1、Unit 1Unit 1A new startA new startUsing languageUsing language基本句型基本句型 (Basic sentence structures)(Basic sentence structures)【语用功能语用功能】基本句型体现了英语句子的变化基本句型体现了英语句子的变化,是人们在日常交流是人们在日常交流中最基本的表达方式。中最基本的表达方式。【情境探究情境探究】选出含有相同基本句型的句子选出含有相同基本句型的句子1.The match became very interesting.1.The match became very inte
2、resting.2.Some of the students in the school want to 2.Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.go swimming.3.They call me Lily sometimes.3.They call me Lily sometimes.4.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.4.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.5.I gave him a hand.5.I gave him a
3、 hand.a.They have had supper.a.They have had supper.b.They went out for a walk yesterday.b.They went out for a walk yesterday.c.Everything here is expensive.c.Everything here is expensive.d.I showed her my pictures.d.I showed her my pictures.e.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.e.I saw Mr Wang get on the
4、bus.1._1._2._2._3._3._4._4._5._5._c ca ae eb bd d【要义详析要义详析】一、句子的基本成分一、句子的基本成分根据英语词汇在句子中的地位和作用根据英语词汇在句子中的地位和作用,英语的句子成英语的句子成分可分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾分可分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语及独立成分等。语补足语、同位语及独立成分等。1.1.主语主语:表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等充当。定式、动
5、名词、从句等充当。*JaneJane is good at playing the piano.(is good at playing the piano.(名词名词)*SheShe went out in a hurry.(went out in a hurry.(代词代词)*ToTo seesee is to believe.(is to believe.(动词不定式动词不定式)*SmokingSmoking is bad for health.(is bad for health.(动名词动名词)2.2.谓语谓语:说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由动词或说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由动词或动
6、词短语充当动词短语充当,位于主语之后。实义动词可以单独作位于主语之后。实义动词可以单独作谓语谓语,连系动词需要和表语一起构成谓语连系动词需要和表语一起构成谓语;情态动词情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。和助动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。*We We lovelove China.(China.(实义动词实义动词)*He He cancan speakspeak English.(English.(情态动词情态动词+实义动词实义动词)*We We havehave finishedfinished reading this book.(reading this book.(助动词助动
7、词+实义动词实义动词)3.3.表语表语:用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。一般用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。一般位于系动词之后位于系动词之后,由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。当。*His words sounded His words sounded reasonablereasonable.(.(形容词形容词)*She is She is inin goodgood healthhealth.(.(介词短语介词短语)*My father is a My father i
8、s a professorprofessor.(名词名词)4.4.宾语宾语:表示动作的对象或承受者表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物一般位于及物动词和介词后面。常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式动词和介词后面。常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式或相当于名词的词组和句子充当。或相当于名词的词组和句子充当。(1)(1)直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果,通常指物。通常指物。(2)(2)间接宾语表示动作的接受者或指向间接宾语表示动作的接受者或指向,它位于直接它位于直接宾语之前宾语之前;位于直接宾语之后时位于直接宾语之后时,其前面则常加介词其前面则常加介词toto或或forfor*
9、She has a very pleasant She has a very pleasant smilesmile.(.(名词名词)*I think I think(that)he is fit for his office(that)he is fit for his office.(.(从从句句)*Lend Lend meme your your dictionarydictionary,please.(,please.(间接宾语和间接宾语和直接宾语直接宾语)5.5.宾语补足语宾语补足语:补充说明宾语的成分叫宾语补足语补充说明宾语的成分叫宾语补足语。一般由形容词、名词、副词、不定式、分词
10、和介词。一般由形容词、名词、副词、不定式、分词和介词短语等充当。短语等充当。*His father named him His father named him DongmingDongming.(.(名词名词)*They painted their boat They painted their boat whitewhite.(.(形容词形容词)*Let the fresh air Let the fresh air inin.(.(副词副词)*You mustnt force him You mustnt force him to lend his money to to lend hi
