1、专题四 谓语动词高考英语（课标专用）高考英语（课标专用）网络清单网络清单考点一 动词的时态和主谓一致考点清单考点清单一、动词的时态一、动词的时态(一)一般体 一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或状态;一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态,或将来某一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态;过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作。所谓一般体,表示既不“进行”,又没“完成”。When I was a boy,I often went to play in that park.我小时候常去那个公园玩。(过去的习惯)1.一般现在时一般现在时(1)一般现在时的构成1
2、)一般现在时主要用动词的原形表示,如果主语为第三人称单数,则一般在动词原形后加-s或-es,其变化规则如下表所示:2)be的变化:am,is,are。3)have的变化:has,have。(2)一般现在时的用法2.一般过去时一般过去时(1)一般过去时的构成1)一般过去时用动词的过去式表示,其规则动词变化方法如下表所示:2)was用于第一、三人称单数,were用于其他人称。3)注意以元音字母加y结尾的动词,直接加-ed。如playplayed。(2)一般过去时的用法3.一般将来时一般将来时(1)一般将来时的构成1)will/shall+动词原形2)is/am/are going to+动词原形3
3、)is/am/are about to+动词原形4)is/am/are to+动词原形5)is/am/are due to+动词原形6)某些动词的一般现在时或现在进行时形式(2)一般将来时的用法4.过去将来时过去将来时(1)过去将来时的构成1)should/would+动词原形2)was/were going to+动词原形3)was/were about to+动词原形4)was/were to+动词原形5)某些动词的过去进行时形式(2)过去将来时的用法题组训练题组训练单句填空They live (live)in the same building,dont they?I promise I
4、 will support (support)you all the time.The plane takes (take)off at 8:00 a.m.I hoped I would find (find)a job soon.(二二)进行体进行体1.进行体的构成进行体的构成(1)考纲对进行体所要求掌握的时态包括:现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时,它们的形式分别为:现在进行时:am/is/are+现在分词过去进行时:was/were+现在分词将来进行时:will/shall+be+现在分词(2)现在分词的构成形式:2.进行体的用法进行体的用法 情况规则例词一般情况 加-ingtrytry
5、ing以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-ingregretregrettingbanbanning以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e,加-ing hatehating datedating用法例句表示某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态,具有暂时性和未完成性的特点I didnt really work there;I was just helping out until the new secretary arrived.我并不在那里上班,我只是去帮忙。新秘书来了,我就离开了。(暂时性)表示某阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事情,常与these/those days,this/that we
6、ek等时间状语连用We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。(此时此刻不一定在做)表示赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪,常与always,continually,constantly,for-ever,all the time等连用He is always thinking of others first.他总是先想到他人。有些动词的进行体可以表示将来(见一般将来时的用法)3.有些动词不用于进行体有些动词不用于进行体,常见的有常见的有:题组训练题组训练单句填空Sorry,you cant use my computer.I am using (u
7、se)it now.I was watching (watch)TV when you rang me up.At this time tomorrow,I will be sitting (sit)at the table.分类例词感觉类look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear情感类like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear,adore心态类wish,hope,want,need,believe,understand,remember,forget,agree,know状态类appear,lie(位于),remain,belong to
8、,have时态形式现在完成时have/has+过去分词过去完成时had+过去分词将来完成时will have+过去分词(三三)完成体完成体1.完成体的构成完成体的构成温馨提示(1)规则动词的过去分词的构成方法同过去式的构成方法,详见一般过去时部分“规则动词变化方法”。(2)不规则动词的过去分词构成详见“附录二”(不规则动词表)部分。2.完成体的用法完成体的用法(1)现在完成时用法例句表示一个动作开始于过去,持续到现在(甚至到将来)。常与之连用的时间状语有:lately,recently,in the last(past)few days/years,since then,up to now,s
9、o far(至今)等In the past few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大变化。He has written 8 books so far.到现在为止,他已经写了8本书了。表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响。说话者中心在现在,常用的状语有:already,ever,just(刚刚),yet,before等He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.)他已经关掉灯了。The concert has already start
10、ed.(=The concert is on now.)音乐会已经开始了。在“最高级+名词”或“It/This is+the+序数词+time”之后的定语从句中谓语动词常用现在完成时This is the first time(that)I have come here.这是我第一次来这里。This is the best tea(that)I have ever drunk.这是我喝过的最好的茶了。have gone to意为“去某地了”,表示此人现在还在那里He has gone to the zoo.他去动物园了。He has gone to live abroad.他到国外居住了。ha
