1、宁波大学2019年硕士研究生招生考试初试试题(B卷) (答案必须写在考点提供的答题纸上)科目代码： 244总分值： 100科目名称：英语(二外)Part I Cloze Test (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part you are required to read the given passages carefully, and then fill in each blank with an appropriate word given in the boxes. Each word is allowed to be used
2、only once. You should not change the form of the word but you can capitalize the initial letter if the word is used at the beginning of the sentence. Write your choices in the Answer Sheet. Passage OnethatwhysoifwhilebecausewhoseorbutwhatDo you find it difficult to sit in a desk chair and work for 1
3、5 minutes, yet easy and natural to sit at a piano bench for two hours playing tunes? 1 , in school, was it impossible to remember geometrical equations, while you can rattle off all the music notes? Or, do you sometimes get great ideas for songs, and immediately stop 2 youre doing and focus on that?
4、 3 a few of these are true, you might have ADD tendencies. Attention deficit disorder, or ADD, is a group of disorders 4 affects approximately 5 to 1l percent of the population, more common in boys than girls, and in children than adults. A person with ADD could have difficulty concentrating, be con
5、stantly in motion, may come across as uncontrollable, may have abnormal tendencies to overly focus on something. In many cases, an ADD individual will compensate by seeking to intensify the amount of stimulation in their brain through seeking conflict, self-medicating with coffee / tobacco / alcohol
6、 / drugs, and a host of other behaviors of varying degrees healthiness or self-destructiveness. Music is stimulating, and focusing on practice or listening can lead to increased proficiency, 5 music is a natural fit for many with ADD. Thats a potential reason 6 some feel unable to focus on geometry,
7、 7 able to focus on music theory: 8 music can stimulate an underactive brain. Typically, ADD is associated with low activity in the brain, and music helps to raise blood flow and overall activities. It can enhance neuronal connection. 9 ADD is considered a disorder, in fact, many people with ADD are
8、 high achievers and may even consider it a benefit, and part of what makes them unusually effective. The internet is abundant with lists of famous musicians who reportedly have ADD-some by their own admission and others 10 diagnosis is widely speculative. Passage Two recoverapproachapprovedmanageaim
9、edunfortunatelyoriginalcontroversypositivepermanentAnyone who has ever seen the reality show, The Biggest Loser, knows that it offers a cash prize to the contestant who manages to lose the highest percentage of weight over the course of a season. Along with 11 over the various weight loss methods us
10、ed on the show, including diet pills, unhealthy diets, and aggressive exercise regimens, there was also the simple fact that this 12 doesnt seem to work very well. Not only have studies shown that contestants often gain back the weight they lost but some even gained even more weight afterward. Even
11、for contestant who did 13 to lose weight, their metabolisms rarely followed suit. As a result, 14 weight loss becomes virtually impossible. According to one New York Times report describing one of these studies, “What shocked the researchers was what happened next: As the years went by and the numbe
12、rs on the scale climbed, the contestants metabolisms did not 15 . It was as if their bodies were intensifying their effort to pull the contestants back to their 16 weight.” Even for people losing weight using medically 17 diets and exercise programs, research into their long-term success has rarely
13、found they have been 18 . For that matter, schools and workplace settings, often alarmed by reports of an “obesity epidemic”, frequently implement programs 19 at getting children and workers to lose weight, usually through such strategies as encouraging better nutrition and more exercise. 20 , they
14、have not lived up to peoples expectation.Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.
15、Write your choices in the Answer Sheet.I havent slept very well this week, and perhaps as a result, have had some nightmares. My dream last night was so upsetting that I actually dont want to describe it, for fear that somehow it might come true, but Ill just say that it 1 a family members extremely
16、 horrible health emergency. Thankfully this sort of thing doesnt happen to me too often, but when it does, it leaves me emotionally drained and 2 all day even though I know what I dreamt isnt “real.” I tend to feel guilty about dwelling on something I only 3 , but according to Alice Robb, author of
17、Why We Dream: The Transformative Power of Our Nightly Journey, out later this month, its 4 to experience real, bodily effects after traumatic dreams. “Emotions and stress experienced in dreams can have very real emotional and physiological 5 ,” she says. “There are even a few reported cases in which
18、 nightmares seem to have contributed to heart attacks.” 6 , there are some strategies people can employ to reduce their nightmares frequency and harm. In the long-term, Robb suggests practicing some dream techniques during the day. In her book, she writes: “If people can learn to become 7 in their d
19、reams, they can wake themselves up or even drive away their dream-foes.” She describes a 2006 experiment done by psychologists at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, in which the researchers asked some 8 to practice clear dream induction techniques on their own, gave private clear dreaming lesson
20、s to others, and then left a third group untreated. Both groups that 9 clear dreaming techniques saw fewer nightmares as a result: “Patients who learned in private sessions started out with an average of 3.6 nightmares, and that number went down to 1.4,” Robb writes. “The 10 didnt depend on achievin
21、g clarity; several people who never managed to become clear in their dreams still had a reduction in nightmares.”A)normalI)emotionalB)participantsJ)fortunatelyC)anxiousK)consciousD)arousedL)comparisonE)involvedM) practicedF)practicallyN)confirmedG)imaginedO)consequencesH)improvementSection B (30 poi
22、nts, 2 points each)Directions: There are 3 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and put it in the Answer Sheet.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are
23、based on the following passage. Women in Australia earn about 82 cents for every mans dollar. If you look at the highest paid male and female doctors in the country, the pay gap is even more pronounced.However, an interesting new study has found that hospital patients treated by a female doctor had
24、better health outcomes than those treated by a male doctor. “There is evidence that men and women may practice medicine differently,” said the papers authors from Harvard Medical School (female physicians in the U.S. earn around 8 per cent less than male counterparts). Previous studies had found fem
