1、The nature of stressnStress:nStimulus?/response?目前：威脅發生時刺激連結反應的行為(McEwen,2000)guedance:The feature of stresssources of stress1.frustrationperformance anxiety involves concerns we have over how others will evaluate us as we publicize how well we can actually do something.2.threattraumatic events,seve
2、rely aversive events are experienced as more than stress and in fact cause physical and emotional trauma.3.conflict environment/within the self.Conflict can come in the form of disagreements with acquaintances,or even outright arguments with significant others.*approach-approach conflict *avoidance-
3、avoidance conflict *approach-avoidance conflict 4.changelife change5.Pressure-The types of stress(1)acute stress(2)chronic stress The response of stressnEmotional responsenPhysiological responsenBehavioral responseThe emotional response of stress1.Angry-aggression:2.Sad-depression：3.fear-anxiety:4.G
4、uilt、shame、admire、jealousy、hate(Richard Lazarus,1991,1993)5.Positive emotion:emotional arousalnInverted-U hypothesisnThe level of task difficultn 容易 中等 困難 表現程度 激起程度Physiological responsenGeneral adaptation syndrome:1.Alarm stage2.Resistance stage3.Exhaust stageBehavioral responsenCoping behaviors:nA
5、daptational outcome1.表現退步2.認知功能受損3.Burn out4.posttraumatic stress disorder,PTSD5.生理/心理問題疾病Positive effectnPositive psychology view1.滿足人類追求刺激與挑戰的需求。2.促進自我成長與提升適應技巧。3.增加對壓力的抵抗免疫力。The factors of anti-stressnSocial support:refers to various types of aid and succor provided by members of ones social netw
6、orks.nHardiness:is a syndrome marked by commitment,challenge,and control that is purportedly associated with strong stress resistance.nOptimism:as a general tendency to expect good outcomes.n conscientiousness:consists of the tendency to be diligent,punctual,and dependable.The skills of copingnCopy
7、styleEx.active coping planning acceptance behavioral disengagement mental disengagement (Journal of personality and social psychology,1989,56(2),267-283.)Cognitive solutionsnBroodingnDaydreamingnForgettingnCognitive rehearsalnAcceptance and perseverancenPrayernPositive reappraisalnRaising self-effic
8、acynElliss:challenging irrational beliefsA(activating event)B(belief system)C(consequence)D(disputation)E(evaluation)Problem-solving solutionsn系統化解決問題1.澄清問題2.尋求各種行動方案(brain storming)3.評估各方案並擇一4.採取行動但保有彈性Problem-solving solutions1.Define the problem.2.Separate out sub-problems.3.Describe how you feel
9、 as a result of the problem.4.List possible causes of the problem.5.Generate a list of possible solutions.6.List the advantages and disadvantages of each potential solution.7.Select a solution that appears to present the fewest negatives and the most positives.8.create a plan of action and follow th
10、rough.n有效運用時間時間管理技巧1.監控自己的時間應用2.澄清目標3.用時間表來安排活動4.保護自己的黃金時段5.提高效率emotional solutionsnEQ(emotional intelligence)1.釋放情緒2.轉移注意3.管理敵意4.運用放鬆技巧(Herbert Benson)Environmental solutionsnLimit the number of stressorsnWithdraw physicallynTake vocationsnPursue distractions:ex.movies.video games.reading.hobbies.n
11、Take advantage of time management:if your life is poorly structured or disorganized.Psychodynamic solutionsnDefense mechanisms1.Denial2.Projection3.Displacement4.Regression5.Suppression6.Rationalization7.Intellectualization8.Sublimation9.humorOthers solutionsnBiofeedbacknTranscendental meditationnRelaxation responsenFocusingConstructive coping attitude1.能直接面對問題，是工作和行動取向的。2.基於合理且現實地評估壓力與因應資源。3.學習面壓力及管理壓力所造成的情緒反應。4.能控制自己習慣性的不良行為，學習對行為的自我控制。The bad coping style 1.Give up2.Aggression3.Indulge4.Blame myself
