1、研究生英语研究生英语综合教程综合教程Integrated Course for GraduatesUnit 3 Science and TechnologyPart I Suggested Teaching PlanObjectivesStudents will be able to:1.understand the cultural background related to the content.2.grasp the main idea of the text.3.master the key language points,especially the usage of the ke
2、y words and phrases,and learn how to use them in contexts.4.express themselves more freely on the theme of Animals and Plants after doing a series of theme-related reading,listening,speaking activities.5.Study“Writing Skills:Expository Essays(1)”carefully and then write an expository essay.Unit 3 Sc
3、ience and TechnologyPart I Suggested Teaching PlanUnit 1 Animals and PlantsTime Allotment1st period2nd period3rd period4th period5th periodStep 1Warming upStep 2Global analysis of Text AStep 3Language/culture study and practiceStep 3Language/culture study and practiceCheck on homeworkStep 4Discussio
4、n based on the video clipFurther reading:Text BStep 5Study the writing skills and write an essayUnit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsActivities Language Study 1.deprive of 剥夺，夺去1）The disintegration of the Soviet Union deprived wester
5、n intelligence agencies of their main enemies.苏联解体使西方情报机构丧失了主敌。2）Theyve been deprived of the fuel necessary to heat their homes.他们没法得到家里取暖所必需的燃料。2.work on 从事于，致力于We got to work on putting the book together.我们得努力编成这本书。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit
6、 1 Animals and Plants3.be prone to 有的倾向，易于1）He used to be prone to anger.他过去动辄发怒.2）Which of the following systems be prone to a normal accident?以下那一个系统容易有正常事故?4.cut off 切断，隔断They were almost completely cut off from the outside world.他们几乎完全与外界绝缘了.5.reminiscent of 使人想起，回忆1）She bowed her head in a gest
7、ure somehow reminiscent of royalty.她低头的姿势让人想起皇室风范。2）It was reminiscent of a scene from a Roman orgy.这一幕让人想起古罗马荒淫的狂欢宴会。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants6.impact on 对产生影响1）Such schemes mean little unless they impact on people.这些计划没
8、什么意义,除非它们对人民产生影响。2）That,in turn would increase pressure for higher wages and that,in turn,would impact on inflation and competition.那样就会增加工资上涨的压力,而那样又会对通货膨胀和竞争产生影响。7.vanish v.(使)消失1）But where could they have gone?he demanded.They cant just vanish into thin air!“但是他们可能去哪里呢？”他追问道，“他们不可能就神秘消失了!”2）As a
9、rule,where the broom does not reach the dust will not vanish of itself.扫帚不到,灰尘照例不会自己跑掉.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants8.fend off 挡开1）Are you sure you can fend off that assault?你确信你能对付得了他们的反击?2）They tried to fend off the questio
10、ns raised by the newsman.他们试图回避新闻记者的问题.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsKey to the Exercises of Text A.Reading Comprehension 1.Eight months.2.Antarctica is the better place.3.They can fall into repetitive,harmful patterns of beha
11、vior.Zoos are full of manically pacing tigers,bears,gnawing on their mental cages and birds that groomed themselves bald.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants4.The default mode network is a network of brain regions that are active wh
12、en the individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest.It is also called the default network,default state network,or task-negative network(TNN).Default mode activity may represent underlying physiological processes going on in the brain that are unrelated to any part
13、icular thought or thoughts.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsThe idea of a default network is not universally accepted.In 2007 the concept of the default mode was criticized as not being useful for understanding brain function,on
14、the grounds that a simpler hypothesis is that a resting brain actually does more processing than a brain doing certain demanding tasks,and that there is no special significance to the intrinsic.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants5.