11、ve been to意为“去过某地”,表示此人已经回来了Have you ever been to Shanghai?你去过上海吗?He has been to see his teacher.他去看他老师了。(已经回来)瞬间动词可以用于完成时态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语()He has finished his work.()He has finished his work for an hour.温馨提示1)瞬间行为用于现在完成时且与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,需在谓语动词、时态或句型方面作相应变化。如:他参军3年了。()He has joined the army for 3 ye
12、ars.()He has been in the army for 3 years.(变换动词)()He joined the army 3 years ago.(变换时态)()It has been/is 3 years since he joined the army.(变换句型)汉语意思瞬间动词(词组)延续性动词(词组)买buyhave借borrowkeep结婚get marriedbe married认识get to knowknow离开Leavebe away回来come backbe back生病fall illbe ill死亡Diebe dead关闭turn offbe off打
13、开turn onbe on动身leave forbe off to返回returnbe back变成becomebe开始beginbe on2)部分瞬间动词与延续性动词对应表汉语意思瞬间动词(词组)延续性动词(词组)睡觉go to bedsleep穿put onhave on/wear来/去come/gobe in/away参加joinbe a member of感冒catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to sleep/fall asleepbe asleep到达get to/arrive in/at/reachbe in续表(2)过去完成时的用法用法例句一件事情发生在过去
14、,而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表“过去的过去”),那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时She had learned some English before she came to the institute.她在来这个机构前已学过一些英语了。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了3年了。表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间状语有:by/until/before/by the end of+“表过去的某一时间”By then he had learned English for 3 years.到那时,
15、他已学了3年英语了。Until then he had known nothing about it yet.到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。hope,expect,mean,intend,want,suppose 的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely.when.和No sooner.than.”句型中,when和than 从句里用一般过去时,主句用过去完成时,且用倒装,表示“刚刚就”Hardly/No sooner had I got
16、home when/than the rain poured down.我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下。在“It was/had been+一段时间+since 从句”中since从句的谓语用过去完成时It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们有10年没那么高兴过了。在“That/It/This was the first/second.time+that 从句”句型中,that 从句的谓语要用过去完成时It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.那是他第三次
17、犯同样的错误了。(3)将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为“by+将来的某个时间”。By this time of next year,all of you will have become college students.到明年的这个时候,你们大家就都成为大学生了。题组训练题组训练单句填空Happy birthday!By this time of next year,you will have turned (turn)18.I had thought (think)you would come the next day,but you didnt.T
18、his is the first time that he has passed (pass)the exam.Hardly had (have)we started when the car got a flat tyre.(四)完成进行体1.考纲对完成进行体所要求掌握的时态为现在完成进行时,其形式为:have/has+been+doing。2.现在完成进行时的用法用法例句动作发生在过去,持续到现在且现在还在进行He has been learning English for 6 years.他学英语已经6年了。(强调到现在还在学)现在完成进行时是现在完成时和现在进行时的组合,因此,它既具备
19、现在完成时的特征,又具备现在进行时的特征,如:它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”的特点It has been raining for 3 days.已经下了三天雨了。(强调说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩)(五五)动词时态的呼应动词时态的呼应1.主将从现主将从现用法例句所谓“主将从现”,即主句表将来(不一定为一般将来时,祈使句、“情态动词+动词原形”也可表将来),从句(包括时间、条件、让步状语从句)用现在时(不一定是一般现在时,现在进行时、现在完成时也可在这类从句中表示将来)Whatever you say,I will not change my mind.无论你说什么,我都不会改变主意。I
20、f she is still waiting,tell her to go home.如果她还在等,就让她回家。I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我做完工作就和你一起去。2.含宾语从句的句子的时态一致问题含宾语从句的句子的时态一致问题(1)宾语从句中的动词时态常受主句谓语时态的制约,如果主句谓语为现在时或将来时,宾语从句中的谓语可以不受影响。(2)如果主句的谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词一般需用过去的某种时态,即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去完成进行时、过去将来时、过去将来进行时等。如:注意:(1)当主句
