1、第1页共11页三 峡 大 学2018年硕士研究生入学考试试题(B卷)科目代码： 791 科目名称： 综合英语 考试时间为3小时，卷面总分为 150 分答案必须写在答题纸上. Choose the right one from A. B. C. D for each blank.(20分)请按顺序把答案写在答题纸上。标明题号!1. Agriculture is this nations major source of wealth, wheat _ by far the biggest cereal crop. A. is B. been C. be D. being2. Above the t
2、rees are the hills, _ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. A. where B. of whose C. whose D. which3 _ I like ecolinguistics, I like ecology much better. A. As much as B. So much C. How much D. Much as4. Are these apples for _? A us three B. we three C. our three D. three us5. I
3、feel that Im not yet _ to work full time. A. too strong B. enough strong C. so strong D. strong enough6.The policemen would have caught the murderer _a few minutes earlier. A. were they to arrive B. had they arrived C. if they should have arrived D. if they would have arriced7.Scientists all over th
4、e world have suggested time and again that if we want to live on Earth forever, we _our environment from being polluted. A. will prevent B. must prevent C. shall prevent D prevent8. _, students are porhibited from smoking in the library. A. As has been mentioned in the regulations B. As having menti
5、oned in the regulations C. Mentioned as in the regulations D. As being mentioned in the regulations9. _ in the universe is that of light.第2页 共11页A. The maximum speed possible B. The possible maximum speedC. The maximum possible speed D. The possible speed maximum10. Each lead and each connector _ ow
6、n position. A. has its B. have their C. has their D. have its11.The United States accuses the EEC _ banning American beef. A. of B. about C. on D. to12. It is impossible to complete the book in a month, _ in a week.A. much more B. much less C. let it alone D. still less13. It was Mr. Green who _ the
7、 orphan child three years ago.A. accepted B. received C. admitted D. adopted14. Body temperature of 106F is not uncommon in athletes during exercise but can be _ in an average person. A. serious B. rough C. tough D. fatal15. They failed again and again and at last _ all hope.A. deserted B. abandoned
8、 C. detained D. devoured16. The American president Trumps visit to China was televised _.A. live B. lively C. living D. alive17. He has paid _attention to the situation in the poor regions.A. considerate B. considerable C. considering D. consistent18. After the War, slavery was eventually _.A. polis
9、hed B. finished C. acomplished D. abolished19. I dont think the rain will _our plan for a picnic. A. defect B. affect C. effect D. infect20. You have to _the hostile attitude of the new boss toward you. A. put up with B. come up with C. keep up with D. make up with. Choose the right word from the li
10、st given below for each blank.( 10分) 请按顺序把答案写在答题纸上。标明题号!grandiose intermingles magniloquent specifically oftener employs conceits descriptively diverse servesBaroque is a word applied by art-historians at first derogatorily, but now merely (1) _ to a style of architecture, sculpture, and painting th
11、at developed in Italy at the beginning of the seventeenth century and then spread to Germany and other countries in Europe. The style (2) _ the classical forms of the Renaissance, but breaks them up and (3) _ them to achieve elaborate, (4) _, energetic, and highly dramatic effects. The word has been
12、 adopted with reference to literature, with very (5) _ applications. It may signify any elaborately formal and (6) _ style 第3页 共11 页in verse or prose. Occasionallythough (7) _ on the Continent than in England- it (8) _ as a period term for post-Renaissance literature in the seventeenth century. More
13、 frequently it is applied (9) _ to the elaborate verses and extravagant (10) _ of the late-sixteenth and early seventeenth-century posts. Read the following texts carefully and then make a correct choice to answer the questions after each text.(40分)请按顺序把答案写在答题纸上。标明题号!TEXT AGovernment has traditional
14、ly been evaluated in terms of their effects in promoting several principles. We have seen that one of these justice is appropriate to the narrower definition of government as the power to punish. It is punishment, which is administered with justice, and a government, which is successful in balancing
15、 aversive consequences, is said to “maximize justice”. Our practical support of such a government is probably not due to any such principle, however, but rather to the fact that a just government, in comparison with other governments, is more likely to reinforce the behavior of supporting it.Another
16、 principle commonly appealed to a freedom. That government is said to be best which governs least. The freedom, which is, maximized by a good government is not, however, the freedom, which is at issue in a science of behavior. Under a government, which controls through positive reinforcement, the ci
17、tizen feels free, though he is no less controlled. Freedom from government is freedom from aversive consequences. We choose a form of government, which maximizes freedom for a very simple reason: aversive events are aversive. A government, which makes the least use of its power to punish, is most li
18、kely to reinforce our behavior in supporting it.Another principle currently in fashion is security. Security against aversive governmental control raises the same issue as freedom. So does security from wants, which means security from aversive events which are not specifically arranged by the gover
19、ning agency from hunger, cold, or hardship in general, particularly in illness or old age. A government increases security by arranging an environment in which many common aversive consequences do not occur, in which positive consequences are easily achieved, and in which extreme states of deprivati
20、on are avoided. Such a government naturally reinforces the behavior of supporting it.The “right” of a ruler was an ancient device for explaining his power to rule. “Human rights” such as justice, freedom and security are devices for explaining the第4页共11 页counter-control exercised by the governed. A
21、man has his rights in the sense that the governing agency is restricted in its power to control him. He asserts these rights along with other citizens when he resists control. “Human rights” are ways of representing certain effects of governing practices effects which are in general positively reinf
