1、Science in Medieval Western Europe-Hu HepengThe beginning of the Middle Ages in 476 AD,the fall of the Roman Empire,about the end of the 15th century.The history of this millennium can be roughly divided into two sections.Before the eleventh century is often referred to as the dark ages,when Western
2、 Europe in the Christian theology and philosophy of dogmatism under the rule of people lost their freedom of thought,production rigid,slow technological progress,mathematical stagnation.The situation improved slightly after the eleventh century.so Western European scientific development was lagging
3、behind the Islamic world,the Mediterranean Basin,China,and India and other regions,from the 12th century to catch up again.And mainly in astrology,medicine,mathematics,natural sciences,social sciences and technology,etc.,mathematics Greek culture through the Romans to the medieval little,this is mos
4、tly reflected in Boisis(about 480 524)in the book.His arithmetic principle is generally a neo-Pythagorean mathematician Niko Maosi arithmetic introduction translation,but a number of brilliant propositions were deleted.The geometry of Boisis was based on Euclids original geometry,but it was not prov
5、ed at all because he thought the proof was superfluous.In 529 AD,the emperor of the East Roman emperor Justin Timberlake closed the school in Athens,forbidden to study and spread mathematics.Once again,the development of mathematics suffered a heavy blow.After hundreds of years,commendable mathemati
6、cian is numbered,and mostly clergy.After the Crusade expedition(1096 1291)so that Europeans access to the Arab countries to retain the ancient cultural treasures.They translate a large number of Arabic books into Latin.So the culture of Greece,India and the Arabs,as well as Chinas four major inventi
7、ons will be spread to Europe.Italy is located in the east-west hub of communications,has gradually become the new economic and cultural center.12,13 century European mathematical community representative is Fibonacci,he introduced to the Europeans in India-Arabia digital and bit value system notatio
8、n,and various algorithms in the commercial application.Chinas lack of surplus surgery and the Sun-count Diophantine solution also appears in the book Fibonacci.The 14th-century French bishop Orsim introduced the idea of a sub-index notation and a coordinate system,which was the transition from astro
9、nomy,geography,latitude and longitude to modern coordinate geometry.British Archbishop Brad Wardins arithmetic,geometry,mechanical works also have great influence.The first European system of trigonometry was written by Reggio Montanus.Karl Dan Doctor of Medicine,the 16th century Renaissance represe
10、ntative of humanism,the most important works of mathematics is published in Nuremberg,Da Shu(the full name of Da Shu,or on algebraic law),the book system There are many new concepts and methods in algebra,with solutions to cubic and quartic equations(found by Calderans pupil Ferrari.The root of the
11、equation in the big technique is used to discuss the problem of imaginary roots encountered in the equation,for the first time as a general number of operations,realize that if an equation has a virtual root,you should have and Of the conjugate of another virtual root.Bombelli,his predecessors have
12、this discipline to a development climax.Pompey thinks that nobody but Caldane can go deep into the subject of mathematics,but he is not satisfied with the expression of Kardan,so ready to write a book,with its clear statement so that anyone can Do not have to rely on other books and grasp the knowle
13、dge of algebra,which is published Bomberley algebra background.In the book Bombley introduced the imaginary number,formally given a clear definition of negative.The Vedas Applied to the Mathematical Law of the Triangle system,describes a spherical triangle with all six trigonometric functions,which
14、may be the first book in Western Europe.Angle system of the spherical triangle and planar trigonometry.AstrologyAs we trace the astral-astronomical branch of the ancient scientific culture,it is not difficult to sense and grasp the historical context from the side of the historical footprint of the
15、Middle Ages.Because astronomical astronomy itself is special,it is closely related to medicine,literature,politics and religion.The Arabs in Astrology-the contribution of astronomy,it is a touch of bright light in the Middle Ages.Most scholars of the time believed that astrology was an important com
16、ponent of the whole system of knowledge,and that Boitius was no exception in his masterpiece,The Comfort of Philosophy.He believes that the planets operation is controlled by the immortal gods,and from the celestial sphere of the stars,you can deduce the earthly affairs.He also agreed with Platos vi
17、ew that each planet has its own corresponding scale,constitute the Celestial Music,showing the harmony of the universe.There are also some details of the celestial sphere,drawing some of the common illustrations in the Astronomical Book-but they do not add any new knowledge to astronomy.This philoso
18、phical work with the content of the astrology was later translated by the King of England,Alfred,at the end of the 9th century,to be the Anglo-Saxon language,In the 14th century,when the English writer George Chaucer translated into Old English,Chaucer was also a scholar who was obsessed with astrol
19、ogy.Astrology in the RenaissanceIn the 15th century,the churchs attitude to astrology changed dramatically.For the members of the early church,such as Atanachus,Cyril,Arnobos,Grand Gregorian,Basil,and Augustine,all regarded astrology as a pagan priesthood,And to be critical.Of course,since some of t
20、he early astrologer writers were neo-Platonists,this made them aware of the influence of cosmic objects on humans.The sun brings light and warmth to human life,and the moon affects tides.The operational cycle of the cosmic celestial bodies determines the seasons of the Earth and the liturgical calen
21、dar of the Catholic Church,even if they are used for divination.social science1,the early medieval European scientific and technological stagnation1),the decline of science:Pope Gregory I openly declared:ignorance is no religion is the mother of piety.The doctrines and principles of the Church are r
22、evelation higher than reason,knowledge obeying faith,philosophy(including science)obeying theology.2),the technical back:The decline of European handicrafts in the early Middle Ages and the ruins of some of the old industrial and commercial centers.In addition to a slight improvement in agricultural
23、 technology,the whole,the early Middle Ages,the European technology and the rise of the Roman Empire is greatly compared to the period of regression2,the late medieval European science and technology recovery1,the re-development of scientific activitiesTranslation of Arabic literatureLearning Ancien
24、t Greek Science and CultureRun a university2,technological progressFarming efficiency,crop species increased,agriculture has a greater development;Water machinery,wind machinery,all kinds of iron machinery is widely used in metallurgy,mining,textile industries,to promote the development of handicraf
25、ts.3,the late scientific and technological achievements Agricultural machinery and equipment Hydraulic mills,wind mills,mining,road construction,drainage Cultivated crop Rye,oats,spelled wheat and hops Mechanical invention Mechanical saws,forging hammers with drop hammers,boxes with fixed plates and
26、 valves,glass windows,oil lampshades,candles,trolleys,glasses,sluices on canals,The invention of the machine reached its peak with the use of presses and gunpowder weaponsScholastic philosophy Scholasticism mainly refers to the Christian philosophy of the Middle Ages,formally formed in the 8th to 10
27、th century.1,resulting in:Godfather philosophy scholastic philosophy The characteristics of Godfather:negative materialism and scientific knowledge,advocate blind faith and religious fanaticism,argue that God created the world,advocated obscurantism and asceticism.2,and Aristotles theory of marriage
28、 Thomas Aquinas established the dominant position of Aristotelianism in church theology,making Aristotles philosophy a classic in medieval scholasticism,in which Aristotle was regarded as a philosophical and scientific one.The greatest authority.Thomas Aquinas philosophical view was later called Tho
29、masism.In 1323 was posthumously as a saint,in 1567 was named a doctrine teacher,and is known as the universal church doctor.3,the budding of new ideasRoger Bacon:to promote nature-oriented,attach importance to emotional experience,the development of science;criticized the philosophy of scholastic blind worship authority,subjective imaginary understanding of the method,that these are obstacles to get people to get the truth.3.The philosophy of Bacillard s philosophy declares the disintegration of scholastic philosophy Thank you
