風、Alzheimers Disease107SisterSister AgnesAgnesv1992年:Sister Gabriel 為 Sister Agnes作特別測試:v“Sister,squeeze my hand”,右手握,左手絲毫不動v舉起黃色球“Sister,what is this?”Sister Agnes看看,伸手去拿,不說話。重複問題,沒回應,半分鐘後說:“This is a ball.What is this?”,仍然沒回應vSister Gabriel取出玩具娃娃,同樣問題“What is this?”“This is a doll.Wha