25、ale doctors were more likely to provide preventive care, communicate well with patients, offering more psychosocial counselling and perform as well, if not better, on standard examinations.Researchers had not looked at whether these differences in care extended to patient outcomes, until now. The re
26、searchers evaluated the records of more than 1.5 million hospitalisations in the United States over a three-year period, looking specifically at whether patients died within 30 days of the admission date and whether patients were readmitted within 30 days of the discharge date.They found, with patie
27、nts treated by a female doctor, a 4 per cent lower mortality rate and 5 percent reduction in readmission rates “across all medical conditions we examined”. The papers authors added: “Assuming that the association between sex and mortality is causal (具有因果关系的), we estimate that approximately 32,000 fe
28、wer patients would die if male physicians could achieve the same outcomes as female physicians every year.”Despite the findings, the authors do not suggest seeking care only from female physicians. Apart from the fact that only about 43 per cent of GPs and one-third (34 per cent) of specialists in A
29、ustralia are women, they say the studys purpose is to begin to understand different patterns of practice that are driving different health outcomes.“Understanding exactly why these differences in care quality and practice patterns exist may provide valuable insights into improving quality of care fo
30、r all patients, regardless of who provides their care,” the authors said.1. What do we learn about doctors in Australia? A) Female doctors are more knowledgeable than male ones. B) Female doctors earn less than their male counterparts.C) They have a close relationship with their patients.D) They rec
31、eiver a higher salary than those in the US.2. Previous studies found that female doctors _.A) tended to perform higher care qualityB) paid more attention to patient outcomesC) offered more counselling than necessary D) performed better in psychological support3. The researchers from Harvard Medical
32、School found _.A) male doctors have ignored the link between sex and mortalityB) patients treated by male doctors have lower readmission rateC) patients treated by female doctors have a lower death rateD) female doctors gain a deep insight into the cause of death4. The word discharge (Last line, Par
33、a. 4) most probably means _. A) receiving counselling from the doctor B) being carefully diagnosed by the doctor C) being examined and hospitalized D) leaving hospital after being cured5. The study is intended to _. A) bring down the death rate in the hospital B) help improve the quality of medical
34、careC) arouse peoples awareness of gender equalityD) suggest the necessity of more female doctorsPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. Plenty of research has shown how negative stereotypes can be harmful to individuals. For example, telling girls that boys are typically be
35、tter at maths seems to make them score worse on maths tests. There is evidence that stereotypes similarly affect the success of people who identify as ethnic minorities. Efforts to improve diversity in the workplace have been growing, says Jolien van Breen at the University of Exeter, UK, but that d
36、oesnt mean harmful stereotypes have disappeared expressions of prejudice may have just become more subtle. Van Breen and her colleagues have investigated how harmful this may be to women. The team recruited female volunteers, some of whom strongly identified as feminists, to participate in a number
37、of experiments. The team also asked each participant how much they identified with traditional concepts of womanhood. Each volunteer then took a maths test and an anagram test. Both featured increasingly difficult questions, ending with an unsolvable problem. Mathematical ability is typically ascrib
38、ed to men, while women are generally assumed to be better at language, says van Breen. The volunteers were shown images during the test to subtly remind them of general gender stereotypes. Some of these depicted traditional gender roles, with women shopping or cleaning and men fishing or doing DIY,
39、while others didnt. The volunteers didnt know the true purpose of these images they thought they were part of a third task, in which they had to say whether the images depicted hobbies or chores. The team found that stereotype images prompted the women who didnt identify with traditional concepts of
40、 being a woman to put more effort into the maths test, spending longer on the difficult and unsolvable questions. “People try to resist stereotyping,” says Jenny Veldman at KU Leuven in Belgium. “If confronted with stereotypes, one way women prove they belong is by distancing themselves from other w
41、omen, so that they can be seen as an individual.” In another test, the volunteers were faced with the philosophical thought experiment known as the trolley problem (电车难题): should they sacrifice one person to save the lives of multiple others? The team found that those who identified as feminists wer
42、e more likely to sacrifice the person if it was a man but only if they had been exposed to gender stereotyped images. The results suggest that feminists are keenly aware of gender stereotypes, even when they are presented subliminally (潜意识地), and automatically react to reject them, says van Breen. “
43、Future research will have to see whether these findings can be replicated, and whether they hold in other contexts and among other groups,” says Veldman. 6. We know from the beginning of the passage that _. A) girls are making progress in the maths testsB) more research is needed to help office wome
44、nC) negative images exert harmful influence on girlsD) females are still faced with expressions of prejudice7. Jolien van Breen and colleagues probe into the issue of negative stereotypes because _. A) there has been much progress in girls ability to calculateB) subtle prejudice has been disturbing
45、females in the workplaceC) there is still a long way for harmful stereotypes to fade outD) the society is filled with the gender imbalance in occupations8. Which of the following best describes the subjects in Jolien van Breens experiment?A) They are composed of both male and female volunteers.B) So
46、me volunteers are good at dealing with maths problems.C) Some participants are strong supporters of womanhood.D) They choose to sacrifice a mans life to save their lives.9. The images prepared by the researchers are intended to _. A) lead the participants into the stereotypesB) prove that women are
47、weak in maths testsC) distract volunteers from their right judgmentD) arouse volunteers interest in the research10. What can be said of the last two paragraphs? A) Feminists might sacrifice mens interest in the face of losses. B) Feminists are fully conscious of what they are in want of.C) The research favors the women in pursuit of gender equality.D) There will be more research with respect to womens status.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. The comprehension of words is indeed a very complex psycholinguisti