22、orcing and which we therefore call good. To “justify” a government in such terms is simply an indirect way of pointing to the effect of the government in reinforcing the behavior of the supporting group.It is commonly believed that justice, freedom, security, and so on refer to certain more remote c
23、onsequences in terms of which a form of government may be evaluated. We shall return to this point in section VI, where we shall see that an additional principle is needed to explain why these principles are chosen as a basis for evaluation.Questions 1-51.It is generally admitted that a government r
24、ules in order to see _.A. the results of its proposed doctrineB. how powerful it is when it exercises its powerC. how it is to enhance the demeanor of sanctionD. both A and C2.A government is said to “maximize justice” when it _.A. exercises its power of punishment strictlyB. thrives on stabilizing
25、loathing upshotC. adopts its doctrine successfullyD. supervises justice smoothly3. According to the author, a good government ought to allow its citizens to exercise their rights to free speech and free movement so that _.A. people live a life of anarchyB. people live in a Utopian worldC. loathing o
26、utcome is avoidedD. people are less controlled4. A government is likely to reinforce and maximize freedom of those who look favorably at it and who actively support such government _.A. when it provides social insurance for peopleB. when it protects its citizens from hunger, cold and hardshipC. when
27、 it sets up pension and public health serviceD. all of the above第5页共11 页5. The purpose of the so-called “human rights” concept, which is guaranteed and reinforced by government, is based upon the belief that _.A. citizens pledge for itB. government can exercise its power to control positivelyCany go
28、vernments powers would be exercised under citizens supervisionDpeople should rule directly without any interference from government agenciesTEXT BThe first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stre
29、tched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the “winged lizards.” The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until
30、they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some of the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small a
31、nd probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion. Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more suc
32、cessful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine
33、definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link betw
34、een dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impre
35、ssions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs. 第6页共11 页Questions 6-106. What does the passage mainly discuss?
36、_.A. Characteristics of pterosaur wings B. B. The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx C. Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebratesD. The development of flight in reptiles and birds 7. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings? A. They evolved from strong limb muscle
37、s. B. They consisted of an extension of skin. C. They connected the front and back limbs. D. They required fingers of equal length. 8. The author mentions airplanes in order to A. illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs B. compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machin
38、es C. demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight D. establish the practical applications of the study of fossils 9. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably “not skillful fliers” because A. of their limited wingspan B. of their disproportionately large bodies
39、C. they lacked muscles needed for extended flight D. climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power 10. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany? A. It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs. B. It is proof that the climate and
40、 soils of Europe have changed over time. C. It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone. D. It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur. TEXT CFinding something new to say about Americas love affair with the death penalty is not easy. The subject not onl
41、y arouses intense emotions, it has produced an ocean of comment from lawyers, judges, politicians, campaigners, statisticians, social scientists and quite a few demagogues. Nevertheless, Franklin Zimring, one of Americas leading criminologists, has managed to rise above this cacophony to write a tho
42、ught-provoking and genuinely original look, The Contradictions of American Capital Punishment, which deserves to become a classic.第7页共11 页Mr. Zimring tackles head-on the most puzzling question of all: why are Americans so determined to keep the death penalty when nearly all other developed democraci
43、es have given it up, and now view it as barbaric? In the past two decades, attitudes in America and Europe have diverged so much that any dialogue on the subject has been replaced by blank incomprehension, and Americas retention of capital punishment has become a significant diplomatic irritant. For
44、 European governments the abolition of capital punishment is a human-rights priority, and they have expended valuable political capital in trying to achieve it. American governments, Republican and Democratic, insist that the death penalty has nothing to do with human-rights, and deeply resent Europ
45、ean efforts to make its abolition an international norm.The difference between European and American attitudes, says Mr. Zimring, is not the breadth of support for the death penalty, but its depth. At the time of the death penaltys abolition in each developed country, a majority similar to Americas,
46、 currently 65%, wanted to keep it, according to opinion polls. But when European political elites turned against it after the Second World War, electorates acquiesced. Today most Europeans probably would not want it back. The death penalty is a far more contentious issue in America, says Mr. Zimring
47、, because the debate about it draws on a cherished American political tradition which does not exist anywhere else: vigilante justice. Many death-penalty supporters see executions not as acts of a distant or unreliable government, or even as a crime-control measure, but as an instrument of local, community justice, a form of vengeance on behalf of the victims relatives.In a startling