21、为过去时,宾语从句有明确的表过去的时间状语时,可不必用过去完成时而用一般过去时。I knew he was born in 1991.我知道他生于1991年。(2)当宾语从句表达真理时,谓语动词不必变为过去时,而继续采用一般现在时态。This proved that the earth is round.这证明地球是圆的。题组训练题组训练单句填空The teacher told us that the Yangtze River originates (originate)in Qinghai.He said he was leaving/would leave (leave)a few da
22、ys later.用法例句在“would/should/ought to/could/might/neednt/would like to.have done sth.,but.”句型中,but后面的谓语动词需用一般过去时或过去进行时He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor.他本应该到场,但他那里来了一个不速之客。在“But for the fact+that从句”中,that从句的谓语动词时态要根据后面句子谓语动词所表示的时间而定But for the fact that he is busy now,he would
23、 be here.要不是他现在很忙,他就在这里了。It is(high)time+that从句,that从句中谓语动词需用一般过去时或should+动词原形It is time that we went/should go to bed.我们该睡觉了。3.含虚拟语气的句子中的时态一致问题含虚拟语气的句子中的时态一致问题题组训练题组训练单句填空But for the fact that youwere (be)ill,I would have had you print the papers.It is high time that wehad/should have (have)lunch.I
24、 would have picked you up at the airport,but Iwas having/had (have)a meeting then.(六六)易混时态的区别易混时态的区别1.一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的,与其他时间没有牵连,它所表示的事情纯属过去;现在完成时说的是现在的情况。比较下面几组句子,体会两种时态的不同:(1)一般过去时是指过去的动作或情况,而过去完成时指过去的一个动作或时间之前发生的事。He had learned 3,000 English words before
25、 he came to this school.他来这个学校之前就已经学了3,000个英语单词了。(2)过去完成时的时间状语常用by或before 引导的短语或句子表示,如by that time,by the end of,before 2010,by the time+句子(一般过去时)等。He had finished writing the book by the end of last month.到上个月月底为止,他已经写完这本书了。3.过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用,但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的
26、动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语),而2.一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语)。比较下面的说法:题组训练题组训练用所给动词的正确时态填空The reports went missing in 2012 and nobodyhas seen (see)them since.Im calling about the apartment you advertised (advertise)the other day.Could you tell me more about
27、 it?During the last three decades,the number of people participating in phys-ical fitness programs has increased (increase)sharply.二、主谓一致二、主谓一致主谓一致即在句子中谓语动词的数必须和主语的数保持一致。一般可根据三个原则来确定:(一)语法一致用法例句主语是单数,谓语动词用单数;主语是复数,谓语动词用复数The results of the research are to be published soon.研究结果不久将发表。复合不定代词someone,an
28、yone,everyone,nobody/no one,something,anything,everything,nothing等作主语,谓语动词用单数If anyone sees Lisa,ask her to call me.如果有人看到莉萨,请她给我打个电话。Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.世上无难事,只怕有心人。each of+作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式,但“we,you,they或名词复数+each”作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式Each of the students has an apple.这些学生每人有一个苹果。(不定代词E
29、ach作主语)The students each have an apple.这些学生每人有一个苹果。(The stu-dents作主语,each作同位语)代词all 作主语:若指人,谓语动词用复数;若指事物或现象,谓语动词通常用单数All are equal before the law.法律面前,人人平等。All is well that ends well.结局好一切都好。不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数Having to change trains is a small inconvenience.换乘火车多少有些不便。+单数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数Many a pa
30、ge in this book is missing.这本书缺了许多页。The whole nation is in deep sorrow.整个国家沉浸在悲痛之中。them/us/you名词复数many athe wholeeacheveryeitherneither题组训练题组训练单句填空His suggestion has (have)been accepted.To say you were ignorant of the rules is (be)no excuse.How to earn daily bread by my pen was (be)then the problem.