15、It is a mind desperate for something to amuse it,searching frantically for stimulus.6.It daydreams,wonders,it thinks about itself.7.Eight were selected.8.He will be prone to taking risks and sometimes do reckless and stupid things.For example,he may forget a certain safety procedure,or get befuddled
16、 while reading an oxygen gauge.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and Plants9.One effective way is by staying busy with work.They may also learn to actively fend off boredom by creating a unique office culture.For example,they may celebrate
17、as many traditional or invented holidays as they want.They may put on skits and concerts from time to time.Chris Hadfield,a Canadian astronaut,sings his version of David Bowies“Space Oddity”to amuse himself.10.It is because that without proper mental stimulus,we risk making a physically and technolo
18、gically challenging endeavor into a psychologically grueling one.And humanitys greatest voyage may be brought low.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsII.Vocabulary1.contact with2.home planet3.spaceship4.depression5.catastrophe6.deal
19、 with7.proposed8.alert9.unpredictability 10.playing againstUnit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsIII.Translation(E-C)如果美国国家航空航天局（NASA）真的启动为期800天的载人火星探测任务，那些航天员们面临的最大生存挑战，除了寒冷火星上的严苛环境以外，还有他们远离地球时不可避免将要经历的孤独感。不过，NASA认为他们已经找到了治疗这种星际孤独的良方
20、。就在航天工程师们还在为火星任务设计战神号火箭之时，NASA的一批更加乐观的研究人员，已经在测试网络和虚拟现实技术了。他们认为，这些技术可以让首批火星航天员与他们留在地球上的家人、朋友和同事，在一个取材于“第二人生”（Second Life）或“魔兽世界”（World of Warcraft）的三维虚拟世界中共同生活。珍妮霍尔姆（Jeanne Holm）说：“我们想让远征勇士们能够用一种特殊的方式与家里保持联系，他们可以和家人坐在一起共进晚餐，帮孩子们完成家庭作业，跟地球上的同事们一起分析最新的发现。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed S
21、tudy of the Texts and Classroom Unit 1 Animals and PlantsIV.Translation(C-E)The Change Program is named after Change,a famous character from Chinese mythology.She ascended from earth to live on the moon as a celestial being after drinking an elixir.On 2 December 2013,China launched the Change-3 luna
22、r probe with the countrys first moon rover aboard,marking a significant step toward deep space exploration.Change-3 is Chinas first spacecraft to soft land on the surface of an extraterrestrial body.More than 80 percent of technologies and products of the mission are newly developed.The lunar probe
23、mission is of great scientific and economic significance.It has contributed to the development of a number of space technologies and some of them can be applied in civilian sector in the future.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom V.DiscussionTranscript of t
24、he video clipInterview on Astronaut SelectionAs the launch of Shenzhou-9 spacecraft draws closer,the astronauts or“taikonauts”that will be flying the Shenzhou-9 spacecraft have become the focus of media attention.To find out how these astronauts are selected and what kind of training theyve received
25、 before the mission,our reporter Li Qiuyuan spoke with Wu Bin,the director of the China Astronaut Centre at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre.Heres more.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Q1:Three astronauts are chosen from thousands of candidates.What are s
26、ome of the criteria when it comes to selecting the perfect astronaut?A1:The astronauts for this mission are evaluated in two stages.The first is a preliminary selection of candidates.They are chosen from fighter jet pilots and after four or five years training,those who meet the requirements will be