11、s money to youyou.(.(动词不定式动词不定式)6.6.定语定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定语。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。单词作式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前;短语和从句作短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。*China is a China is a developingdeveloping country wh
12、ile America country while America is a is a developeddeveloped country.country.中国是一个发展中国家而美国是一个发达国家。中国是一个发展中国家而美国是一个发达国家。(分分词词)*There are thirty There are thirty womenwomen teachers in our teachers in our school.school.我们学校有三十名女老师。我们学校有三十名女老师。(名词名词)*Our monitor is always the first Our monitor is alw
13、ays the first to enter the to enter the classroomclassroom.我们的班长总是第一个进入教室的。我们的班长总是第一个进入教室的。(动词不定式动词不定式)7.7.状语状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说说明动作或状态特征的句子成分明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。一般由副叫做状语。一般由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。、独立主格和从句等充当。*I am I am veryvery pleased to see you
14、.(pleased to see you.(副词副词)*Ill be back Ill be back in a whilein a while.(.(介词短语介词短语)*Once you beginOnce you begin,you must continue.(,you must continue.(从句从句)【名师点津名师点津】若时间状语和地点状语同时出现在一个若时间状语和地点状语同时出现在一个句子中时句子中时,通常先说地点状语通常先说地点状语,再说时间状语再说时间状语;但是但是如果对这两个状语同时提问时如果对这两个状语同时提问时,则用则用when and wherewhen and
15、where。*They held a meeting They held a meeting in the hall yesterday in the hall yesterday afternoonafternoon.昨天下午他们在大厅里开了一个会议。昨天下午他们在大厅里开了一个会议。*When and whereWhen and where did they hold a meeting?did they hold a meeting?他们何时何地开了一个会议他们何时何地开了一个会议?【即学活用即学活用】按照要求写出下列句子中的成分按照要求写出下列句子中的成分(1)The young sh
16、ould respect the old.(1)The young should respect the old.(主语主语_)_)(2)He studied hard all day long.(2)He studied hard all day long.(谓语谓语_)_)The youngThe youngstudiedstudied(3)His hobby is playing football.(3)His hobby is playing football.(表语表语_)_)(4)He pretended not to see me.(4)He pretended not to s
17、ee me.(宾语宾语_)_)(5)We found everything in the lab in good(5)We found everything in the lab in good order.order.(宾语补足语宾语补足语:_):_)playing footballplaying footballnot to see menot to see mein good orderin good order(6)He is reading an article about how to learn(6)He is reading an article about how to le
18、arn English.English.(定语定语:_):_)(7)He is in the room making a model plane.(7)He is in the room making a model plane.(状语状语:_):_)about how to learn Englishabout how to learn Englishmaking a model planemaking a model plane二、七种基本句型二、七种基本句型1.1.主谓主谓:S+V(:S+V(不及物动词不及物动词)此句型的句子有一个共同特点此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都即
19、句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词。能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词。*Time flies.Time flies.时光飞逝。时光飞逝。*The moon rises.The moon rises.月亮升起。月亮升起。2.2.主谓状主谓状:S+V(:S+V(不及物动词不及物动词)+A)+A不及物动词后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等不及物动词后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。*She sings beautifully.She sings beautifully.她唱歌很棒。她唱歌很棒。*They talked for an hour.They talked
20、 for an hour.他们谈了一个小他们谈了一个小时。时。3.3.主谓宾主谓宾:S+V(:S+V(及物动词及物动词)+O)+O此句型的句子有一个共同特点此句型的句子有一个共同特点,谓语动词都具有实义谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思但不能表达完整的意思,必必须跟有一个宾语须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整才能使意思完整。*Who knows the answer?Who knows the answer?谁知道答案谁知道答案?*I want to have a cup of tea.I want to have a cu
21、p of tea.我想喝杯茶。我想喝杯茶。4.4.主谓宾状主谓宾状:S+V(:S+V(及物动词及物动词)+O+A)+O+A*I wrote a letter yesterday.I wrote a letter yesterday.昨天我写了一封昨天我写了一封信。信。*You can put the dishes here.You can put the dishes here.你可以把盘子放你可以把盘子放在这里。在这里。5.5.主谓宾宾主谓宾宾:S+V(:S+V(及物动词及物动词)+IO()+IO(间接宾语间接宾语)+DO()+DO(直直接宾语接宾语)此句型的句子有一个共同特点此句型的句子有