31、用法例句形式为单数但意义为复数概念的police,cattle等作主语时,谓语动词用复数The police have not made any arrests.警方未逮捕任何人。表示一类人/物的the poor/rich/dead/injured/wounded等和“the+姓氏复数”作主语时,谓语动词用复数The rich are to help the poor.富人应该帮助穷人。The Greens are going to London.格林一家要去伦敦。表示某国人的总称的the Chinese,the British,the Irish等作主语时,谓语动词用复数The Chines
32、e are hard-working.中国人民是勤劳的。诸如maths,physics,politics,news等以“s”结尾却表示单数或不可数概念的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数Physics is my favorite subject.物理是我最喜欢的科目。Bad news has wings.坏事传千里。单复数同形的名词sheep,deer,means,works(工厂)等作主语,谓语动词的数与实际意义一致3 sheep are eating grass there.3只羊在那里吃草。A sheep is lying there.有只羊正躺在那里。集体名词family,class,cr
33、ew,team,group,public,audience,crowd,government,committee等作主语时,动词的单复数要根据主语所指的意义而定。当集体名词作为一个整体看待时,谓语动词用单数;如果指其中各个成员时,谓语动词用复数The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。(强调class这一整体)The class are doing experiments.全班学生正在做实验。(强调class里的各个成员)(二)意义一致题组训练题组训练单句填空 The cattle are
34、 (be)eating grass on the hill now.Not every means is (be)useful.The English are (be)proud of their sense of humor.(三)就近一致or,either.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.,not.but.在句子中连接并列主语的时候或者在there be句型中,谓语动词要和离它最近的主语保持一致。Not his parents but he doesn t want to go.不是他的父母不想去而是他不想去。Neither you nor I am
35、wrong.你和我都没错。Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.不仅是学生,老师也盼望假期。There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table.桌上有一杯茶和一些苹果。题组训练题组训练单句填空 Are (be)either you or he fit for the job?Not you but I am (be)responsible for this.Are (be)not only the students but also their teach
36、er required to attend the meeting?用法例句两个单数可数名词或不可数名词用and连接,表示两个不同的概念时,谓语动词用复数Tom and Jack were close friends.汤姆和杰克是亲密的朋友。Steam and ice are different forms of water.蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。两个单数可数名词用and连接,表示同一人、同一物或同一个概念,或表示不可分的整体时,谓语动词仍用单数The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。被every
37、,each,many a,no等限定的名词由and连接时,谓语动词仍用单数Many a teacher and(many a)student has seen the film.许多老师和学生看过这部电影。一个单数可数名词或不可数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词所修饰时,可以指一件事或几件事,这种名词作主语,要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式Simple and plain living is a fine quality.生活简朴是一种优良的品质。English and American literature are appealing to her.英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸
38、引力。由and连接的两个what从句作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式What he says and does do not agree.他言行不一致。What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行与我无关。在含“名词或代词+with,along with,together with,as well as,rather than,but,except或not等+名词或代词”结构的句子中,谓语动词的数应该和第一个名词或代词保持一致Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to t
39、he party.汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加聚会了。Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.只有一个老师和三个学生在实验室里。(四四)主谓一致的几个难点主谓一致的几个难点1.并列主语的主谓一致并列主语的主谓一致题组训练题组训练单句填空Many a good man has (have)been destroyed by drink.The writer and translator is (be)delivering a speech in our school now.Tom,not the st
40、udents,has (have)gone there.Mary,along with her sisters,attends (attend)the conference regularly.2.由两部分构成的表示物体的名词,如trousers,pants,jeans,glasses,shoes等作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of/two/three/.pairs of来修饰,谓语动词的单复数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。题组训练题组训练单句填空Compasses are (be)usually used to draw circles.That pai
