1、学术英语学术英语 医学医学Academic English for MedicineUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesAlthough great progress has been made in the treatment andprevention of diseases in the last century,there is no reason forcomplacence.Human health is constantly threatened not only byemerging diseases but also by re-emer
2、ging ones once thought tohave been controlled or eradicated.What causes new diseases?Why do the old enemies resurge?What resources are availablefor us to meet such challenges?What measures should we taketo prevent and reduce those threats?This unit helps you to gaininsight into those issues.Unit 2Re
3、surgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit ContentsLead-inText AText BText CGet ready for Unit 3ListeningSpeakingWritingLead-inIssues to be coveredTaskUnit 2 Resurgent and Emergent Diseases Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesLead-in Reasons for emerging and re-emerging
4、diseases Updated information about some most common infectious diseases such as TB epidemic worldwide and particularly in China Measures to be taken to reduce and prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases and development of noninfectious diseases Issues to be covered Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent Dise
5、asesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesLead-in What can be seen from the following titles of news reports?West Nile outbreak largest ever in U.S.:/edition n/08/22/health/west-nile-virus/index.html August 23,the New York Times West Nile epidemic“worst in history”as virus infects 1,118 in America an
6、d leaves 41 dead 23 August Page 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesLead-in information-filling taskOutbreakYearCausePrevalenceSARS2 0 0 2 -2003SARS coronavirusStarting in China and spreading globallyA v i a n flu2007H5N1First reported in South Korea and becom
7、ing a global outbreakSwine flu2009H1N1A pandemic starting in MexicoPage 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText ACritical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Useful expressions Difficult sentencesSuggested answersPage 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent D
8、iseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Reemerging Diseases Be vulnerable to the ancient microbial enemiesPage 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesThe World Health Organization(Page _)crum
9、blingText A Critical reading and thinking Difficult Sentencespublic health authoritiesLooming next flu pandemic as bad as that of 1918a prevention strategyWriting a titleexotic animals for petsWriting a titlevanquishedIncreased reports of malariafleshing-eating bacteria of 1994Text BSuggested answer
10、s Task 2 Comprehension and DiscussionPatient-physician Relationship in Surgical Studentspathogenic microbeTopics for presentationWhat do you think about.Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter internecine squabbles in Congress“New Flu Strain Spreads:Death Toll Reaches Hal
11、f Million.”Page 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Surgeon General Antibiotics and vaccines medical community from penicillin to polio Journal of the American Medical Association death rate r
12、espiratory infectionsPage 26-27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter The World Health Organization WHO Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC a prevention strategy public awareness of infe
13、ctious diseasePage 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Six diseases identified by WTH to be monitored for re-emergence Diphtheria Cholera dengue fever yellow fever bubonic plaguePage 27Unit 2R
14、esurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter attending to the health conditions of the globe the last Ebola flare-up pathogenic microbes public health authorities the epidemiology division in Columbias School o
15、f Public HealthPage 28Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter clinical professor of medicine interim chief of infectious disease Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center TB is the result of socioeconomi
16、c conditions and human behavior.Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal venues for TB spread,with confined populations in close quarters.Page 28Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter drug resistance
17、 incomplete courses of antibiotic therapy the hardiest new,more powerful lineages multi-drug-resistant strain of TB TB also hitched a ride on the HIV wagon by attacking the immunocompromisedan emerging disease thus helping reignite an old one.Page 28Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurge
18、nt and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter a change in virulence,reflecting mutation in the exterior of the bacterium The misnamed“flesh-eating bacteria”:/medicinenet/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=61933 rheumatic fever scarlet feverPage 28Unit 2Resur
19、gent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Flu likewise changes its coat and in turn its level of virulence.the pandemic of 1918-1919 The flu virus is a trickster.Why?“Old wine in new bottles.”public health measu
20、resPage 28-29Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Vaccination practices the pertussis and diphtheria threats neurological complications the waning of immunity a crumbling public health infrastruc
21、ture organized vaccination efforts vaccination rates Dengue feverPage 29Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter Even malaria has the potential to become familiar again domestically,especially if war
22、mer weather combined with urban blight brings mosquitoes and malaria carriers together.with stagnant water serving as mosquito breeding poolsPage 29Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter future hea
23、dlines free of news of worldwide pandemics eternal vigilance close cooperation with the CDCPage 30Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesTopics for presentation1.What does the author imply by mentioning two choices?(Pre.1)Peoples inadequate consciousness enough abo
24、ut the consequence of neglecting the emerging and reemerging infectious diseases Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases Unfinished war against infectious diseasePage 26Text A Critical reading and thinkingUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseas
25、esUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases2.Describe the heady days of victory declarations and what followed ever since.(Pre.2)Victory declarations Surgeon General William Stewarts hyperbolic statement of closing“the book on infectious disease”A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics a