22、一个共同特点,谓语动词必须跟有两谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是直接个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是直接宾语宾语,另一个是间接宾语。另一个是间接宾语。*She passed him a new dress.She passed him a new dress.她递给他一件新衣服。她递给他一件新衣服。*I told him how to run the machine.I told him how to run the machine.我告诉他怎么操作机器。我告诉他怎么操作机器。【名师点津名师点津】常见的能跟双宾语的及物动词常见的能跟双宾语的及物动词(1)g
23、ive,tell,teach,write,bring,lend,(1)give,tell,teach,write,bring,lend,hand,show,offer,send,pay,pass,hand,show,offer,send,pay,pass,allow,returnallow,return等词后的间接宾语可转换为介词等词后的间接宾语可转换为介词toto的的宾语。宾语。*Please hand him a book!Please hand him a book!=Please hand a book to him!=Please hand a book to him!请递给他一本书
24、请递给他一本书!(2)buy,do,get,fetch,save,make,(2)buy,do,get,fetch,save,make,sing,choosesing,choose等词后的间接宾语可转换为介词等词后的间接宾语可转换为介词forfor的的宾语来表示。宾语来表示。*His father bought him a bike.His father bought him a bike.=His father bought a bike for him.=His father bought a bike for him.他的父亲给他买了一辆自行车。他的父亲给他买了一辆自行车。(3)ask,
25、answer,take,cost(3)ask,answer,take,cost等词无法改变结构等词无法改变结构形式。形式。*The car cost me 2,000 The car cost me 2,000 yuanyuan for the repair.for the repair.这次修车花了我两千元。这次修车花了我两千元。6.6.主谓宾补主谓宾补:S+V(:S+V(及物动词及物动词)+O+C)+O+C此句型的句子有一个共同特点此句型的句子有一个共同特点,动词虽然是及物动词动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加必须加上一个补
26、充成分来补足宾语上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。才能使意思完整。*We keep the table clean.We keep the table clean.我们保持桌子干我们保持桌子干净。净。*I saw them getting on the bus.I saw them getting on the bus.我看见他们上了公共汽车。我看见他们上了公共汽车。7.7.主系表主系表:S+V(:S+V(系动词系动词)+P)+P此句型的句子有一个共同特点此句型的句子有一个共同特点,句子谓语动词都不能句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或必须
27、加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。才能表达完整的意思。*Everything looks different.Everything looks different.一切看起来都一切看起来都不一样。不一样。*His face turned red.His face turned red.他的脸变红了。他的脸变红了。【知识延伸知识延伸】系动词大全系动词大全1.1.状态系动词状态系动词,用来表示主语状态用来表示主语状态,只有只有be(am,be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being)is,are,was,were,been,
28、being)一词。一词。2.2.持续系动词持续系动词,用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度或态度,主要有主要有keep,remain,staykeep,remain,stay。*He always He always keptkept silent at meeting.silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。3.3.表像系动词表像系动词,用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念这一概念,主要有主要有seem,appear,lookseem,appear,look。*He He seemsseems(to be)very s
29、ad.(to be)very sad.他似乎很难过。他似乎很难过。4.4.感官系动词感官系动词,主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,feel,smell,sound,tastetaste。*This flower This flower smellssmells very sweet.very sweet.这种花闻起来很香。这种花闻起来很香。5.5.变化系动词变化系动词,表示主语变成什么样表示主语变成什么样,主要有主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,comebecome,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come。*He He wentwent
30、mad after that accident.mad after that accident.那次事故后他疯了。那次事故后他疯了。6.6.终止系动词终止系动词,表示主语已终止动作表示主语已终止动作,主要有主要有prove,turn outprove,turn out。*The rumor The rumor provedproved false.false.这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。*His plan His plan turnedturned outout a success.a success.他的计划终于成功了。他的计划终于成功了。【即学活用即学活用】指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型
31、指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型(1)I will spend the summer holiday in the countryside.(1)I will spend the summer holiday in the countryside.()()(2)All this will be interesting and good for my(2)All this will be interesting and good for my health.health.()()SVOASVOASVPSVP(3)In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and(3)In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life.quiet life.()()(4)I can hear birds singing in the green trees.(4)I can hear birds singing in the green trees.()(5)The best fish swim near the bottom.(5)The best fish swim near the bottom.()SVOSVOSVOCSVOCSVASVA