41、r of compasses is (be)lost.用法例句表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等名词的复数作主语时,通常作整体看待,后接单数谓语动词Twenty years is a long time in ones life.20年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。“分数、百分数、half、the rest或most+of+名词”作主语时,其谓语动词需与of后的名词保持一致About one third of the books are worth reading.这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。但:Two thirds of the population in China are/is far
42、mers.中国三分之二的人口是农民。由“kind/form/type/sort/series.+of+名词”作主语,其谓语形式取决于of前的这些词的单复数形式This type of buses is now on show.(但Buses of this kind are now on show.)现在正展出这种公共汽车。A number of students are from the south.不少学生来自南方。The number of students from the north is small.来自北方的学生人数很少。如果主语由“more than one+名词”构成,尽管从
43、意义上看是复数,但谓语动词用单数形式More than one student has failed the exam.不止一个学生考试不及格。但:More students than one have failed the exam.a number of()the number of()the number of()名词谓语复数形式 许多名词复数谓语单数形式的数量名词单数谓语动词单数的号码3.数词与量词数词与量词(+名词名词)作主语时的主谓一致作主语时的主谓一致用法例句a quantity of后接复数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;quanti-ties of后接复数名词、不可数名
44、词,后面的谓语动词都用复数形式There is a large quantity of milk.有很多牛奶。A large quantity of books is on sale now.大量图书现在正在销售。Great quantities of fish were caught on the high seas.在公海上捕到了大量的鱼。With more forests being destroyed,huge quantities of good earth are be-ing washed away each year.由于越来越多的森林被毁,每年有大量的沃土被冲走。续表题组训练
45、题组训练单句填空Ten years is (be)a moment in history.A third of his composition has (have)been corrected.A third of his compositions have (have)been corrected.Some new forms of art are (be)being discussed at the meeting now.(五五)定语从句、强调句型中的主谓一致定语从句、强调句型中的主谓一致1.定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该与其先行词保持一致。
46、I am not the one who is afraid of difficulty.我不是害怕困难的人。Dont choose me,who am not fit for this job.别选择我,我不适合这个工作。This is one of the novels that have ever been written by Mo Yan.这是莫言所写的小说之一。She is the only one of the girls who sings well in class.她是班里女生中唯一一个歌唱得很好的女生。2.在强调句型“It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+其他
47、部分”中,当被强调部分是句子主语时,“其他部分”中的谓语动词应和被强调的主语保持一致。It is I who am a teacher.我才是老师。It is the boys who are responsible for the accident.是这些男孩应为这次事故负责。He is one of the boys who have (have)helped me.He is the only one of the boys who has (have)helped me.题组训练题组训练单句填空一、被动语态一、被动语态1.主动语态变被动语态的方法主动语态变被动语态的方法 考点二 动词的
48、语态2.被动语态的构成被动语态的构成英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的,而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子的时态、语气的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式见下表:3.被动语态的用法被动语态的用法温馨提示(1)动词短语在含被动语态的句子中作谓语时,切不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。The plan will be given up.这项计划就要被放弃了。Bad habits have been done away with.坏习惯已经改掉了。(2)含情态动词的被动语态形式是:情态动词+be+过去分词
49、He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible.这项计划应该尽早执行。(3)“get+过去分词”可以表示被动,此结构比较口语化。The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周治疗一次。He fell off the car and got killed.他从汽车上掉下来,摔死了。用法例句“系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste等+形容词/名词”构成系表结构The steel feels c
50、old.钢摸起来很凉。某些与cant,wont等连用的不及物动词,如open,shut,move等The door wont shut.这扇门关不上。某些可和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词,如read,write,draw,wash,clean,cook等Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易洗干净。Your article reads very well.你的文章读起来很不错。少数不及物动词用于进行时,其主动形式表示被动含义,如print,cook,sell等The meat is cooking.肉正在炖着。二、主动形式表被动意义二、主动形式表被动意义注意注意:“介
