1、文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。What is it?文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。It is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and women and the second highest cause of cancer deaths in the U.S.Yet,when found early,it is highly curable.This type of cancer occurs when abnormal cells
2、 grow in the lining of the large intestine(colon)or rectum.Learn more about who gets colorectal cancer,how it is detected,and what the latest treatments can accomplish.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。How it starts?文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。It often begin as polyps benign growths
3、on the surface of the colon.The two most common types of intestinal polyps are adenomas and hyperplasic polyps.They develop when there are errors in the way cells grow and repair the lining of the colon.Most polyps remain benign,but some have the potential to turn cancerous.Removing them early preve
4、nts colorectal cancer.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Risk Factors You Cant Control文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。genetics&lifestyle.Age most patients are older than 50 Polyps or inflammatory bowel disease Family history of colorectal cancer History of ovarian or breast cancer文档仅供参考，不
5、能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Risk Factors You Can Control文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Diet high in red,processed,or heavily cooked meats Being overweight(excess fat around the waist)Exercising too little Smoking or drinking alcohol文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Its warning Signs文
6、档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。There are usually no early warning signs for colorectal cancer.For this reason its important to get screened.Detecting cancer early means its more curable.As the disease progresses,patients may notice blood in the stool,abdominal pain,a change in bowel habits(su
7、ch as constipation or diarrhea),unexplained weight loss,or fatigue.By the time these symptoms appear,tumors tend to be larger and more difficult to treat.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Screening 文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Because colorectal cancer is stealthy,screenings are the k
8、ey to early detection.Beginning at age 50,most people should have a colonoscopy every 10 years.This procedure uses a tiny camera to examine the entire colon and rectum.These tests not only find tumors early,but can actually prevent colorectal cancer by removing polyps(shown here).文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模
9、仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Virtual Colonoscopy文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。There is now an alternative to colonoscopy that uses CT scan images to construct a 3-D model of your colon.Called virtual colonoscopy,the procedure can reveal polyps or other abnormalities without actually inserting a came
10、ra inside your body.The main disadvantage is that if polyps are found,a real colonoscopy will still be needed to remove and evaluate them.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。X-Rays of the Colon(Lower GI)X-Rays of the colon-using a chalky liquid known as barium as a contrast agent-allow your docto
11、r a glimpse at the interior of the colon and rectum,offering another way to detect polyps,tumors,and changes in the intestinal tissue.Shown here is an apple core tumor constricting the colon.Like the virtual colonoscopy,any abnormalities that appear on the X-rays will need to be followed up with a c
12、onventional colonoscopy.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer If testing reveals a possible tumor,the next step is a biopsy.During a colonoscopy,your doctor will remove polyps and take tissue samples from any parts of the colon that look unusual.This tissue is examined
13、under a microscope to determine whether or not it is cancerous.Shown here is a color-enhanced,magnified view of colon cancer cells.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Staging Colorectal Cancer If cancer is detected,it will be staged,a process of finding out how far the cancer has spread.Tumor siz
14、e may not correlate with the stage of cancer.Staging also enables your doctor to determine what type of treatment you will receive.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。I Cancer has not spread beyond the inside of the colon or rectum II Cancer has spread into the muscle layer of the colon or rectum
15、 III-Cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes in the area IV Cancer has spread to other parts of the body,such as the liver,lung,or bones.This stage does NOT depend on how deep the tumor has penetrated or if the disease has spread to the lymph nodes near the tumor.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系
16、网站或本人删除。Colorectal Cancer Survival Rates The outlook for your recovery depends on the stage of your cancer,with higher stages meaning more serious cancer.The five-year survival rate refers to the percentage of patients who live at least five years after being diagnosed.Stage I has a 93%five-year sur
17、vival rate while stage IV has a five-year survival rate of only 8%.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Colorectal Cancer Surgery In all but the last stage of colorectal cancer,the usual treatment is surgery to remove the tumor and surrounding tissue.In the case of larger tumors,it may be necessar
18、y to take out an entire section of the colon and/or rectum.The good news is that surgery has a very high cure rate in the early stages.If the cancer has spread to the liver,lungs,or other organs,surgery is not likely to offer a cure-but removing the additional tumors,when possible,may reduce symptom
19、s.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Treating Advanced Colorectal Cancer When colorectal cancer has spread to one or more lymph nodes(stage III),it can still be cured.Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery,radiation(being administered here),and chemotherapy.If the cancer comes bac
20、k after initial treatment or spreads to other organs,it becomes much more difficult to cure.But radiation and chemotherapy can still relieve symptoms and help patients live longer.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Coping With Chemotherapy Chemotherapy has come a long way from the days of turnin
21、g peoples stomachs.Newer drugs are less likely to cause this problem,and there are also medications to control nausea if it does occur.Clinical trials continue to search for chemotherapy drugs that are more effective and tolerable.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Radiofrequency Ablation Radiof
22、requency ablation(RFA)uses intense heat to burn away tumors.Guided by a CT scan,a doctor inserts a needle-like device that delivers heat directly to a tumor and the surrounding area.This offers an alternative for destroying tumors that cannot be surgically removed.In patients with a limited number o
23、f liver metastases that cannot be removed by surgery,chemotherapy is sometimes combined with RFA for tumor destruction.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。Preventing Colorectal Cancer文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。eating a nutritious diet The National Cancer Institute recommends a low-fat
24、 diet that includes plenty of fiber and at least five servings of fruits and vegetables per day.文档仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，请勿模仿；如有不当之处，请联系网站或本人删除。getting enough exercise Physical activity appears to be a powerful weapon in the defense against colorectal cancer.In one study,the most active participants were 24%less likely to have the cancer than the least active people.It didnt matter whether the activity was linked to work or play.The American Cancer Society recommends exercising for at least 30 minutes most days of the week.