27、come candidates for the manned space mission.Each crew unit is made up of three astronauts,and they will be carrying out the mission.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom The second picks the best crew unit.This stage focuses on operational skills,especially
28、during the manual controlled docking experiment.And their psychological status is very important.When they are carrying out the experiments in space,they need to be prepared for any kind of situation,which will test the limit of their ability to remain calm and handle crises.The third is their menta
29、l compatibility.This is our first attempt to send a female astronaut into space;it will pose problems for the teams mental compatibility.They will be asked to work as a team during training and we will observe and evaluate how well they cope with each other.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detai
30、led Study of the Texts and Classroom Q2:What kind of training do these astronauts have?A2:The training for astronauts is very systematic.It is split into eight categories including basic theory,comprehensive academic learning,physical training,psychological training,and training for adaptability to
31、astronautic environment,astronaut technique training,program assignments training and large-scale cooperative exercises.The main training items for Shenzhou-9 spacecraft are manual docking techniques,the target aircraft composite unit,space experiment techniques,and also spacecraft technique trainin
32、gs.There are three astronauts for the Shenzhou-9.One is the commander;the other will take charge of manual control butt joint.And the female astronaut,being the 0-3 person,will be conducting space experiment operations.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Q3
33、:This is the first time that China will have an female astronaut on board,and it has already attracted a lot of media attention,some even say she has be a flawless woman to become a female astronaut,is it true?A3:Indeed,we have certain specific considerations regarding selecting a female astronaut.W
34、e prefer married women because they are more likely to devote themselves to the hard training processes.But there is no strict limitation as long as it does not affect the training and conducting the mission in space.Compared to male astronauts,the standards for female are generally the same in term
35、s of physical conditions,psychology,technique and knowledge.Every astronaut is given a different duty and training according to their role in the mission.There will be some differences on training items and focuses.Other than that,they are basically the same.Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Deta
36、iled Study of the Texts and Classroom Key to the Exercises of Text BI.Reading Comprehension1.F2.F3.T4.F 5.T 6.F 7.T8.F 9.T 10.FII.Use of English(omitted)Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Text A参考译文参考译文漫长的旅行 Maggie Koerth-Baker此时此刻，在夏威夷莫纳克亚火山的斜坡上，6个人住在一个几乎
37、没有窗户、白色的网格圆顶建筑物里。每个人睡在空间狭窄的房间里，每周洗浴时间不超过八分钟，靠吃冻干食品、罐装食品或腌制食品为生。外出活动时，他们从头到脚穿着仿制航空服，通过一个模拟的空气阻隔室出去。这个圆顶建筑的居民们正在认真地玩一场“假装”游戏假装我们生活在火星。这个由NASA部分资助的HI-SEAS（夏威夷太空探索模拟和仿真）项目进一步研究了人们长久以来尝试了解的一个课题，即在前往太空目地的的漫长旅途中，宇航员会遭遇什么？这不仅仅是一个技术问题。要飞越数亿英里抵达火星，除了需要多级火箭助推宇宙飞船离开地球大气层，需要多年的筹备，精确的计算和大量的燃料外，还意味着要飞行很长时间。在现有技术条件
38、下，这种旅行单程要花费八个多月的时间。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 这就意味着宇航员会变得很无聊。事实上，许多科学家认为，虽然探访其它星球本身是一件令人激动的事，但特别要指出的是，“无聊”是火星载人航天任务面临的最大的威胁之一，。因此，HI-SEAS项目将注意力放在研究“无聊”的影响，以及“无聊”对国际空间站产生的影响上面。但是鉴于造成慢性“无聊”的种种原因，科学家们认为，南极洲的研究设施实际上可能能更好地模拟人们去火星的旅途中所遭遇的压力。大多数生物不断地追求感官上