26、nd vaccines The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overPage 26Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases2.Describe the heady days of victory declarations and what followed ever since.(
27、Pre.2)Out-of-expectation outcome Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola Comeback of the old afflictions Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union TB in urban centers like New York City Rising Sroup A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping th
28、e worldPage 26Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentationUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation3.Elaborate on the joined battle.(Pre.3)WHO:establishment of a new division devoted worldwide
29、surveillance and control of emerging disease in Oct.1995 CDC:launching prevention strategy in 1994 Congress:raising fund from$6.7 million in 1995 to$26 million for 1997Page 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases Topics for presentation 4.Justify“the realization
30、that world health is indivisible”.(Pre.4)Attention to the health conditions of the globe before satisfying OUR most parochial needs Meaninglessness of borders to pathogenic microbes With 24 hours of time,from a crowded marketplace in Kikwit,Zaire to a New York City subwayPage 27Text A Critical readi
31、ng and thinkingUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases5.Exemplify the statement that“Every returning condition marches to the beat of a different drum.”(Pre.5)flu Constant changes in its coat(surface antigens)and resultant changes in its level of virulence Looming
32、next flu pandemic as bad as that of 1918Page 28Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation 5.Exemplify the statement that“Every returning condition ma
33、rches to the beat of a different drum.”(Pre.5)TB Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal venues for TB spread Development of drug-resistant strains or even multi-drug-resistant strain A ride on the HIV wagon by attacking the immunocompromisedPage 28Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent
34、 and Emergent Diseases5.Exemplify the statement that“Every returning condition marches to the beat of a different drum.”(Pre.5)Group A strep A change in virulence Mutation in the exterior of the bacterium fleshing-eating bacteria of 1994 rheumatic fever scarlet feverPage 28Text A Critical reading an
35、d thinkingTopics for presentation Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases Text A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation 6.Vaccination practices are at the heart of the most infectious diseases.Use examples to prove it.(Pre.6)Waning immunity Serious d
36、iphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union Deterioration in some American cities Increased reports of malariaPage 29Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation 7.What are the four areas of focus according
37、to Bob Howard?(Pre.7)Need for surveillance Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field Appropriate prevention and control Strong public health infrastructurePage 30Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopic
38、s for presentation 8.“Old enemies never dies.”Justify it medically.(Pre.8)Resurgence of infectious diseases TB Flu Diphtheria Scarlet feverPage 26-30Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Useful expressions “close the book on in
39、fectious disease.”Page 26Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Difficult Sentences which never really went away,though upscale opera buffs might have thought it was confined to productions of“La Boheme”虽然上层社会的歌剧迷们也许觉得结核病只是歌剧波西米
40、亚人中的创作，而事实上,结核病就从来没有消失过。歌剧波西米亚人的女主人公咪咪死于肺结核。Page 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Difficult Sentences“Emergence”is in fact regression,a return to the standard that prevailed universally in the previous century,“出现新病”实际上是
41、一种退步，又回到上个世纪普遍存在的水平。Page 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Difficult Sentences“The war has been won”,one scientist recently quipped.“By the other side.”“战争胜利了”，最近有位科学家嘲弄道。”是对方（传染病）获胜。”Page 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent D
42、iseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesIllustration by the film Dustin Hoffman OutbreakPage 27Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent Diseases Task 1 Medical Terminology EnglishChinese1.antigen抗原2.microbe微生物3.virulence毒力，毒性4.biological生物的5.pandemic大流行6.antibiotic抗生素7.p
43、athogenic致病的8.epidemiology流行病学9.streptococcus链球菌10.immunocompromised免疫受损的Page 33-34Text A Suggested AnswersSuggested Answers Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Language building-upLanguage building-upTask 2 Signpost Language Classification two choices si
44、x diseases four areas of focus kind type kindPage 35Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText A Language building-up Language building-up Task 3 Formal English 1.vanquished 2.sentiment 3.venues 4.crumbling 5.quipped 6.prevailedPage 35-36Unit 2Resurgent and Emerge
45、nt DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesAdditional activity Resurgent tuberculosis is not confined only to UK.It is global,and China is no exception.It is urgent and pertinent to know the current situation of tuberculosis prevalence in China,which calls for an investigation.Work in a small g
46、roup and conduct a research focused on the following aspects in China:historical review of TB epidemiology current incidence of TB measures and policies adopted to control and prevent the disease.Page 44Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText BPage 37Critical r
47、eading and thinkingSuggested answersUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter Being overshadowed by HIV,malaria,and swine flu Being consigned by the public to history and novels such as Jane Eyre Pub
48、lic ignorance of the facts:a serious situationPage 37Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter Roughly one-third of the worlds population infected with tuberculosis bacilli A new infection occurring
49、every second One in 10 developing into active disease 9.4 million people in$1.1 billion for HIV,$468.5 million for malaria,and just$410.4 million for TB Spreading drug resistance,and even more frightening extensively drug-resistant(XDR)tuberculosisPage 38Unit 2Resurgent and Emergent DiseasesUnit 2Re
50、surgent and Emergent DiseasesText B Critical reading and thinking Knowledge of the subject matter Malaria:the likes of Cheryl Cole6 and other jet-setting safari lovers HIV:a relatively affluent,successful population of white men in the developed world Tuberculosis:however,a disease of the neer-do-we