39、的刺激，即嗅觉，味觉，视觉，听觉和感觉上的新体验。田纳西大学医学部的Sheryl Bishop 致力于研究人类在极端环境下的行为表现。他说，即使是单细胞生物变形虫也有趋向于探索新光源或新热源的习性。动物如果被剥夺了自然生存环境以及环境带来的的精神刺激，则会陷入反复且有害的行为模式之中。人们到了一定年纪都会记得，动物园里满是狂躁踱步的老虎，啃咬金属笼子的熊和不断梳毛以致变秃的鸟儿。现在我们明白了：都是毫无刺激可言的生活方式让它们变成了这样。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom
40、滑铁卢大学认知神经学教授James Danckert认为，人类的“无聊”并没有获得同样地充分研究。他目前正致力于，据他所说，可能是第一项关于人类在无聊时脑活动如何变化的研究。Danckert希望找出“无聊”是否与一种叫做“预设网络”的现象有关。“预设网络”是指，即使当你没有直接处理某项任务时，大脑似乎仍有持续的背景活动。Danckert 说，盯着空白屏幕的人有很多显著活跃的脑活动，远比任何人预期地都要多。“预设网络”所映射出的脑活动类型接近于科学家观察到的当人们思绪自由奔驰时的脑活动类型。它意味着，我们所说的“探索不止的大脑”指的是一个总是极度渴望有某个东西激活它，疯狂的寻求刺激的大脑。Uni
41、t 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom“无聊”，事实证明，是压力的一种表现形式。HPEE协会主席Jason Kring认为，从心理学角度说，它是有太多工作要做的镜像。HPEE协会是一个研究人类如何在太空，水下，山顶及其它高危环境下生存和工作的组织。如果你的大脑没有接收到足够的刺激，它可能进而寻找其它的事情去做，表现为做白日梦，遐想或自我意识。这样的情况如果持续太长时间，可能会对你大脑的正常功能产生影响。慢性“无聊“与抑郁和注意力缺陷症密切相关。宇航员候选人要接受两年的培训才能获准飞行
42、。而在被选为候选人之前，他们先要与其它成千上万个申请者进行竞争。例如2013年只有8名申请者从6000多名申请者中脱颖而出。宇航员需要经历严格的心理和身体适应能力测试。但是纵观NASA的航天史，从来没有一个任务像火星航天任务这样，让人们对慢性“无聊”恐惧到这样一个程度。这是因为以往的任务都不需要在虚无的太空中穿行这么长时间。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 万一，在那离家数百万英里的地方，渐渐地变得无聊起来的宇航员忘记了某个特定的安全操作步骤怎么办？万一他在读氧气表的时候
43、突然犯起了糊涂怎么办？更可怕的是，Danckert 和Kring认为,无聊至极的人们也很容易选择故意冒险。当周围环境让他们觉得无聊时，他们总是下意识里去寻求刺激。认知和社会心理学家Peter Suedfeld 认为，人们在遭受慢性“无聊”之苦时，有时会做出一些鲁莽而愚蠢的举动。南极洲的科学家和工作人员因为那里的严冬被与世隔绝九个月之后就可能会做出一些奇怪的行为。Suedfeld 告诉我，他就听说过一些南极研究者在没有告诉任何人他们要外出的情况下，穿很少的衣服到零下40度的室外冒险的故事。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of
44、 the Texts and Classroom 早期极地探险的日记里全是这种因极度无聊和抑郁而强烈想找点儿乐子的故事。这些故事让人想起那些被孤独地囚禁起来的囚犯的故事。南极探险能传递给火星探险的一个重要的经验就是：科学家即使在承担重大任务时仍有可能因“无聊”而遭受煎熬。宇航员战胜“无聊”的一个有效途径是始终忙于工作。这是HI-SEAS项目采取的一个策略。Kate Greene,HI-SEAS项目的成员，告诉我说她的行程被安排得很紧凑她从早晨起床直到晚上上床睡觉每个小时的行程都已被安排好并加以说明。国际空间站上的生活跟这类似。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart
45、II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom（事实上，根据历史经验，NASA的问题其实是人员工作负荷过重：1973年，天空实验室4号上的机组人员居然因为筋疲力尽而发起了一场以休息为目的的反抗。在事先没有安排的情况下，他们给自己放了一天假。）但是南极洲跟HI-SEAS项目或国际空间站不同。在南极洲，交流是有限的。没有来自基地外的任何人指导你每天的行程。在一片白茫茫之中，壮丽的景色消失得无影无踪。那儿只有你，以及跟你一起来的人，没有出路，没有什么东西能打破这种单调。因此那儿的一些研究者们学会了主动防止“无聊”产生的方法。他们创造了一种你可以称之为独特的办
46、公室文化。他们过节，且节日的数量多到可笑的程度，既有传统节日，又有自创节日。Suedfeld 说，你必须让自己有盼头，而筹划这些活动会帮助你改变一成不变的生活。Ernest Shackleton南极探险队的成员们。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom Text B参考译文参考译文命名的奥妙成功的命名对不知名微生物来说意义重大 David Roy Smith&Erick R.James科学可以很性感。有关“尼安德特人基因组”和“上帝粒子”的新闻报道不费吹灰之力就攀升到主要新闻出
47、版物的头条位置。但大多数科学研究却被淹没在学术期刊中，永远没有机会引起公众广泛的注意。微生物方面的研究尤其如此。这方面的研究经常被认为是枯燥无味和遥不可及的。一位同事的儿子正读八年级，他的话说得最为精辟：“北极熊？很酷！微生物？那只是我们在学校里必须学习的东西。”然而最近，一项关于白蚁共生微生物的研究出人意料地获得了社交网站和主流新闻机构的广泛关注。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the Texts and Classroom 这项发表在PLOS ONE杂志上的研究介绍了生活在白蚁肠道内的几种新发现的真核单细胞生物。
48、白蚁后肠里生活着多种多样的共生微生物。这些微生物帮助白蚁分解木材和其它植物体。这篇新论文研究的重点就是这些共生微生物的多样性。有趣的是，白蚁肠道微生物这类故事通常是引不起国际新闻媒体的关注的。那么这次究竟是什么原因吸引了这么多的媒体关注呢？原因在于作者们将其中一种新发现的共生物命名为了Cthulhu macrofasciculumque。对有些人而言，这个名字看上去是典型的拗口的二项式的命名。但对宇宙恐怖体裁作家H.P.Lovecraft的书迷们而言，这个名字含有更深的意味。Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed Study of the T
49、exts and Classroom 也曾经想尽办法来上演滑稽短剧和举办音乐会。在一次远征时，Shackleton 带上了一台小型印刷机。1983年冬，在麦克默多站，探险队员们自己制作戏服，背诵台词，表演了电影逃出纽约里的几场戏。将来的某一天，我们有可能会观看到由探索火星的宇航员们参与表演的模仿John Carpenter其它电影作品的录像。（这并非那么遥不可及。加拿大宇航员Chris Hadfield 为向David Bowie致敬而翻唱的太空怪谈在YouTube上的点击率已累计超过1600万人次。）Unit 3 Science and TechnologyPart II Detailed
50、Study of the Texts and Classroom 听上去可能荒唐可笑，但是许多科学家认为这样的策略是必要的。因为如果缺乏恰当的精神刺激，我们就是在冒这样一个风险：把原本挑战生理极限和技术水平的一项工程变成折磨人心的一件事情。当精神不受约束时，它容易变得自由散漫。如果是因为这样而导致人类最伟大的旅程被降低水准，这将会是一场灾难。Lovecraft 在他1982年的短篇小说克苏鲁的呼唤里描写了一个名叫克苏鲁（发音为Kuh-THOO-loo）的奇异的存在。它长着一颗形似章鱼的头，全身伸展着很多触角，还长有巨型的螯钳。这么多年过去了，这个怪物已然成为科幻小说的一个经典形象，并以此为灵感
